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Psicología de la memoria: Indicios o claves de recuperación
No full textFecha original del recurso educativo: curso 2021/2022.
Fecha de la última actualización del recurso educativo (publicada en el repositorio Biblios-e-Archivos de la UAM): curso 2024/2025También disponible en: https://view.genially.com/67b624c7559b1c897048bc83En el marco del Proyecto de Innovación Docente, en concurrencia competitiva, de la convocatoria de Proyectos de Innovación Docente de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid para el curso 2021/2022, denominado PS_003.21_INN - “EMPIEZA POR ‘M’: ‘Facultad psíquica por medio de la cual se retiene y recuerda el pasado’. El uso del “gaming” como medio didáctico para adquirir competencias específicas” (Coordinadora del Proyecto: Prof.ª Dra. Nieves Pérez-Mata), se generó la presentación interactiva con la herramienta genially titulada “Indicios o Claves de Recuperación” para la asignatura obligatoria de 2º curso del Grado en Psicología de la UAM. En la presentación se desarrolla el concepto de “indicio o clave de recuperación” relacionándolo con los procesos de recuperación en memoria. En concreto, la presentación describe cómo el estudio de la interacción entre las condiciones de la fase de codificación y de la fase de recuperación en memoria determinan qué indicios o claves de recuperación son los más efectivos para recuperar de manera exitosa información representada en la memoria. Este fenómeno se ilustra a través de la descripción detallada de un experimento clásico de Endel Tulving y Donald Thomson de la década de 1970. Además, los resultados se relacionan con las propuestas teóricas del Principio de la Especificidad de la Codificación de Tulving y la Transferencia Apropiada de Procesamiento (TAP; Bransford y cols.; Roediger). Por último, la presentación incluye un ejercicio de autoevaluación para valorar cuánto se ha aprendido sobre la eficacia de los indicios de recuperación y la importancia de la interacción entre las fases de codificación y de recuperación de la información en memoriaIn the context of the Teaching Innovation Project, which was submitted in response to the call for Teaching Innovation Projects at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid for the 2021/2022 academic year, cited as PS_003.21_INN – “Begins with ‘M’: The psychic faculty under discussion is that which enables the retention and recollection of the past. The utilisation of 'gaming' as a didactic medium for the acquisition of specific competencies” (Project Coordinator: Professor Dr. Nieves Pérez-Mata), involved the generation of an interactive presentation with the genially tool entitled "Retrieval Cue" for the compulsory subject of the 2nd year of the Degree in Psychology at the UAM. The presentation elucidates the concept of “retrieval cue” and its relationship to retrieval processes in memory. Specifically, the presentation outlines the manner in which the study of the interaction between encoding and retrieval phase conditions in memory determines which retrieval cues are most effective in successfully retrieving information represented in memory. This phenomenon is illustrated by a detailed description of a classic experiment by Endel Tulving and Donald Thomson from the 1970s. Moreover, the results obtained in this study are related to theoretical propositions of Tulving’s Principle of Coding Specificity and Appropriate Processing Transfer (APT; Bransford et al.; Roediger). Finally, the presentation includes a self-evaluation exercise to assess how much has been learned about the effectiveness of retrieval cues and the importance of the interaction between the encoding and retrieval phases on memor
Molecular insights into β-Glucuronidase inhibition by alhagi graecorum flavonoids: a computational and experimental approach
Get PDFIn this study, we aimed to investigate the inhibitory mechanisms of β-glucuronidase by flavonoids derived from Alhagi graecorum through both experimental and computational approaches. The activity of β-glucuronidase was assessed using an in vitro enzyme inhibition assay, where myricetin and chrysoeriol were identified as potent inhibitors based on their low IC50 values. Kinetic studies were conducted to determine the inhibition type, revealing that both compounds exhibit noncompetitive inhibition of β-glucuronidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of PNPG. Molecular docking was employed to explore the binding affinities of the flavonoids, showing that myricetin formed the highest number of polar interactions with the enzyme. Additionally, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to evaluate the stability of the enzyme-inhibitor complexes, demonstrating consistent trajectory behavior for both compounds, with significant energy stabilization. Interaction energy analyses highlighted the dominant role of electrostatic forces in myricetin′s inhibition mechanism, while Van der Waals forces were more prominent for chrysoeriol. The MM/PBSA method was used to calculate the binding free energies, with myricetin and chrysoeriol exhibiting the lowest values. Potential energy landscape analysis further revealed that β-glucuronidase adopts a more closed conformation when bound to these inhibitors, limiting substrate access. These findings suggest that flavonoids from Alhagi graecorum hold promise for clinical applications, particularly in managing drug-induced enteropathyThis work was carried out with the support from the project PID2023-150717NB-I00 from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades in Spain and the PRIES-CM project Ref: Y2020/EMT-6290 from the Comunidad Aut\u00F3noma de Madrid
Evaluación de la repercusión funcional y morfológica a medio y largo plazo del síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo grave secundario a Covid-19
Get PDFTesis Doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina. Fecha de Lectura: 24-02-2025Antecedentes: aunque las secuelas a medio y largo plazo de los supervivientes del síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA) de cualquier causa han sido documentadas, se sabe poco acerca de cómo el SDRA inducido por COVID-19 afecta la incapacidad funcional y la tolerancia al ejercicio. Nuestros objetivos fueron examinar la incapacidad a medio plazo en los supervivientes de SDRA grave asociado a COVID-19, caracterizar los cambios fisiopatológicos que contribuyen a su intolerancia al ejercicio y explorar su utilidad para predecir la persistencia de las alteraciones funcionales a largo plazo.
