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ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ‘JITEGEMEA’ PHILOSOPHY ON THE SELF-RELIANCE, PROPAGATION AND GOVERNANCE OF PCEA IN NYERI AND KIRINYAGA COUNTIES, KENYA (1971-2021)
Get PDFA RESEARCH THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE CONFEREMENT OF DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN RELIGIOUS STUDIES OF KARATINA UNIVERSITYThe call for moratorium on foreign missionaries and subsequent adoption of
‘Jitegemea’ (self-sustaining) philosophy in the Presbyterian Church of East Africa
(PCEA) provoked a strong debate about the future of the church and her ability to
develop without external support. However, limited research has examined the
effectiveness of the ‘Jitegemea’ philosophy on the development of the church, fifty
years later. This study assessed the effectiveness of Jitegemea philosophy on the
attainment of the goals of PCEA in Nyeri and Kirinyaga counties which form the
Kirimara West Presbytery. The specific objectives were: to explore factors leading to
the call for moratorium on foreign missionary activities in the PCEA; analyze the
positive outcomes of adopting the ‘Jitegemea’ philosophy on the spiritual, social and
economic functions of PCEA; examine the challenges experienced by the PCEA since
the moratorium; and assess the extent to which the PCEA in Nyeri and Kirinyaga
counties has achieved the goal of self-sustenance. Henry Venn’s theory of a self supporting, self-governing and self-propagating church guided the study. A descriptive
survey research design was adopted and targeted 13,180 ordinary members, 418 elders
and 13 Parish ministers. A sample size of 100 respondents from ordinary church
members who were selected using Yamanne’s formula of 10% participated in the study.
In addition, 20% of the 418 church elders were selected to give a sample of 84 elders.
One parish minister from each of the 11 parishes was purposively selected for the study,
giving a sample of 11 ministers. Data from the ordinary church members and elders
was collected using questionnaires. An interview guide was used to collect data from
the parish ministers. To test for validity and reliability of the data collection
instruments, a pilot study was conducted in two parishes in the neighboring Murang’a
County. Cronbach’s Alpha was used to determine the internal consistency of the
questionnaires and a coefficient of 0.705 was achieved, indicating that the instruments
were reliable. Ethical considerations of anonymity, confidentiality and informed
consent were strictly adhered to. After collection, quantitative data was analyzed
descriptively using percentages and frequencies. Data presentation was done in form of
tables, bar graphs and pie charts. Qualitative data was analyzed using the thematic
approach to enrich the quantitative results. The study found out that the call for
moratorium on foreign mission activities was a strategy to allow the PCEA churches to
be self-reliant and embrace total responsibility for the work of the church and its
mission activities. Among the positive outcomes of adopting the ‘Jitegemea’
philosophy were improved financial freedom, increased church membership and gender
equality in service. However, inadequate resources slowed the achievement of the
PCEA goal of self-reliance, self-governance and self-propagation despite the effort
made. Despite the challenges members of the PCEA still believe that it is necessary for
the church to be self-reliant in its activities. The study recommends regular training on
how to carry out mission work and evangelization, proper planning of church projects
to save on funds and formulation of policies to guide decision making in church
governance. The study findings are expected to add on to the existing literature on the
‘Jitegemea’ philosophy and may provide valuable lessons to policy makers, church
leaders, Christians and other stake holders on church development and project
sustainability
CAPITAL STRUCTURE, BANK SIZE AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF LOWER TIER COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA
Get PDFA Thesis Submitted to the School of Business in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Conferment of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Finance Option) In Business Management of Karatina University.The banking sector is recognized as the most visible source of finance and key to global trade and economic growth. Banking institutions play a notable role in building both domestic and global economies by ensuring credit is available to finance businesses and households. However, the performance of banking sector from global, regional and local perspective has
been deteriorating with small banks being affected the most. The phenomenon has been linked to the manner banks of different sizes finances their operations (capital structure), but remains debatable among scholars. It is argued that a properly designed capital structure defines the manner in which a bank seeks funds from various sources to finance its operations without
risking high costs of capital that may jeopardize its performance. In Kenya, the capital structure has been in the center of operational performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The Kenyan banking sector is categorized into three tiers, tier I, II and III based on bank size. However, the profitability of the tier II and III have been declining resulting to an enquiry to whether, the size
