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Hydrocity: An International Collaborative Urban Lab between Manchester and Riga
No full textThe Contextual Urbanism Lab at Manchester School of Architecture explores and develops future Urban Design Visions and engages in collaborative design work with other schools of architecture. In the 2023-24 academic year design work was undertaken in collaboration with students from the Latvian Riseba University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Architecture and Design (Riseba FAD) for the repurposing of Kipsala Island, located on the west bank of the River Daugava in Riga and for the “Wirral Waters” regeneration area in Birkenhead (U.K). Through these design projects and the international experience, the students gained a full understanding of the opportunities presented by their sites to develop proposals for the reinvention of new, distinctive, and sustainable waterside districts at the heart of historic European cities. Having identified a site and personal manifesto, students were asked to test their ideas against their specific conditions. This detailed analysis led to comparative studies developed in both schools. The findings, contingent upon the different sizes and structures of the two schools, established a series of parameters to frame both the student and teacher research and raised questions on how the methods inherent in design synthesis highlighted a path towards either a professional or academic trajectory.
The relevance of this study must be found in the international exchange between different architecture schools, which reflects on the opportunity to prepare Master’s students for their future employment, in academia or in practice, using a collaborative urban lab as formative expertise
Strategies for the Conservation and Valorization of 20th-Century War Landscapes: The Case of the Mediterranean Wall Ruins
No full textThe so-called Mediterranean Wall—a term referring to the system of coastal defenses built between 1936 and 1945 across various Mediterranean countries—exhibits distinct characteristics when compared to the Atlantikwall. Unlike the latter’s continuous and technologically unified design, Mediterranean defenses were fragmented, heterogeneous, and closely adapted to local territorial and environmental conditions. This article analyses the morphology and geographic distribution of these military landscapes in Spain and Italy, approaching them as architectural and landscape heritage with specific material and perceptual features. A two-phase methodology is adopted: the first involves the identification and documentation of existing reuse interventions, supported by fieldwork and archival research; the second presents a comparative evaluation of four selected case studies based on criteria such as restoration practices, accessibility, and landscape integration. The comparative analysis highlights a wide spectrum of adaptive reuse strategies and underscores the multidimensional challenges of valorisation. Rather than treating these structures as static wartime remnants, the article advocates for their reintegration into broader cultural, ecological, and touristic networks. Through a holistic approach combining architectural reuse, inclusive accessibility, and civic participation, the Mediterranean fortifications may be transformed into dynamic sites for memory, interpretation, and environmental awareness—reframing their legacy within contemporary territorial narratives.Correction Note: This article was corrected on 27th November 2025 to include resized Figures (2, 3, 5, and 15) for improved clarity. A formal Corrigendum will be published in the (Volume 10, Issue 1, January 2026) to formally document this change. The conclusions of the paper are unaffected
WOOD-SKIN: Designing with Nature-Translating Natural Complexity Through Computational Workflows and Material-Centered Fabrication
No full textThis paper presents a practice-based research approach that examines design-led applications and digital fabrication methods within the context of existing computational design theories. The paper explores the approach of WOOD-SKIN, a digital fabrication system that integrates nature-inspired geometries with standardized architectural production workflows. WOOD-SKIN facilitates the creation of flexible, three-dimensional panels from flat materials through a patented process and developability-driven computational workflow. These panels, fabricated via 3-axis CNC milling, incorporate a textile core that functions as a hinge, enabling spatial transformations from flat sheets to three-dimensional forms. Focusing on the 4300 Wilson project as a case study, developed by the authors and the team at WOOD-SKIN, the paper investigates how nature-inspired, algorithmically generated forms can be translated into buildable and sustainable solutions. The research positions WOOD-SKIN within the broader discourse of digital-material ecologies, drawing on theories of fractal geometry. (Mandelbrot, 1982), chaos theory (Gleick, 1987) and digital ontology (Bridle, 2022). By embedding fabrication intelligence directly into geometries and maintaining a feedback-oriented design-to-production process, WOOD-SKIN challenges conventional and linear workflows and proposes a recursive, adaptive methodology. The study demonstrates how this approach reduces material waste, enhances transportation efficiency, and supports sustainable construction practices. Ultimately, WOOD-SKIN is presented as both a technical innovation and a conceptual framework for rethinking the relationship between tools, materials, and form-making in architecture, offering a model for future workflows where digital precision and natural complexity converge
A.I. and the rewiring of Madrid: Narratives of Water, Energy, and the Built World