Métodos: estudiamos a 108 sujetos consecutivos con SDRA grave por COVID-19
6 meses después del alta de la UCI. La morfología pulmonar se evaluó con tomografías computarizadas de tórax sin contraste y angiografía por tomografía computarizada. La evaluación funcional incluyó espirometría, pletismografía, fuerza muscular y capacidad de difusión, con evaluación de los componentes del intercambio de gases mediante la capacidad de difusión de óxido nítrico. La incapacidad se evaluó a través de una prueba de ejercicio incremental, y las mediciones se repitieron a los 12 y 24 meses en pacientes con alteraciones funcionales.
Resultados: a los seis meses después del alta de la UCI, se identificó una notable disociación entre las secuelas morfológicas y clínico-funcionales. El 47% de los pacientes mostraba una incapacidad moderada a grave, y estos sujetos tenían una mayor limitación de la mecánica ventilatoria y del intercambio de gases, así como una mayor percepción de síntomas durante el ejercicio y una probable limitación cardíaca asociada. El sexo femenino, el hipotiroidismo, la reducción del
componente de difusión de membrana, la menor capacidad residual funcional y el volumen pulmonar de alta atenuación se asociaron de manera independiente con la presencia de incapacidad funcional moderada-grave, lo que a su vez se relacionó con una mayor frecuencia e intensidad de la disnea y peor calidad de vida. De los 71 pacientes con volúmenes pulmonares reducidos o capacidad de difusión reducida a los seis meses tras el alta de la UCI, solo 19 mantuvieron un trastorno restrictivo asociado con el deterioro del intercambio de gases a los 24 meses después del alta. En estos pacientes, los valores a los seis meses del componente de difusión de la membrana, el consumo máximo de oxígeno, el equivalente ventilatorio para CO2 y la relación del espacio muerto con el volumen corriente se identificaron como factores de riesgo independientes para la persistencia de secuelas funcionales a largo plazo.
Conclusiones: menos de la mitad de los supervivientes del SDRA por COVID-19 presentan incapacidad moderada a grave a medio plazo, detectándose varios factores de riesgo. A su vez, el componente de difusión de la membrana y la tolerancia al ejercicio a los seis meses del alta de la UCI se asocian de manera independiente con la persistencia de secuelas funcionales a largo plazoBackground: Although the medium- and long-term sequelae of survivor of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) of any cause have been documented, little is known about how COVID-19-induced ARDS affects functional disability and exercise components. Our aims were to examine the medium-term disability in severe COVID-19-associated ARDS survivors, delineate pathophysiological changes contributing to their exercise intolerance, and explore its utility in predicting long-term functional impairment persistence.
Methods: We studied 108 consecutive subjects with severe COVID-19 ARDS who remained alive 6 months after ICU discharge. Lung morphology was assessed with chest non-contrast CT scans and CT angiography. Functional evaluation included spirometry, plethysmography, muscle strength, and diffusion capacity, with assessment of gas exchange components through diffusing capacity of nitric oxide. Disability was assessed through an incremental exercise test, and measurements were repeated 12 and 24 months later in patients with functional impairments.
Results: At 6 months after ICU discharge, a notable dissociation between morphological and clinical-functional sequelae was identified. Moderate-severe disability was present in 47% of patients and these subjects had greater limitation of ventilatory mechanics and gas exchange, as well as greater symptomatic perception during exercise and a probable associated cardiac limitation. Female sex, hypothyroidism, reduced membrane diffusion component, lower functional residual capacity, and high-attenuation lung volume were independently associated with the presence of moderate-severe functional disability, which in turn was related to higher frequency and greater intensity of dyspnea and worse quality of life. Out
of the 71 patients with reduced lung volumes or diffusion capacity at 6 months post- ICU discharge, only 19 maintained a restrictive disorder associated with gas exchange impairment at 24 months post-discharge. In these patients, 6-month values for diffusion membrane component, maximal oxygen uptake, ventilatory equivalent for CO2, and dead space to tidal volume ratio were identified as independent risk factors for persistence of long-term functional sequelae.
