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Bioconcentration of Mercury, Lead and Cadmium in the bones and muscles of Citharinus citharaus and Synodontis clarias from the Amassoma Axis of River Nun, Niger Delta, Nigeria
Get PDF Fish is a major source of animal protein to humans and an input in the production of value added products such as animals feed. Activities of man on the environment, and natural processes, often contaminate the aquatic ecosystem causing pollution and subsequent bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the tissues of fishes. This study evaluated the bioconcentration of some toxic heavy metals in the muscle and bone of Citharinus citharaus and Synodontis clarias from the Amassoma Axis of River Nun, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Standard analytical procedure was employed. The concentration of cadmium and lead from Synodontis clarias ranged from 0.014 - 0.015mg/kg and 0.005 - 0.007 mg/kg respectively in   the muscle and 0.017 - 0.020mg/kg and 0.015 - 0.019mg/kg respectively in the bones. On the other hand, in Cithrinus citharus, the cadmium, lead and mercury concentration ranged from 0.015 - 0.016mg/kg, 0.005 - 0.007mg/kg and 0.001 - 0.002mg/kg respectively in the muscles and 0.024 - 0.030mg/kg, 0.024 - 0.028mg/kg and 0.001 - 0.002mg/kg respectively in the bones. The analysis of variance showed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) among most of the fish samples studied. The heavy metals were in the order of mercury<lead <cadmium in both the muscles and the bones of both fishes. The consumption of these fishes therefore, may pose little or no health threat with regard to heavy metal contamination
Effects of dimethyl 2, 2-dichlorovinyl phosphate on the sodium, potassium and calcium content in the kidney and liver of Clarias gariepinus
Get PDFDimethyl 2, 2-dichlorovinyl phosphate is an organophosphorus insecticide used in the control of several plant and animal pests. This study evaluated the effects of dimethyl 2, 2-dichlorovinyl phosphate on the electrolytes (calcium, sodium and potassium) in the kidney and liver of Clarias gariepinus. The fish samples were purchased from private farm in Aluu Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The fishes were carefully housed to prevent contamination and three different concentrations of the toxicant were prepared i.e. 0.00ppm, 0.10ppm and 0.20ppm. At the end of the experiment (four days), the fishes were dissected and the internal organs i.e. liver and kidney were collected and 0.5g of each macerated, and a few drop of physiological saline added before centrifuging at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. The calcium, sodium and potassium content were analyzed using standard methods. Results showed that calcium, potassium and sodium ranged from 0.80 – 1.40mg/l, 3.80 – 7.10mg/l and 10.20 – 16.40mg/l respectively (Kidney) and 1.00 – 1.13mg/l, 10.60 – 17.73mg/l and 6.80 – 12.80 mg/l respectively (liver). With the exception of calcium there was significant variations (P<0.05) among the various concentrations of sodium and potassium. The study confirms that dimethyl 2, 2-dichlorovinyl phosphate can alter the electrolytes balance of Clarias gariepinus
Phytochemical assessment of Eichhornia crassipes from River Nun, Nigeria
Get PDFEichhornia crassipes is an invasive, free floating aquatic herb with adventurous root system. They constitute nuisance in the water ways. This study evaluated the qualitative phytochemical concentration of Eichhornia crassipes from River Nun, Nigeria. The study found that tannins and alkaloids are high present, glycosides and saponins and flavonoids are moderately present in most of the samples. This study confirms that Eichhornia crassipes from River Nun could be used for antimicrobial and chemotherapeutic agent
Rp-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride and Montelukast Sodium in tablets
Get PDFA simple, selective and sensitive reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (Rp-HPLC) method has been proposed for the simultaneous quantitative determination of levocetirizine dihydrochloride (LEV) and Montelukast sodium (MON) in pure form as well as in its pharmaceutical formulation. The chromatography was carried out on Waters C18 analytical column (15cm × 4.6 mm, 5µ) using a mobile phase of methanol: water (75:25 v/v). The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min with detection at 235 nm. The retention time of LEV and MON were found to 2.88 and 3.83 min respectively. The linearity for LEV and MON were in the range of 50-150 µg/mL and 100- 300 µg/mL respectively. The recoveries of LEV and MON were found to be 100.00% and 99.00%, respectively. The proposed method was validated and successfully applied to the estimation of LEV and MON in combined tablet dosage forms