of the bank has any influence on capital structure and performance of the banks. This study therefore sought to determine the moderating influence of bank size on the relationship between capital structure and profitability of lower tier commercial banks in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to assess the influence of internal equity capital; the influence of short term debt capital; the influence of external equity capital and the influence of long term equity capital on profitability of lower tier commercial banks in Kenya. Appropriate null hypotheses were developed for each objective. This study was anchored in pecking order theory, Modigliani and Miller Capital Structure Theory, trade-off theory of capital structure, the net income approach, Dynamic Trade-off Theory and Agency Cost Theory. Pragmatism research philosophy was adopted where the study concurrently employed descriptive and explanatory research design. The study population was 37 commercial banks in Tier II and III in Kenya that were fully operational from 2016 to 2020 and a census of all the 37 banks was conducted. The main data of study was secondary data; whereby primary data was also collected for triangulation purposes. The validity of the secondary data was enhanced by collecting data from audited and certified sources while the reliability of the questionnaire was ascertained through use of Cronbach Alpha coefficient. Data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics entailed percentages, means, standard deviations, minimums, maximums, Skewness and Kurtosis. The inferential statistics comprised of multilevel mixed model analysis and hierarchical multiple linear models. A range of model and data diagnostic tests were conducted before estimating the study’s regression models and included the Mixed ANOVA, utocorrelation, normality tests, heteroscedasticity tests, multicollinearity tests and stationarity tests. The results were presented using tables and figures. The study found that internal equity had a positive and significant effect on net profit margin of lower tier commercial banks (β=.429, p=.0000.05). External equity had a positive and significant effect on net profit margin of lower tier commercial banks (β=.229, p=.036<0.05). Bank size positively and significantly moderates the relationship between external equity and performance of lower tier banks in Kenya (β=2.350, p =.000<0.05) and has an enhancing effect
on external equity. Long term debt had a negative and significant effect on the financial performance of lower tier commercial banks (β=-.966, p=.029<0.05). Bank size moderates the effect of long term debt on financial performance of lower tier commercial banks in Kenya (β= .695, p-value=.024<0.05) and has an antagonistic effect on long term debt capital. Nonetheless,
short term debt had a positive but insignificant effect on the financial performance of lower tier commercial banks (β=.067, p=.625>0.05). Bank size moderated the effect of short term debt on financial performance of lower tier commercial banks (β=.127, p=.019<0.05) with strengthening effect. Thus, the study concludes that bank size moderates the effect of external
equity, short term debt and long term debt on financial performance of lower tier commercial banks but does not moderate the effect of internal equity on financial performance of lower tier commercial banks. The study recommends that lower tier commercial banks need to encourage xxii its shareholders to re-invest back their earnings rather than consuming them as dividends as internal equity is affordable and readily available when the bank is in urgent financial need. The study further recommends that a bank should keenly evaluate when to use external equity funding though external equity funding may be costlier. Lower tier commercial banks may also employ long term sources like equity shares, debentures, preference shares and public deposits as they are usually less prone to short term shocks as it is secured by formally established contractual terms. In addition, lower tier commercial banks may also need to diversify their product and service portfolio to expand their aggregate asset base and competitiveness in the market so that they can withstand financial and market shocks. The study offers great value to the management of lower commercial banks and other players in the sector. The regulators including the CBK may get insightful information that would assist in formulation of policy on ideal financing structures for lower tier commercial banks. The study also provides a worthy benchmark to future research work on capital structure and profitability of small and medium
sized commercial bank
KINAYA KAMA NJIA YA KUBAINISHA MAUDHUI: MIFANO KUTOKA RIWAYA YA CHOZI LA HERI NA TAMTHILIA YA KIGOGO
Get PDFTASNIFU HII IMETOLEWA ILI KUTOSHELEZA BAADHI YA MAHITAJI YA SHAHADA YA UZAMILI KATIKA CHUO KIKUU CHA KARATINAKinaya ni mbinu muhimu ya kimtindo ambayo hutumiwa na waandishi wa riwaya na
watunzi wa tamthilia kuwasilisha ujumbe wao katika kazi za fasihi. Madhumuni ya utafiti
huu yalikuwa: Kuchunguza matumizi ya kinaya kama mbinu ya kimtindo katika
kubainisha maudhui na wahusika katika matini mbili za fasihi ya Kiswahili ambazo ni:
riwaya ya Assumpta K. Matei ya Chozi la Heri na tamthilia ya Kigogo ya Pauline Kea.
Malengo ya utafiti yalikuwa; moja, kubainisha aina mbalimbali za kinaya katika kazi
teule za fasihi; mbili, kueleza jinsi kinaya kimetumika kuendeleza maudhui katika
matini mbili teule za fasihi ya Kiswahili; tatu, kueleza jinsi kinaya kinavyotumika katika
kujenga sifa za wahusika katika kazi teule. Utafiti uliongozwa na Nadharia ya Kimtindo
pamoja na mihimili yake ambayo iliongoza kila sura ya utafiti huu. Nadharia hii inaeleza
kwamba ili kuielewa kazi ya fasihi, msomaji anafaa kuelewa kuhusu mbinu za lugha
ambazo zimetumika. Utafiti huu unaangazia mbinu ya kinaya vile imetumika katika
kubainisha maudhui kama vile uongozi mbaya, ukatili, unafiki na ufisadi. Miongoni
mwa waasisi wake ni Coombes (1953). Riwaya ya Chozi la Heri na tamthilia ya Kigogo
ziliteuliwa kimakusudi kwa msingi wa utajiri wao wa kinaya. Ili kupata data katika
utafiti, mtafiti alisoma vitabu, nadharia, na majarida yanayohusiana na mada ya utafiti.
Utafiti ulitumia muundo wa utafiti wa kimaelezo. Mjadala wa vikundi lengwa uliohusisha
washiriki wanne pamoja na mtafiti ulitumika kukusanya data kutoka katika matini teule.