Conclusions: Less than half of survivors of COVID-19 ARDS have moderate- severe disability in the medium term, identifying several risk factors. In turn, diffusion membrane component and exercise tolerance at 6-month ICU discharge are independently associated with the persistence of long-term functional sequela
Tendencias a largo plazo en el uso de terapias dirigidas en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: estudio TRENDY
Get PDFTesis Doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina. Fecha de Lectura: 12-02-2025El uso de terapias dirigidas (biológicos y pequeñas moléculas) en la enfermedad inflamatoria
intestinal (EII) ha aumentado en los últimos años debido al precio más accesible de los
biosimilares y al establecimiento de objetivos terapéuticos más ambiciosos. Actualmente no
existen recomendaciones que nos permitan posicionar, de un modo racional, las terapias
dirigidas en el algoritmo de tratamiento, por lo que la elección depende de la financiación y del
criterio del médico.
Nuestro objetivo fue conocer los patrones de uso en la vida real y las tendencias a largo plazo
en el posicionamiento de estos fármacos. Para ello, se incluyeron pacientes del registro ENEIDA
(GETECCU) que recibieron su primera terapia dirigida para la EII entre 2015 y 2021.
Posteriormente se realizó un análisis con herramientas de Machine Learning, con el objetivo de
identificar variables que pudieran predecir patrones de prescripción de tratamientos.
En total, se incluyeron 10.009 pacientes [71% con enfermedad de Crohn (EC) y 29% con colitis
ulcerosa (CU)]. En la EC en 1ª línea de tratamiento (LdT), los anti-TNF fueron los fármacos más
empleados (siendo adalimumab el más prescrito), aunque su uso disminuyó con el tiempo (89%
en 2015 vs. 79% en 2021, p=0,016). El uso de ustekinumab aumentó progresivamente,
convirtiéndose en el segundo fármaco más utilizado por mecanismo de acción en 1ª LdT (17%
en 2021). En 2ª LdT, los anti-TNF fueron la terapia más prescrita hasta 2018; desde entonces,
ustekinumab se convirtió en el fármaco más pautado (57% en 2021). En 3ª LdT, ustekinumab
fue el fármaco más prescrito de forma global (53%).
En la CU, los anti-TNF fueron la terapia más utilizada en 1ª LdT (con predominio de infliximab),
con un uso estable a lo largo del tiempo (85% en 2015 vs. 83% en 2021, p=0,6). Vedolizumab fue
el segundo fármaco por mecanismo de acción como 1ª LdT. En 2ª LdT, el uso de vedolizumab
aumentó con el tiempo, convirtiéndose en el fármaco más prescrito (36% en 2021). En 3ª LdT,
vedolizumab fue el fármaco más utilizado hasta 2019; sin embargo, en 2020 fue tofacitinib
(35%), y en 2021, ustekinumab (30%).
Tanto en la EC como en la CU, el uso de biosimilares se incrementó con el tiempo, siendo este
aumento más marcado en el caso de adalimumab (8% en 2018 vs. 92% en 2021, p<0,001). En la
EC, la secuencia de tratamientos más frecuente fue de anti-TNF a ustekinumab (36%), mientras
que en la CU fue de anti-TNF a vedolizumab (37%). El análisis mediante Machine Learning no
logró identificar un modelo capaz de predecir de forma óptima la elección del fármaco en 1ª ni
en 2ª LdT.
