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L’etnologo in Europa: Ernesto De Martino tra i miti e le arti
No full textAlready in the late 1930s, the attention given to the theme of the ‘European crisis’ led De Martino to shift the focus of his investigation to the field of ethnology. According to De Martino, Europe’s confrontation with cultures alien or marginal to its own tradition reveals the utter inadequacy of Western categories to recognize the historical drama of so-called ‘inferior’ civilizations, whether ‘primitive’ or ‘subaltern’. This gap shows its stark contradictions at the moment of the greatest historical crisis of European hegemony and the bourgeois society that expressed it. Then De Martino understands that modern civilization’s fascination with the ‘primitive’ roots in a cultural removal, whose most alarming symptom is the instrumental use of myth (resulting in a rejection of history) in artistic productions. It is from this perspective that we can better understand the specificity of De Martino's view of contemporary art.Already in the late 1930s, the attention given to the theme of the ‘European crisis’ led De Martino to shift the focus of his investigation to the field of ethnology. According to De Martino, Europe’s confrontation with cultures alien or marginal to its own tradition reveals the utter inadequacy of Western categories to recognize the historical drama of so-called ‘inferior’ civilizations, whether ‘primitive’ or ‘subaltern’. This gap shows its stark contradictions at the moment of the greatest historical crisis of European hegemony and the bourgeois society that expressed it. Then De Martino understands that modern civilization’s fascination with the ‘primitive’ roots in a cultural removal, whose most alarming symptom is the instrumental use of myth (resulting in a rejection of history) in artistic productions. It is from this perspective that we can better understand the specificity of De Martino's view of contemporary art
Ernesto De Martino and the Culture of the Image: Photography and More
No full textThis article discusses Ernesto de Martino's complex relationship with photography, images and visual culture over time. I will present my arguments in three distinct paragraphs. In the first, I will focus on the use of images within the ethnographic framework promoted by the scholar. This approach highlights a set of cultural coordinates that are of great significance for the overall development of his research and theoretical reflections. In the second paragraph, I will give attention to the Atlante figurato del pianto, a chapter included in the book Morte e pianto rituale. Dal lamento funebre antico al pianto di Maria (de Martino, 1975, 373-416). This chapter reveals the ethnologist’s deep and complex theoretical and methodological fluctuations regarding the topic. Finally, in the third paragraph, I will discuss in an introductory way de Martino's perspectives on visual culture, figurative art, and the image, in relation to his evolving (and prematurely interrupted) engagement with existentialism and phenomenological thought, as mainly documented in the notes of La fine del mondo. Contributo all'analisi delle apocalissi culturali (de Martino, 1977).This article discusses Ernesto de Martino's complex relationship with photography, images and visual culture over time. I will present my arguments in three distinct paragraphs. In the first, I will focus on the use of images within the ethnographic framework promoted by the scholar. This approach highlights a set of cultural coordinates that are of great significance for the overall development of his research and theoretical reflections. In the second paragraph, I will give attention to the Atlante figurato del pianto, a chapter included in the book Morte e pianto rituale. Dal lamento funebre antico al pianto di Maria (de Martino, 1975, 373-416). This chapter reveals the ethnologist’s deep and complex theoretical and methodological fluctuations regarding the topic. Finally, in the third paragraph, I will discuss in an introductory way de Martino's perspectives on visual culture, figurative art, and the image, in relation to his evolving (and prematurely interrupted) engagement with existentialism and phenomenological thought, as mainly documented in the notes of La fine del mondo. Contributo all'analisi delle apocalissi culturali (de Martino, 1977)
Tra verità e finzione: la dottrina dell’insinuatio dal De inventione di Cicerone al Medioevo latino
No full textThis article reflects anew on the controversial issue of the relationship between morality and rhetoric in Roman oratory. It does so by focusing on the theory and practice of insinuatio in rhetorical treatises and commentaries from Cicero’s De inventione to the Middle Ages. The aim is to demonstrate that the “indirect opening”, the manipulatory exordium, triggers a complex network of ethical and rhetorical mechanisms affecting the emotions of the audience, which is drawn into the orator’s entrancing play on truth and fiction. By revisiting insinuatio, the article seeks to shed new light on the moralistic approach to Cicero’s art of “speaking well” in rhetorical treatises and exercises as well as in pseudepigraphic texts in the educational system.Cet article revient sur la question controversée du rapport entre moralité et rhétorique dans l’art oratoire romain. Il se concentre pour cela sur la théorie et la pratique de l’insinuatio dans les traités rhétoriques et les commentaires, depuis le De inventione de Cicéron jusqu’au Moyen Âge. L’objectif est de démontrer que l’« ouverture indirecte », l’exordium manipulateur, déclenche un réseau complexe de mécanismes éthiques et rhétoriques, qui influencent les émotions du public, fasciné par le jeu de l’orateur entre vérité et fiction. En