No full textThis paper is structured as an instrumental case study assessing the impacts of the incorporation of AI platforms within the iterative design process of a fifth-year undergraduate architectural studio. The topic of focus for the studio was the rewiring of energy and water infrastructures within the city of Madrid, Spain. Within the contemporary city, such urban infrastructures have tended to be moulded around a strictly top-down, public-to-private gradient. This unidirectional, innately hierarchical, and centralized approach to the provision of energy and water has been accompanied by a range of issues, including cascading systemic failures, low systemic resilience, and issues of inequitable access to resources. A more hybridized approach to urban infrastructural networks continues to gain traction within the discourse, one which takes advantage of the capacities of more decentralized systems and greater private stakeholder engagement, while not shying away from some of the benefits of more centralized systems. This studio was oriented towards achieving a deep dive into such hybridized infrastructural frameworks while leveraging artificial intelligence platforms for the purposes of accelerating and amplifying portions of the iterative design process, refining project narratives, and accelerating the student research process
Revisiting Polytechnic University of the Philippines – Sta. Mesa: An Augmented Reality Journey through Architectural Heritage and Genius Loci
No full textThis research project aims to develop an augmented reality (AR) application to showcase the architectural heritage of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines (PUP) Sta. Mesa campus before its recent renovations. By leveraging AR technology, the project seeks to provide an immersive and interactive experience that allows users to visualize and explore the campus's historical fabric and architectural heritage. Through AR, the aspect of immersive experience can also provide a visualization of the trajectory for campus’ renovation efforts from the reference of PUP’s historical fabric and architectural heritage. The application will recreate key structures and spaces, accurately reflecting their original designs and spatial configurations. In addition to visual reconstruction, the project will delve into the spirit of the place and the concept of genius loci, emphasizing the unique character and cultural significance of the PUP Sta. Mesa campus. By incorporating archival materials, oral histories, anecdotal accounts, and virtual models; the AR experience will highlight the elements that define the campus's identity and heritage. The aim is to foster a deeper appreciation of the historical context and architectural evolution of the campus, promoting a sense of continuity and connection among students, faculty, and alumni. Ultimately, this research not only preserves and revitalizes the architectural memory of PUP Sta. Mesa also enhances contemporary understanding and engagement with its historical landscape, as well as a reference in visualizing PUP’s future carrying its original spirit and heritage. Through the innovative use of AR, the project demonstrates the potential of digital tools in heritage conservation, renovation, and education, bridging past and present in a meaningful and dynamic way
Adaptive Conservation Strategies for Butrint's In-Situ Mosaics: Addressing Climate Change Impacts on World Heritage Sites
No full textIn a still unspoilt corner of Albania's coast, the WHS of Butrint is a unique combination of nature and art surrounded by a lake connected by a canal to the sea. The abundance of spring waters with healing properties decreed the success of its foundation, while the later difficulties in defending it from flooding increasingly depopulated it until it was abandoned. Today, the site, one of the most significant in the Mediterranean basin for high values of nature and culture in an environmental context of rare integrity, is also among the sites most threatened by climate change. The scenario predicted by the 2021 IPCC report reveals that the future sea levels in the Ionian Sea will affect the ancient city of Butrint, which will be submerged within decades. Sea level rise in coastal regions of the Mediterranean could reach peaks of 2.2 metres by 2100 in the extreme scenario projection. For the coasts of the Ionian Sea in the region of Corfu and Butrint, the worst-case scenario forecasts a rise in sea level of between 1.6 and 1.8 metres by 2100. Some of its monuments are already permanently or periodically waterlogged. The present study constitutes one piece of a broader doctoral research programme and focuses on defining conservation strategies for the valuable mosaics in situ, in adherence to the approach of preserving mosaic floors in situ. The different environmental conditions of the various mosaics are analysed according to their current conditions and predicted level of submersion risk. Beyond a historical and typological framework of execution, the construction characteristics and the types of tesserae used are described. The study connects the chemical-mineralogical characterization of the marbles and materials used with the most significant chemical-physical environmental parameters to assess the vulnerability level according to the environmental variations. The variation of the saline solution content in the water that permanently or periodically floods some mosaics is analysed as a key factor affecting the on-site conservation of the mosaics. The information gathered from the archaeological study and documentation on previous work allows us to assess the characteristics of the constituent materials, given that the mosaics are currently covered by a protective layer that prevents them from being inspected. Furthermore, the archaeologists' information about their value and significance is essential to support a future conservation plan that links the assessment of the risk of loss with the relevance of the artefacts. A method for sustainable adaptations based on an innovative strategy of environmental and water parameter monitoring is outlined in order to intervene promptly to mitigate climate change decay factors
Evolution of Integrated Development in Urban Agglomerations in China: Perspectives on Economic Linkages and Urban-Rural Equilibrium
No full textUnderstanding the evolution of urban agglomerations is crucial for formulating resilient and inclusive spatial development policies. This study takes the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration in China as a case study, utilizing a modified gravity model to describe economic interactions among spatial units, measuring urban-rural equilibrium through income disparity, and applying Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) to examine the spatial associations between economic agglomeration and urban-rural balance. The main findings are as follows: (1) The intensity of economic linkages and the level of urban-rural equilibrium in the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration have significantly improved across the study area. (2) The spatial organization of the region shows a significant flattening trend, forming a significant “point-axis system” around the two core cities of Chengdu and Chongqing. (3) Regional imbalance continued to expand, exhibiting a distinct spatiotemporal co-evolution characterized by a “core-periphery” structure. The study concludes that the excessive dominance of core cities and the limited driving ability of sub-core cities are the main obstacles to the integrated development of the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration, and this study proposes development strategies from the aspects of improving infrastructure, promoting industrial transfer, and emphasizing institutional guidance