En resumen, el posicionamiento de las terapias dirigidas fue diferente en la EC y en la CU, y ha
cambiado con el tiempo. En la EC, el uso de anti-TNF ha disminuido, mientras que ustekinumab
ha ganado importancia en 1ª y 2ª LdT. En la CU, la prescripción de anti-TNF se ha mantenido
estable, y vedolizumab se ha convertido en el fármaco más utilizado en 2ª LdT. La aprobación
de los biosimilares tuvo un gran impacto, con un marcado incremento en su uso. Finalmente, el
posicionamiento de los fármacos fue muy heterogéneo y no se identificó un modelo con
capacidad de predecir prescripciones de tratamiento
Hindcasting to forecast: archaeobiology of the European hake (Merluccius merluccius) fisheries
Get PDFTesis Doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología. Fecha de Lectura: 20-02-202
Defects and disorder in covalent organic frameworks for advanced applications
No full textCrystalline porous organic polymers (CPPs) or covalent organic frameworks (COFs), are composed by light elements linked by covalent bonds. Despite the remarkable progress attained, there are still bottlenecks limiting further development, some of them related to the presence of defects during their synthesis as well as in-depth understanding of structure of active centers and/or details of the reaction mechanism. Indeed, very often the proposed structures are far from reality because defects and disorders have not been considered. The present review provides an illustrative overview of “defects and disorder in COFs”. These defects include those not only generated during the synthesis and manipulation of COFs, but also lack of crystallinity, stacking disorder and network vacancies. The review starts giving general remarks on organic COFs and their synthetic methods, followed by different methods to play and manage defects, how to minimize them or how to take advantage of them to gain new properties and applications. Selected characterization techniques to quantify defective structures and active sites in COFs are also presented. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities in the field have been summarized in the last sectionFinancial support by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (CEX‐2021‐001230‐S and PDI2021‐0126071‐OB‐CO21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeo 2021/038 and Advanced Materials programme Graphica MFA/2022/023 with funding from European Union NextGenerationEU PRTR‐C17.I1). The University of Zabol is acknowledged for financial support (Grant numbers: IR‐UOZ‐GR‐9381). A.D. is beneficiary of a grant María Zambrano in Universitat Politècnica de València within the framework of the grants for the retraining in the Spanish university system (Spanish Ministry of Universities, financed by the European Union, NextGeneration EU). Authors also thank the Lorestan University for the grant support. Financial support was provided by the Spanish Government (PID2021‐122299NB‐I00, TED2021‐130470B‐I00, TED2021‐129999B‐C32), “Comunidad de Madrid”, European Structural Funds (S2018/NMT‐4367), proyectos sinérgicos I+D (Y2020/NMT6469) and Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid (SI1/PJI/2019–00237
Taming the terminological tempest in invasion science
No full textArtículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAMStandardised terminology in science is important for clarity of interpretation and communication. In invasion science – a dynamic and rapidly evolving discipline – the proliferation of technical terminology has lacked a standardised framework for its development. The result is a convoluted and inconsistent usage of terminology, with various discrepancies in descriptions of damage and interventions. A standardised framework is therefore needed for a clear, universally applicable, and consistent terminology to promote more effective communication across researchers, stakeholders, and policymakers. Inconsistencies in terminology stem from the exponential increase in scientific publications on the patterns and processes of biological invasions authored by experts from various disciplines and countries since the 1990s, as well as publications by legislators and policymakers focusing on practical applications, regulations, and management of resources. Aligning and standardising terminology across stakeholders remains a challenge in invasion science. Here, we review and evaluate the multiple terms used in invasion science (e.g. ‘non-native’, ‘alien’, ‘invasive’ or ‘invader’, ‘exotic’, ‘non-indigenous’, ‘naturalised’, ‘pest’) to propose a more simplified and standardised terminology. The streamlined framework we propose and translate into 28 other languages is based on the terms (i) ‘non-native’, denoting species transported beyond their natural biogeographic range, (ii) ‘established non-native’, i.e. those non-native species that have established self-sustaining populations in their new location(s) in the wild, and (iii) ‘invasive non-native’ – populations of established non-native species that have recently spread or are spreading rapidly in their invaded range actively or passively with or without human mediation. We also highlight the importance of conceptualising ‘spread’ for classifying invasiveness and ‘impact’ for management. Finally, we propose a protocol for classifying populations based on (i) dispersal mechanism, (ii) species origin, (iii) population status, and (iv) impact. Collectively and without introducing new terminology, the framework that we present aims to facilitate effective communication and collaboration in invasion science and management of non-native specie
Long-Term Elite Controllers of HIV-1 Infection Exhibit a Deep Perturbation of Monocyte Homeostasis
No full textElite controllers (ECs) represent a unique subset of people living with HIV
