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Evaluation of Accelerated Stability Testing of a Mirtazapine-loaded Nanoemulsion as per International Conference on Harmonization (ich) Protocols
Full text linkRemarkable alteration in bio – therapeutic toxicity may occur as a result of physicochemical deterioration of active pharmaceutical ingredients or drugs hence the need for drug stability studies. The aim of this research was to investigate the stability of mirtazapine in nano-emulsion and to establish the shelf life of mirtazapine in the formulation. Nanoemulsion was prepared by spontaneous emulsification method (titration method). Thermodynamic stability studies on the nanoemulsions were performed at various temperatures. Particle sizes, polydispersity index, zeta potential were used to characterize the nanoemulsions. Physicochemical properties were determined on the optimized nanoemulsions using standard methods. Mirtazapine was incorporated into the oil phase in 1.5 % w/v to give an oil/water nanoemulsion formulation. The ICH protocols were observed in carrying out the stability studies for a period of three months. Determination of the shelf life of the nano-emulsion formulation was achieved following accelerated stability studies at 4 ± 0.7°C, 25± 0.5°C, 40± 0.5°C, 50± 0.4°C and 65 % ± 5 relative humidity (RH). Result showed that the droplet size, conductivity, refractive index were slightly increased while the pH and viscosity slightly decreased during the 3 months period. The observed slight changes in the parameters were not statistically significant (p ≥ 0.05). The shelf life was found to be 2.88 years at room temperature. The degradation (%) of the optimized mirtazapine nanoemulsion was determined. This research work confirmed that the physicochemical stability of mirtazapine was enhanced in the nanoemulsion
Segment MP of Influenza A Virus Contains a Novel Gene in Positive-sense Orientation
Full text linkInfluenza A Virus with its global dominance is a significant pathogen. Influenza A Virus is responsible for seasonal epidemics, apart from the pandemics which occur occasionally. Investigation of influenza A virus genomes from various strains of influenza A virus belonging to various hosts, revealed a novel open reading frame encoding a protein of 126 residues long with a molecular weight of ~13.9kDa in a (+) sense orientation. This protein is named as NEG7 and is a single pass transmembrane protein with a putative ion channel function. Identification of this novel (+) sense oriented ORF, further confirms the concept of ambisense (bipolar) functioning of the influenza A virus genome.
Frequency and Predisposing Factors to Hypoglycaemic Events: Experiences at a Diabetes Youth Camp in Sub-Saharan Africa
Full text linkBackground: Early detection and management of hypoglycaemia is an integral part of care in diabetes camps. The objective of this report was to present the frequency of hypoglycaemic events and possible predisposing factors in a diabetes camp in Nigeria.Methodology: The blood glucose recordings for twenty one children and adolescent aged 6 years to 19 years who attended aweekend diabetescamp were analyzed. Further information about subjects was retrieved from completed pre camp documents.Results: Eight (38.1%) campers had hypoglycaemia and 7(43.8%) of the episodes occurred at 2am check. Hypoglycaemia was recorded in 17(7%) of 252 blood glucose recorded with a rate of 0.4 per camper/day. The mean insulin unit/kg/day was significantly higher in children with hypoglycaemia compared with those without (p= 0.03). 40% of campers with HBA1C less than 7.5 had hypoglycaemia and the mean HBA1C and BMI Z score of campers with hypoglycaemia was lower than in those without. This finding was however not statistically significant. Fifty percent of younger campers aged 6 to 12years had hypoglycaemia compared to 35% of older campers.There was no statistically significant relationship between age, sex, duration of diabetes and occurrence of hypoglycaemia.Conclusion: More than a quarter of campers had hypoglycaemia. Mean insulin dose was significantly higher in campers who experienced hypoglycaemi compared to those who did not. Frequency of hypoglycaemia was higher at 2 am check and following hiking before lunch
Multi-Band Microstrip Antenna Design for Wireless Energy Harvesting
Full text linkThe purpose of this work is to propose an efficient microstrip rectenna operating on 900/1800 MHz GSM bands and the 2.4 GHz ISM band. The receiving antenna with presented joint feeding line implemented in a multilayer substrate. The reflection coefficient at the input of the optimized multi-Band microstrip patch antenna is below -10dB over the every frequency band. The measurement results are in excellent contract with the CST STUDIO SUITE 2011 simulation results
Necrotizing Sialometaplasia of the Hard Palate: A Case Report Observed at the University Teaching Hospital of Yaounde
Full text linkIntroduction: Necrotising sialometaplasia is a rare inflammatory pathology of accessory salivary glands. It occurs exceptionally on the other main salivary glands. The aetiology remains to be determined.Presentation of the case: We report the case of a 37-year-old patient who came to consult for a wound and oral pain that had been evolving for 4 months. Exobuccal examination showed nothing peculiar.The intraoral examination showed an ulceration of the palatal mucosa, non-indurated, elevated, with a yellow background. Despite these signs and the absence of a history of alcohol and tobacco consumption, bleeding and lymphadenopathy, we evoked the diagnosis squamous cell carcinoma of palate. Conclusion: An excision biopsy was performed to confirm the diagnosis of necrotising sialometaplasia. The postoperative course was simple. In front of a palatal ulcer with raised mucosa, not indurated, not bleeding, with a yellowish background, it is necessary to think of a sialometaplasia