Data ilichanganuliwa kwa misingi ya malengo ya utafiti. Utafiti unabainisha kuwa kuna
aina mbalimbali za kinaya katika kazi za fasihi. Hizi ni: Hali, drama, mazungumzo,
kilimwengu, na kinaya cha kisokratiki. Utafiti pia unadhihirisha kuwa vinaya vya hali,
mazungumzo na drama ndizo msingi katika ukuzaji wa dhamira na wahusika katika
matini mbili teule. Utafiti huu ulihitimisha kuwa kinaya huwa muhimu katika fasihi
kwa kuwa hutumika katika kubainisha maudhui hasi katika jamiii kwa kuonyesha
matendo maovu ya wahusika wanayotenda kinyume cha matarajio ya wahusika wengine.
Kwa mfano viongozi wanaweza kujitokeza wakitenda matendo hasi kama vile mauaji,
usaliti uzinzi na ubinafsi kinyume na matarajio ya wananchi waliowateua.Tena kinaya ni
muhimu kwa kuwa hutumiwa kueleza sifa za wahusika katika fasihi kwa kuonyesha vile
wahusika wanatenda maovu jambo ambalo ni kinyume cha matarajio ya wahusika
wengine na pia wasomaji.kuwasilisha maudhui na wahusika katika kazi za fasihi na
kinapaswa kufasiriwa kimuktadha ili kuimarisha mawasiliano. Utafiti unapendekeza
kuwa watafiti wa lugha watumie kinaya kama nyenzo ya kuwasilisha masuala
yanayodhihirika katika jamii. Utafiti huu unanuiwa kuwanufaisha watafiti wa fasihi ya
Kiswahili, wanafunzi, waandishi wa riwaya na watunzi wa tamthilia ili kubainisha dhima
ya mitindo ya kifasihi kama vile kinaya katika kuwasilisha ujumbe uliokusudiwa na
mwandishi
Integrating Cordia Africana Trees on Farms Differentially Improves Soil Properties in Small Holder Farms in Kirinyaga County, Kenya
No full textAbstract on Improvement of Soil Properties in Small Holder Farms in Kirinyaga
County, KenyaTree-based solutions are more efficient in nutrient cycling in farming systems and hence ideally suited for impoverished
farmers experiencing food insecurity. Agroforestry trees have a positive effect on soil fertility through litter fall by the canopies
compared to that of the adjacent open fields. Field sampling involved selecting mature Cordia africana trees from ten farms
and collecting soil samples at varying distances from the tree trunks and at two depths (0-15 and 15-30cm). For each selected
farm, soil samples were collected at three sampling points defined by distance from the tree base thus: - 5M (under the tree
canopy), 11M (at the edge of the crown), and 30M (from the tree's influence. Laboratory analyses measured concentrations
of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and organic carbon. The soil parameters investigated (Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Soil organic carbon, Potassium, and Calcium) were significantly higher in the topsoil than in the subsoil. The
horizontal effect of trees with increasing distance from the tree on soil nitrogen, organic carbon, and phosphorus is minimal,
the effect being more on vertical distribution (across depth). Differences in nutrient contents in soil nutrient variables
between agroforestry and cropped land showed that soil nutrients within the Cordia africana system were higher than
those under cultivated land implying that Cordia africana has a positive effect on soil quality. Thus, the study emphasizes the
adoption of Cordia africana in agroforestry practices with a view to increase soil fertility and improve crop yields in sustainable
farming. There is therefore need for the formulation of appropriate measures of soil management based on the characteristics of the sites
MEDIATING ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURIAL LEADERSHIP ON SENIOR TEAM ATTRIBUTES AND ORGANIZATIONAL AMBIDEXTERITY OF COFFEE MARKETING COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN KENYA
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AFRICAN ORAL LITERATURE: ANALYSIS OF VISUAL RESOURCES AND IMPROVISED TECHNIQUES IN SELECTED BUKUSU CIRCUMCISION SONGS
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The Role of The Media In The Management Of Pandemic Situations In Africa.
Get PDFThe Role of the Media in the Management of Pandemic Situations in AfricaThis chapter discusses the role of the media in the management of pandemic situations in Africa. Examples from various African countries such as Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa and Tanzania are examined to highlight the actual situation. Communication and health communication theories discussed are: Theory of Reasoned Action, Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Protection Motivation Theory. The role the media (Newspapers, magazines, radio, television and social media networks) have played in persuading people to accept to be vaccinated and to wear masks is discussed. Studies conducted in Africa reveal that different countries have had to deal with different reactions towards COVID-19 communication. Studies reviewed from other continents show that what is applicable there can also work in Africa. African, Chinese and Iranian examples are discussed to prove that the above-named theories can also be applied in Africa to persuade people to maintain COVID-19 protocols and to accept to be vaccinated. Social media users communicated COVID-19 messages but most of them have participated more in spreading misinformation and propaganda about COVID-19 just as it happened during the Ebola pandemic in West Africa