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Bureaucrats or Politicians? Political Parties and Antidumping in the US
No full textAntidumping (AD) is the most widely used contingent protection measure. In the United States, key decisions on AD are delegated to the International Trade Commission (ITC), an independent agency composed of six non-elected commissioners. Using a newly collected dataset, I study the determinants of all final ITC votes on AD during the 1980-2010 period. Contrary to the view that ITC commissioners are bureaucrats who simply follow technical rules, I find that their decisions crucially depend on which party has appointed them (the selection effect) and on the trade policy interests of key senators in that party (the pressure effect): whether (Democratic) Republican-appointed commissioners vote in favor of AD depends crucially on whether the petitioning industry is key (in terms of employment) in the states represented by leading (Democratic) Republican senators.
JEL: D72, F10, F13, F14, P1
‘New Philanthropy’ And Education Policy: What Is ‘New’ About It?
No full textBusiness and philanthropy have been increasing their influence in public education in what might be called a turn from government to governance. In the context of governance, not only the role of the State has been changing, but also, concomitantly, the work and values of philanthropy, which is both agent and subject of change. Adopting market values and practices, it has been often referred to as ‘new philanthropy’. This paper explores what is ‘new’ in this ‘new philanthropy’, or how new modes of giving diverge from previous ones, drawing upon examples of philanthropy in Brazilian education. With a combination of literature review and online data collection, this paper examines key aspects of ‘new philanthropy’, namely: philanthrocapitalism, philantho-policymaking, the relation between giving and outcomes, givers’ hands-on-approach, and philanthropy’s global network
School Teaching As A Feminine Profession: The Legitimization And Naturalization Discourses In Pakistani Context
No full textSchool teaching has long been associated with women. There has been an ideological link between women’s domestic role and their career as school teacher. Taking care of younger children in school is traditionally seen as an “extension of motherhood” and therefore considered a “natural” job for women. Keeping in view this firmly rooted global phenomenon, I focus to examine what ideology idealizes and legitimizes school teaching as the best career for women in Pakistan? The study is informed by social constructionist understanding of gender and therefore draws on feminist post-structuralist. Drawing on insights from feminist post-structuralist, I give particular consideration to the discourses embedded into school textbooks and the people who author and approve school knowledge. Employing qualitative methodology, I focus on two key questions: what ideology informs school textbooks? How do school textbooks legitimize school teaching as the only appropriate job for women? The study findings suggest that school textbooks in Pakistan have been used to naturalize and legitimize school teaching as the best career for women
Enforcing compliance of the Rule of Law by the Member States of the EU: Emphasising the EU’s Failure?
No full textThe EU is founded on the rule of law enshrined in Article 2 TEU. Nevertheless, recent developments within certain Member States demonstrate that not all Member States are able to keep up with the high standards of the rule of law during their membership. The EU has several tools at its disposal to act against non-compliant Member States, such as the Cooperation and Verification Mechanism for Romania and Bulgaria, the nuclear option of Article 7 TEU, and the original infringement procedure under Article 258 TFEU. The European Commission has established a new EU Rule of Law Framework in 2014, which is applied for the first time for Poland. This suggest that the EU is not able to enforce the compliance of the rule of law effectively by using its original legal framework. The question, thus, raises whether the new mechanism will enable the EU to enforce effectively the compliance of the rule of law by the Member States. Based on an extensive assessment of the original legal framework and the EU Rule of Law Framework, the state of play of the EU to enforce the compliance of the rule of law will be analysed
Using Student Engagement Theory To Explore Inclusion For Pupils With SEN In Mainstream Schools In England
No full textThis paper reports part of a study which used student engagement theory to explore inclusive provision for pupils with SEN in a mainstream school. The findings demonstrate that these pupils had qualitatively different patterns of engagement from peers with no SEN. They reported less positive relationships with their class teacher, lower aspirations for the future, and lower self-efficacy. Student engagement theory shed new light on the on the complex interaction of pupils with their learning environment. Comparison between engagement subtypes provided a multidimensional understanding of the engagement of pupils with SEN, with implications for the inclusive teaching of pupils with SEN in mainstream primary schools
Developing Provision For Children With Speech, Language And Communication Needs; The Role Of Key Stage 1 Classrooms
No full textSpeech, language and communication needs (SLCN) are thought to have a negative influence on a child’s subsequent development and educational attainment and SLCN is the most prevalent primary educational need for children with Special Educational Needs (SEN) in primary schools. As part of a wider investigation into provision for children with SLCN, 12 observations of Key Stage 1 (KS1) classrooms were completed to explore the language environment. The results highlighted that many classrooms had the structural features conducive to an oral language rich environment, however, the opportunities to practice language skills through interactions with adults and peers did not appear to be as well embedded. A number of elements are highlighted which consider those things that may need to be in place such that teachers are supported in developing provision for children with SLCN, as well as to enhance the language development opportunities for all children
'We have to be creative': NGO financing in insecure times
No full textThe financial landscape for development work in the Caribbean is changing. The global recession, austerity measures and middle-income country classifications all make conventional donor driven sources of funding for development projects in the region harder for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to access.