revisitant la théorie de l’insinuatio de la fin de la République au Moyen Âge, l’article cherche à apporter un éclairage nouveau sur l’approche moraliste de l’art de « bien parler » de Cicéron dans les traités et exercices rhétoriques ainsi que dans les textes pseudépigraphiques du système éducatif.Questo articolo riprende la controversa questione del rapporto tra moralità e retorica nell’oratoria romana, concentrandosi sulla teoria e la pratica dell’insinuatio nei trattati e nei commentari retorici dal De inventione di Cicerone al Medioevo. L’obiettivo è dimostrare che l’“apertura indiretta”, l’exordium manipolatorio, innesca una complessa rete di meccanismi etici e retorici che influenzano le emozioni del pubblico, affascinato dal gioco dell’oratore tra verità e finzione. Rivisitando la teoria dell’insinuatio dalla tarda Repubblica al Medioevo, l’articolo cerca di gettare nuova luce sull’approccio moralistico all’arte del “parlare bene” di Cicerone nei trattati e negli esercizi retorici, nonché nei testi pseudepigrafici del sistema educativo
Les nominaux auto-spécifiés en espéranto : Une approche typologique
No full textThe aim of this article is to propose a first typological study of self-specified nominals (often called ‘correlatives’) based on data from Esperanto, which I compare with several languages (English, Lithuanian, Wolof, etc.). Although there are many similarities between Esperanto and other languages (particularly Indo-European) on this point, it seems that no typological study has ever been carried out on this kind of system. In fact, the lack of recognition of self-specified nominals as forming a coherent paradigm complicates typological research, as these elements are rarely treated together in descriptive grammars. Self-specified nominals are structured at the intersection of two categories: grammatical (interrogative, demonstrative, etc.) and ontological (time, place, etc.). I propose an first inventory of these categories, and then address several points required for the elaboration of a typology, namely morphosyntactic status, evolutionary trends of the paradigm and implicational universals in the inventory of categories.L’objectif de cet article est de proposer une première étude typologique des nominaux auto-spécifiés (souvent appelés « corrélatifs ») à partir des données de l’espéranto, que nous comparons avec plusieurs langues (anglais, lituanien, wolof, etc.). Bien que l’on constate de nombreuses similitudes entre l’espéranto et d’autres langues (notamment indo-européennes) sur ce point, il semble qu’aucune étude typologique n’ait jamais été menée sur ce type de système. De fait, l’absence de reconnaissance des nominaux auto-spécifiés comme formant un paradigme cohérent complique la recherche typologique, ces éléments étant rarement traités ensemble dans les grammaires descriptives. Les nominaux auto-spécifiés sont structurés à partir de deux catégories : grammaticale (interrogatif, démonstratif, etc.) et ontologique (temps, lieu, etc.). Nous proposons un premier inventaire de ces catégories, puis nous abordons plusieurs points nécessaires pour l’élaboration d’une typologie, à savoir le statut morphosyntaxique, les tendances évolutives du paradigme et les universaux implicationnels dans l’inventaire des catégories
Sur l’intelligibilité d’une « langue créée »: L’alternance de langues dans l’oeuvre de paléofiction « Sous le vent du monde » de Pierre Pelot
No full textIn most prehistoric fiction dialog is translated silently into the language of the narration, either in a neutral style, or incorporating othering modifications which make apparent its artificial nature. In the series of novels Sous le vent du monde by the French author Pierre Pelot, however, the dialog is given in a fictionally authentic form, using two distinct languages invented by Pelot. The consequent switching, while avoiding the diegetic incoherence of modern language exchanges in a prehistoric frame, may be unintelligible or only partly intelligible for the reader. This chapter looks at the way Pelot makes the instances of his created language accessible to readers, both in the lines of dialog and in the frequent incorporation of other-language items in the narrative. Linguistically, the invented languages are highly synthetic, and noun-heavy, using juxtaposition extensively to convey meaning and thus avoiding the difficult-to-convey values of grammatical words or closed-group items. The author further incorporates glosses and developments around these examples of code-switching in a way which permits the reader to deduce the meaning of many of the referents.In most prehistoric fiction dialog is translated silently into the language of the narration, either in a neutral style, or incorporating othering modifications which make apparent its artificial nature. In the series of novels Sous le vent du monde by the French author Pierre Pelot, however, the dialog is given in a fictionally authentic form, using two distinct languages invented by Pelot. The consequent switching, while avoiding the diegetic incoherence of modern language exchanges in a prehistoric frame, may be unintelligible or only partly intelligible for the reader. This chapter looks at the way Pelot makes the instances of his created language accessible to readers, both in the lines of dialog and in the frequent incorporation of other-language items in the narrative. Linguistically, the invented languages are highly synthetic, and noun-heavy, using juxtaposition extensively to convey meaning and thus avoiding the difficult-to-convey values of grammatical words or closed-group items. The author further incorporates glosses and developments around these examples of code-switching in a way which permits the reader to deduce the meaning of many of the referents
