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RESOURCE MOBILIZATION FOR HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
No full textA PRESENTATION AT THE 2022/2023 KARATINA UNIVERSITY WORKSHO
INFLUENCE OF FOOD DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AND MARKET ACCESSIBILITY ON FOOD SECURITY IN THARAKA SUB COUNTY, KENYA
Get PDFFood SecurityFood distribution and market accessibility impact food security and development of rural economies. About 30% of Kenya’s population live in the country’s food insecure rural arid and semi-arid lands. Semi-arid Tharaka sub county suffers from insufficient and inefficient food distribution due to problems of physical accessibility to food markets which constitute main source of food items (86.95%) consumed here. These have led to sporadic and acute food insecurity across the sub county. The purpose of this study was to examine influence of local food distribution systems and market accessibility on food security in Tharaka sub county. Maize (96.6%) and millet (54.1%) are important staple food crops widely consumed by households in the study area. The objectives of this research focused on identifying biophysical and climatic factors that determine optimal maize and millet production for the realisation of food security; to determine how marketing models for maize and millet influence distribution and retention of food stock by households in Tharaka sub county; to examine efficiency of physical accessibility to existing open air markets and its effect on food security in Tharaka sub county, and finally to examine spatial distribution and utilisation of open-air markets in Tharaka sub county and its influence on food security. It was hypothesized that no significant relationship existed between agro-climatic suitability and maize and millet production, marketing models and food stock retention, markets physical accessibility and food security and how open-air markets spatial distribution influenced utilisation of the markets. A sample of 395 households selected using cross-section survey and a multi-purposive cluster sampling technique from the 31,556 households in the studt area were considered. Primary data was collected through observation, semi-structured questionnaires and 5 key informants’ interviews. GIS based modeling, Kendall’s multiple correlation analysis and Tobit regression techniques were used to analyse the data. Results of GIS agro-climatic suitability analysis in Idris Selva software showed that 4,189.31 hectares of land were suitable for optimised production of maize and millet. Identified suitable areas felled within the rainfed cropping zone (RFC) and mixed farming (MF) livelihood zones. Kendall’s multiple correlation analysis revealed that households living close to the markets (10km) who kept three to five bags for the same period or longer. Tobit regression analysis indicated education levels of household head and market price as important determinants in the choice of market models by a household. Lastly, ease of accessibility and service functional value influenced open-air markets preferential use by farmers and consumers alike. Conclusively, food security in Tharaka sub county is largely influenced by marketing models used by households to procure and sell foodstuffs, ease of physical accessibility to markets and the bio-physical and climatic conditions of the given livelihood cluster zone. In future, there is need to consider food distribution and market accessibility as determinant components of food security and nutrition improvement in the study area. Major recommendations from this study emphasize desire to promote food trade and market-based interventions to address food security. Furthermore, improving open-air markets’ physical infrastructure and construction of missing-link roads connecting villages to markets would address the problem of low food markets utilisation
INFLUENCE OF FOOD DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AND MARKET ACCESSIBILTY ON FOOD SECURITY IN SEMI-ARID THARAKA SUB COUNTY, KENYA
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Spawning interactions between hatchery-reared and wild naturalized rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) in high-altitude tropical streams, Kenya
No full textSpawning interactions between hatchery-reared and wild naturalized rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum,
1792)Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is among the most widely translocated fish species in the world. The current study evaluated the spawning interactions between naturalized and wild rainbow trout from two high-altitude second-order streams, in Kenya. Data on total length, weight, condition factor, fecundity, fertilization, egg diameter and fry survival were collected on spawning rainbow trout between March and December 2021. Length–weight relationship showed parabolic equations as W = 0.0144L2.900, W = 0.0069L3.0285 and W = 0.00027L3.175 for wild fish stock, hatcheryreared and wild × hatchery-reared rainbow trout, respectively. Total fecundity differed significantly among the hatchery-reared, wild fish and the cross of the two (p < 0.05). The fertilization rate showed significant differences (p < 0.05), with no discernable difference observed between the hatchery-reared and crossed (wild × hatchery-reared). There was a positive correlation among the total fecundity to female egg weight, female body weight, fertilization rate and eyed egg survival in all the populations. Relative fecundity was significantly different among the three groups of fish (p < 0.05), but the differences between the hatchery and the crossed (wild × hatchery-reared) fish showed no significant differences. We recommend the use of crossed (wild × hatchery-reared) populations for fry production for use in aqua-culture as they presented the highest fecundity and gave the best outcome of fry with high survival
Maongezi Katika Riwaya Za Kiswahili
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Makala hii inaangazia dhima ya maongezi katika riwaya ya Kiswahili. Riwaya ni mojawapo wa tanzu muhimu za fasihi ya Kiswahili ambayo inaendelea kukua kwa upande wa wahusika, dhamira, maudhui, mtindo na upeo. Utanzu wa riwaya ya Kiswahili ulianza mwanzo wa karne ya ishirini wakati James Juma Mbotela alipoandika riwaya ya Uhuru wa Watumwa (1934). Ukuaji wake umeshika kasi zaidi katika mwongo wa mwisho wa karne ya ishirini na mwanzo wa karne ya ishirini na moja. Ni muhimu pia kutambua kuwa, utungaji wa riwaya umeendelea kukua sambamba na uhakiki wake. Katika karne ya ishirini na moja, riwaya ya Kiswahili imefikia utungaji wa kimajaribio (Mwamzandi, 2013:48-66 na Mohamed 2003:78-79). Katika riwaya za kimajaribio, watunzi hujumuisha nadharia, visasili pamoja na kuzungumzia masuala ya utandawazi na soko huru. Ni riwaya ambazo hukiuka miundo ya riwaya iliyozoeleka. Kwa upande wa maongezi, usemaji wa wahusika katika riwaya umekua kutoka sahili hadi changamano kutokana na masuala yanayojadiliwa katika riwaya mahususi. Ni maoni ya waandishi wa makala hii kuwa, usemaji wa wahusika unaweza kuathirika na vipindi vya kihistoria hivyo basi kuwa na mchango muhimu katika maendeleo ya riwaya. Madhumuni ya makala hii ilikuwa ni kuainisha maongezi katika riwaya za Kiswahili. Riwaya ambazo zilichanganuliwa kwa mujibu wa makala hii ni Kusadikika (1951), Mafuta (1984) na Kufa Kuzikana (2003). Riwaya hizo ziliteuliwa kuwakilisha vipindi mahususi vya ukuaji na maendeleo ya riwaya ya Kiswahili. Makala hii iliongozwa na nadharia ya Uchanganuzi wa Usemi Hakiki. Kutokana na uchanganuzi huo, makala hii imebainisha mchango wa maongezi kwa ukuaji, maendeleo na uumbufu wa utanzu wa riwaya kwa ujumla