Based on qualitative research in Barbados and Grenada this paper explores some of the creative ways that NGOs are responding to, pre-empting and negotiating the ongoing challenge of mobilizing financial resources in this changing context. NGOs are engaging with the corporate sector, using social enterprise models of working to raise money and exploring virtual connections to maximize funding opportunities. These contemporary funding sources represent opportunities for sought after independence and autonomy from established methods of development financing, but they also present ethical dilemmas for NGOs as they engage with systems that are often ideologically distinct from their own believes and values. This paper will explore the intricacies of some of these newer fiscal practices, and examine how NGOs are negotiating these tensions in their everyday work, using crowd funding as one example. Of particular importance are the new relationships that can be created through these more novel funding sources, especially with Diaspora groups, exemplifying the connection between social networks and financial stability.
The paper concludes by asking whether these novel modes of funding create more democratic, secure and equal relations or whether they reproduce forms of insecurity and powerlessness for NGOs
(Re-)inventing the Dublin System: Addressing Uniformity and Harmonization through Non-Refoulement Obligations
No full textRecent events unfolding in the European Union have taught us that responsibility-sharing under the current Dublin Convention and Regulations (the “Dublin System”), has long failed its lofty goals. To adequately address the ongoing needs of massive influx of asylum claimants into EU member states, a centralized system processing these claims is necessary, instead of allowing individual member states to interpret their own compliance with non-refoulement obligations. A larger role should be played by the European Court of Human Rights (“ECtHR”) and Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) in order to curtail EU member state sovereignty to champion the rights of individual asylum claimants. Now more than ever, the right against refoulement must be safeguarded amidst internal strife on the political front.
In order to achieve true uniformity and harmonization by adhering to non-refoulement obligations, the Dublin System as it is must be reformed to include a forum for the individual asylum claimants to be heard, an enlarged role of the ECtHR and CJEU in the adjudication of cases involving state discretion, as well as a centralized distribution system that processes asylum applications through a pooling of resources from EU member states
A Transcription of the Greek pages of Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis
No full textElectronic transcription of Codex Bezae, a Greek-Latin bilingual manuscript of parts of the New Testament held at Cambridge University Library.
Created by the International Greek New Testament project in collaboration with Cambridge University Library and the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung, Münster.
The transcription was commissioned by Cambridge University Library to accompany the digital images of the manuscript available online at http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-NN-00002-00041/
The transcription of the Latin pages is also available on this repository at http://epapers.bham.ac.uk/1664/
This is version 1.03, uploaded on 26th May 2016
Terrorism : A ‘creative’ solution to social insecurity
No full textAs relatively young small developing nations, Caribbean states face a number of challenges which lend themselves to various manifestations of insecurity. For many individuals, one such challenge relates to socio-economic insecurity. As a vibrant and creative people, vulnerable Caribbean nationals have innovated countless ways to combat this type of insecurity – music, crafts, cottage industries - but also other via less legitimate, socially unacceptable and even criminal means. Using Trinidad and Tobago as a case study, this paper argues that political violence, couched specifically in the form of terrorism has emerged as a means of attempting to change life circumstances for some of those marginalised by poverty. It examines the genealogy of this type of terrorist activity in Trinidad and Tobago, beginning with the attempted coup of July 1990 and comparing it with the more recent activity of Trinidadians having migrated to Syria to fight with the terrorist insurgent group Daesh. As terrorism can introduce new forms of insecurity to the region, possibly impairing relationships with other states in the international system, I argue that it is imperative to recognise these socio-economic push factors and take them into consideration in policy making in order to be able to treat with the phenomenon meaningfully and protect our societies moving forward
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