Minimal inference: An inquiry into Navya-Nyāya in quest of nonhuman logic
No full textPhilosophical inquiry has historically centered on human experiences, including cognition. This focus has often led to the assumption that language, specifically human adult language (hL), is a prerequisite for complex reasoning. However, growing evidence suggests that non-human animals (NHAs) and non-linguistic humans exhibit significant inferential abilities, challenging this assumption. This paper explores the implications of these findings by examining the concept of ‘minimal inference’—reasoning that may occur independently of hL. It argues that a critical re-evaluation of the relationship between language and thought is necessary. The paper employs a multidisciplinary approach, combining philosophical analysis with insights from the South Asian Nyāya tradition. While Navya-Nyāya philosophy, with its emphasis on human experience and language, might initially seem anthropocentric, its focus on ‘relational logic’ and the primacy of perception offers a framework for understanding non-human cognition. By expanding Navya-Nyāya in this direction and examining its technicalities through the lens of contemporary research on NHAs’ cognition, this paper aims to contribute to a broader understanding of inference, exploring the possibility of non-linguistic or differently linguistic forms of reasoning. This includes investigating the role of counterfactuality, perception-based concepts, and the potential existence of a ‘minimal grammar’ in NHAs’ cognition
Comment écrire la dévastation ? Documenter, filtrer et réélaborer le réel dans Bawwābāt arḍ al-ʻadam et al-Maššā’a de Samar Yazbik
No full textThe upheavals that have shaken Syria since 2011 have profoundly impacted the evolution of the literary sphere. This is particularly evident when examining the transformation of the relationship between fiction and reality in the novelistic production of the past fourteen years. While many works published immediately after the revolution aimed to objectively describe the ongoing events, more recent novels have moved away from a documentary approach, towards a more literary narration of the Syrian tragedy. It is precisely this process of reworking reality that this article aims to explore, drawing on Bawwābāt arḍ al-ʻadam (2015) and al-Maššā’a (2017) by Samar Yazbik.
By establishing a dialogue between Yazbik’s 2017 novel and her earlier hybrid-form work, both dealing with the Syrian war, this study first analyses the distinct ways these texts approach reality and fiction, then focuses on the filtering role of imagination in transforming dramatic events into literary material. It also delves into the narrative fragmentation of al-Maššā’a, which formally translates the psychological dissociation characteristic of the traumatized subject. Through this novel, Yazbik sheds the urgency of documentation that marked her writing at the beginning of the revolutionary phase, thereby creating an aesthetically crafted narrative that, far from falsifying reality, allows even its most obscure aspects to become intelligible
Esempio applicativo per sviluppare competenze professionali del tdp in formazione universitaria
No full textIl presente elaborato nasce dall’esperienza di tirocinio professionalizzante svolto al terzo anno da una studentessa del Corso di Laurea in Tecniche della Prevenzione nell’Ambiente e nei Luoghi di Lavoro di UNIVPM presso un’azienda mobiliera marchigiana sui disturbi muscoloscheletrici (DMS). Questi, in ambito lavorativo, sono in aumento e possono essere prevenuti applicando iprincipi dell’ergonomia, disciplina che studia l’interazione tra uomo, macchina e ambiente, con l’obiettivo di adattare il lavoro all’uomo, riducendo il sovraccarico biomeccanico3 e migliorando il benessere dei lavoratori.Tra i principali fattori di rischio vi è la movimentazione manuale dei carichi (MMC). Nell’ambito degli obblighi previsti dal D.Lgs81/08, l’azienda ha coinvolto attivamente la studentessa nei processi aggiornamento del documento di valutazione dei rischi inriferimento alle azioni di montaggio della ferramenta sui fianchi forati dei mobili prodotti ed assemblati.Pertanto, la studentessa, nel corso delle 700 ore di tirocinio previste al III anno di corso, ha avuto il mandato di osservare le lavorazioni in tre differenti postazioni di lavoro, eseguire rilievi dimensionali, foto e video, intervistare i lavoratori e quindi procedere alla valutazione dei rischi, allo studio ed individuazione delle conseguenti misure di miglioramento, nonchéalla verifica della efficacia delle stesse; a seguito della supervisione ed attuazione da parte delle figure aziendali preposte
Early Rehabilitation in Patients with Proximal Humeral Fracture: A Comparative Analysis of Functional Outcomes Between Surgical and Conservative Treatments.
No full textProximal humeral fracture is a common trauma, with a significant impact on upper limb function. Treatment options vary between conservative and surgical approaches, while rehabilitation management plays a crucial role in recovering movement and reducing disability. The existing literature highlights a lack of studies in this area, this study aims to compare the functional outcomes of patients with proximal humeral fracture treated with surgical and non-surgical strategies, who underwent a rehabilitation program versus patients who did not perform it, with a further distinction based on the timing of rehabilitation intervention. The Constant-Murley scale indicated a functional score of 33.2 ± 1.9 before rehabilitation treatment, in the face of a functional score post-treatment value of 91.7 ± 2.9 (p < 0.001). The therapeutic success was dictated by the precocity of the rehabilitation intervention, regardless of the surgical or conservative therapeutic choice