(PLWHs), who can suppress viral replication without requiring antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, despite this viral control, ECs exhibit increased incidences of various comorbid conditions and heightened systemic inflammation, which has been linked to monocyte activation. In this study, we performed an in-depth phenotypic analysis of monocytes in a cohort of long-term ECs (LTECs) and compared them to non-controller patients with ART-mediated control of HIV replication and to non-controller patients with uncontrolled viral replication. A total of 67 participants were included: 22 LTECs, 15 non-controllers on ART (onART), 10 non-controllers without ART (offART), and 20 uninfected controls (UCs) as a reference group. Monocyte phenotypes were analyzed using spectral flow cytometry with a 13-marker panel. The data were analyzed using two approaches: (a) FCS Express software v.7 to define different subsets of monocytes and assess the levels of expression of eight different monocyte functional markers and (b) R software v.4.1.1 for unsupervised multidimensional analysis, including batch correction, dimensionality reduction, and clustering analysis. Monocyte phenotypic profiling was conducted using three different approaches: (1) assessment of monocyte subsets (classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes); (2) evaluation of the levels of expression of eight monocyte functional markers, and (3) characterization of monocyte clusters defined through the dimensionality reduction of flow cytometry data (56 different clusters). The monocyte phenotype of the onART group closely resembled that of the UC group. In contrast, LTECs exhibited important alterations in the monocyte phenotype compared to that of the UCs, including (a) an increased proportion of intermediate monocytes and a decreased proportion of classical monocytes (p < 0.01), (b) altered expressions of functional markers across monocyte subsets (p < 0.05), and (c) alterations in sixteen different monocyte clusters (twelve decreased and
four increased, p < 0.05). Many of these alterations were also observed when comparing the LTEC and onART groups. Our findings suggest that monocyte-driven mechanisms may contribute to HIV control in LTECs; however, some of these alterations could also promote systemic inflammation and immune activation. These observations provide a compelling rationale for considering therapeutic interventions in this unique population of PLWHsThis project was partially funded by grants RD16/0025/0013, PI16/01769, PI19/01237,
and PI19/00973 and was integrated in the State Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and
Innovation; co-funded by the ISCIII Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion
and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The HIV BioBank, integrated into the Spanish AIDS Research Network, is partially funded by the RD16/0025/0019 project as a part of the Plan
Nacional R+D+I and is cofinanced by the ISCIII Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment
and Promotion and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF
Obsessive compulsive disorder or compulsive disorder? An autism spectrum view of obsessive compulsive disorders
No full textResearch shows significant rates of comorbid symptoms in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disabilities (ID). The presence of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms has been little researched and is poorly understood across the spectrum. Understanding the structure and behaviour of OCD symptoms in autism is necessary, given their presence and the negative effect on the quality of life levels of affected people. One hundred twenty-eight adults (128) (M = 36.63 years, SD = 8.54) with autism and intellectual disabilities were evaluated to know the structure of OCD symptoms in autism and their relationship with ASD symptomatology. For this purpose, a network analysis was carried out. The results showed that obsessive and compulsive symptoms present themselves as two connected but independent networks. Similarly, ASD and OCD symptoms are observed as different clusters. These findings suggest that OCD symptoms may have a different nature on the autism spectru
Effectiveness and treatment persistence of Vedolizumab compared to anti-tumour Necrosis Factor-α in patients with Crohn's Disease: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis
No full textVedolizumab is approved for the treatment of moderately to severely active Crohn's disease (CD). Real-world evidence is essential for understanding the effectiveness and benefit–risk profile of vedolizumab outside clinical trial settings. To identify, systematically review and assess the real-world effectiveness and treatment persistence of vedolizumab in patients with CD, particularly over long-term follow-up periods and among populations with differing treatment experience, and to compare with the treatment persistence of anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α treatment. Literature searches were conducted to identify studies published from 2014 to 2022. Relevant congress searches were conducted (2015–2022) using Embase or by hand. Data on adults with CD treated with vedolizumab or anti-TNFα treatment in a real-world setting were extracted for meta-analysis. Data from 73 studies, including 29,894 patients with CD, reported ≥ 1 outcome of interest for this analysis. Vedolizumab treatment persistence rate was 65.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 60.2–70.1) at 1 year and 54.8% (95% CI 43.9–65.3) at 2 years. The treatment persistence rate with vedolizumab versus anti-TNFα treatment was 84.6% (95% CI 70.2–92.8) versus 75.3% (95% CI 69.7–80.2) at 1 year and 70.6% (95% CI 60.7–78.8) versus 64.6% (95% CI 56.7–71.8) at 2 years. The mucosal healing rate at 1 year was 40.6% (95% CI 34.2–47.3). Clinical remission rates were 39.4% (95% CI 33.9–45.1) at 1 year and 34.3% (95% CI 18.1–55.2) at 2 years. Corticosteroid-free clinical remission rates were 33.2% (95% CI 28.5–38.3) at 1 year and 20.4% (95% CI 12.5–31.5) at 2 years. All clinical outcome rates were higher in biologic-naive than in biologic-experienced patients. Real-world use of vedolizumab was associated with favourable long-term effectiveness and treatment persistence. Vedolizumab is a suitable first-line biological option for biologic-naive patients with CDThis study was funded by Takeda Pharmaceuticals International AG, Zurich, Switzerlan