The Role of Philosophical Values in the Lontong Cap Go Meh Celebration in Fantasy Novel Writing
No full textThis research explores the potential of fantasy fiction to reintroduce Chinese-Indonesian youths to their cultural heritage, specifically focusing on the philosophical significance of Lontong Cap Go Meh, a traditional dish associated with the Cap Go Meh celebration. Through a qualitative study combining observation, interviews, and documentary analysis, this research identifies core philosophical values embedded in Lontong Cap Go Meh and examines how these values can be integrated into a fantasy narrative. Utilizing the Ethnic Food Identity theory, the study analyzes how Lontong Cap Go Meh embodies core philosophical values within the Chinese-Indonesian tradition. Visual Picture of the Story and Structural-Affect Theory of Stories are then applied to examine how these values can be effectively incorporated into the narrative structure of a fantasy novel. A prototype fantasy fiction novel was created and tested with target readers to assess its effectiveness in fostering cultural understanding and appreciation. The study found that Lontong Cap Go Meh is rich in philosophical values, including hope for prosperity, respect for tradition, and integration into Indonesian culture. These values were successfully integrated into the fantasy novel's narrative through plot, theme, character development, and the core message. User testing revealed a positive impact on target readers' understanding and appreciation of Chinese-Indonesian culture. This research offers valuable insights for creators seeking to use fantasy fiction to bridge cultural gaps and promote cultural understanding. It emphasizes the importance of accurately portraying cultural essence while crafting engaging narratives that resonate with young readers
The Sacred Light of Bagan: An Investigation of Natural Light at Two Ancient Temples
No full textThis study discusses the dynamic effect of daylight in the sacred atmosphere of famous temples in Bagan, Myanmar. Over 10 centuries, these remaining UNESCO monuments have stood still after surviving natural catastrophes and man-made disasters. A good preservation is needed to maintain these buildings. This topic arose from observations of the sacred areas lacking awareness of the value of daylight and ineffective artificial lighting. The research will investigate the daylight performance to restore the value of Bagan temples. This research will include case studies, comparative studies, and daylight simulation. In the past, monuments were taken as poor conservation work without understanding the value of Bagan. Existing artificial lighting is insufficient to cover the techniques from the past, resulting in decreased spatial quality of sacred spaces.
An investigation of the role of light and daylighting performance at sacred places has been performed by researchers to provide readers with a better understanding of the quality of light and spiritual experience at Bagan temples. This research indicates that religion impacts lighting treatments to create spiritual quality and increase devotee faith in sacred places. This research study aims to achieve three goals. First, to understand the critical role of religion in the lighting at a holy monument, and next, to examine the daylight performance of the main shrine and corridor of two Buddhist temples in Myanmar. Lastly, this research knowledge will be added as an essential reference to further studies for maintaining a spiritual quality at the place of worship when artificial lighting is developed. The research explores the daylighting technique in the two Buddhist temples built in the Bagan region of Myanmar. The temples are Ananda (Early 11th century AD) and That-Byin-Nyu (12th century AD), from two different periods of the Bagan Dynasty and comparable in size and popularity. The great Kings of the Bagan empire built these two monuments. The philosophy and religious perceptions of Kings themselves are reflected on these monuments
The Case of Belmonte Calabro and Its Role in Crossing Cultures: A Collaborative Approach to Sustainable Development
No full textThis paper reviews Crossing Cultures, a design by practice research project based in Belmonte Calabro, Italy. Consisting of ethnographic action-based research, it employs an inductive and deductive approach, which has developed a model for rural revitalisation through university engagement. Since 2016, the initiative has tackled Calabria’s socio-economic challenges by combining education, local involvement, and architectural practices. Students, residents, a not-for-profit organisation (NPO), and an architecture collective collaborate to address migration and depopulation through knowledge exchange and community resilience. The paper proposes a governance framework based on Communities of Practice (CoPs) to empower residents through peer learning and capacity-building. Drawing on nine years of work in Belmonte and other self-governing initiatives, the framework consists of four stages: "Rupture," "Activation of Place," "Negotiations and Communities," and "CoPs and the Government." These stages aim to foster local autonomy, accountability, and cultural integration. This paper outlines how Crossing Cultures has completed the first two stages and plans to engage public local bodies and other stakeholders to advance the final two stages. The focus is on community-led governance to achieve long-term sustainable development. This framework offers a path to enhance social sustainability, ensuring Belmonte’s resilience and vitality for future generations. By empowering communities and attracting a younger, diverse population, the initiative seeks to create a replicable model for rural regeneration