Gross embryonic diffrentiation of the one humped camel(Camelus dromedarius) stomach
Get PDFAn embryonic gross differentiation study was conducted on the stomach of 35 foetuses of the one-humped camel collected from the Sokoto metropolitan abattoir, over a period of five months at different gestational ages. The approximate age of the foetuses was estimated from the crown vertebral rump length (CVRL) and samples were categorised into first, second and third trimester. The mean body weight of the foetus at first, second third trimester ranged from 1.40 ± 0.06 kg, 6.10 ± 0.05 kg and 17.87 ± 0.6 kg respectively. The mean weights of the entire digestive system at first, second and third trimester were 0.80 ± 0.07 kg, 2.13 ± 0.04 kg and 4.86 ± 0.08 kg respectively. The mean weights of the digestive tract at first, second and third trimester were 0.53 ± 0.07 kg, 1.03 ± 0.05 and 2.43 ± 0.07 kg respectively. Camels’ stomach was observed to comprise of the voluminous smooth compartment rumen, a relatively small beans shape reticulum and a tubular abomasum at first trimester. At second and third trimester the stomach was found to comprise of a voluminous compartment I (rumen) which is subdivided by a strong muscular pillar into a dorsal smooth part and a ventral coarse part, a relatively small compartment II (reticulum) and a tubiform compartment III (Abomasum). Based on the findings in the study, camels’ stomach had little/few similarities with true ruminant in terms of development
Contributory factors of disease diagnosis: Review as per Ayurveda
Get PDFAyurveda believes to eliminate disease completely. There are different causative factors of various diseases these factor may be food, life style or imbalance of tridosha. As per ayurveda disease diagnosis play important role in disease treatment and different disease need different consideration since every individual having specific Prakriti. Since ayurveda treats diseases as per the constitution of an individual thus it is known as a highly accurate and personalized method of analyzing diseases. Mainly all diseases are caused by aggravation of the tridosha i.e. vata, pitta and kapha. In ayurveda “Nidana†encompasses various approaches of disease diagnosis. As per ayurveda various factors contributes significantly towards disease diagnosis. This article describes all those factors which need to be considered for the proper diagnosis and treatment of disease
On Convergences of contractive maps in metric spaces
Get PDFIn this paper, we introduce a new class of contraction maps, called A – contractions in fuzzy metric space. Under different sufficient conditions, existence of common fixed point for a pair of maps, four maps and also for a sequence of maps will be established here. Also it is shown that A – contractions is more generalized than TS – Contraction, B – Contraction in FM-space. If two fuzzy metrics are given on a set , which are related, a pair of self map can have common fixed point though the contractive condition with respect one fuzzy metric is given. Our result extends, generalized and fuzzifies several fixed point theorems with A – contractions on metric space.We give generalizations and convergences of these maps
Estimates of norms of contractive normaloid operators
No full textIn this paper we establish the upper and lower norm estimates of contractive normaloid operators using inner product, Schwarz inequality for non-negative real numbers and some operator inequalities
Variable Mass Dynamics Of Celestial Bodies Revisited With Modification
Get PDFWhittaker1 introduced variable mass dynamics in Celestial Mechanics obtaining as Jacobi –Lagrange counterpart2 a differential equation involving the moment of inertia, where time is taken as the independent variable. Assuming a mass variation law depending on the masses  of the particles in motion and using their total mass as the independent variable in this paper, Lagrange’s  equation2,3 of motion and the aforesaid equation of Whittaker are reduced to some relevant forms
Effects of strategic planning on organizational efficiency of Tea factories in Kisii County-Kenya
Get PDFRevenues from Tea in Kenya have significantly dropped by Shs 16 Billion in the year to October 2014 as low prices hit the international market (CBK Economic review 2014) The crop fetched Shs 96 Billion ( 1.256 Million) that the produce earned in a corresponding period in 2013(CBK Economic review 2014). About 95% of Kenyan tea is exported as a generic product. Currently Kenya produces Black CTC tea as the only product for which the prices have declined.However, the extent to which strategic planning is employed to overcome this problem has not been established. Therefore, it is for this reason that this study sought to find out the effect of strategic planning on organizational efficiency with specific focus on tea factories in Kenya