Rapid progression may indicate pathological under-diagnosis in a case of spinal cord astrocytoma
Full text linkIntroduction: Most intramedullary spinal cord tumors are low-grade gliomas and are usually characterized by slow progression. This is a case of a patient histologically diagnosed as low grade intramedullary astrocytomas but with fast growing behavior.Presentation of Case: A 67-year-old man who was diagnosed with a low-grade but-fast-growing intramedullary astrocytoma. He lost his ability to walk within 1 month after symptom onset. Preoperative spinal MRI showed an intramedullary lesion from T2 to T4. Decompression surgery was performed at the T2–T4 level and the tumor was partially removed, followed by standard radiotherapy and TMZ chemotherapy. Histological examination showed a low-grade astrocytoma (WHO grade II). However, the tumor rapidly progressed and the patient eventually developed disability in all four limbs. MRI then showed the tumor to extend from C2 to T7. The patient died of respiratory failure 17 months after his surgery.Conclusions: This case indicated that for patient with low-grade spinal cord astrocytoma, if the clinical progression does not match the pathological diagnosis，the treatment plan should be reconsidered
Focal Fibrous Hyperplasia : Two Case Reports
Full text linkIntroduction: Focal fibrous hyperplasia is a lesion of reactive nature afflicting the gingival mucosa in most of cases, with idiopathic etiology.Presentation of the case: This paper reports two cases of focal fibrous hyperplasia in both maxillary and mandibular locations.Conclusion: Focal fibrous hyperplasia is a slowly progressing lesion, the growth of which is generally limited. Many cases will progress for long periods before patients seek treatment because of the lack of symptoms associated with the lesion.
Mitigatory Effects of Quercetin on Bisphenol A-Induced Oxidative Stress in Testis of Swiss Albino Mice
Full text linkBackground: Bisphenol A is a well-known xenoestrogen, mainly used in plastics and food can liners manufacture. Hence, it becomes an integral part of the food chain. Experimental studies shows negative health effects. Quercetin is one of the most effective antioxidants of the flavonoids, generally present in food stuff. The present study was an attempt to assess the mitigatory effects of quer on BPA–induced reduction in fertility of mice.Materials and methods: Inbred male Swiss strain albino mice were orally administered with various doses of BPA for 45 days. In another experiment quer along with high dose of BPA was administered to study the mitigatory consequence.Result: Administration of BPA caused significant (P0.05) and dose-dependent increase in oxidative stress compared to control groups. Administration of quer along with high dose of BPA caused amelioration in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant. Histopathological alteration was also seen in BPA treated groups, which were ameliorated on administration of quer.Conclusion: Quer is potent enough to mitigate the toxic effect of BPA. Biochemical alteration was mitigated by quer and dose dependent increase in fertility was observed
Potential of Polymer/Graphene Nanocomposite in Electronics
Full text linkThis review covers potentially significant nanocomposite materials for electronics industry. Polymer-based electronics is an emerging technology focusing the development of electronic devices incorporating polymers and electrically conductive materials. Graphene is an imperative type of nanomaterial used in nanocomposite. Polymer/graphene nanocomposites are made up of polymer matrices and graphene to be employed as advanced materials. Incorporating nanometric graphene may improve the electrical, electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties of polymer/graphene nanocomposites. Conducting polymers have been found more effective in electronics compared with the non-conducting thermoplastics and thermosets. Such nanomaterials have been employed in number of growing electronic technologies such as electronic circuits, display devices, sensors, detectors, conductors, transistors, transparent electrodes, batteries, solar cells, biomolecular electronics, telecommunication, storage systems, etc
Influence of Sulfonylurea and Insulin on Immunological Profile of Type 2 diabetic Egyptian Patients
Full text linkType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic, inflammatory disease caused by long-term imbalance in immune system, metabolic syndrome, or nutrient excess associated with obesity .Sulfonylurea and exogenous insulin have been used in the treatment of T2DM, and they have hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory effects .The aim of this study to demonstrate the effect of sulfonylurea and exogenous insulin on some immunological parameters in Egyptian patients with T2DM and determine whether diabetes or the type of treatment would influence the levels of these parameters. Materials Methods: This study was performed on 150 outpatients with type 2 diabetes matched with age and gender with 40 healthy subjects was selected from the outpatient’s clinics of National Institute for Diabetes and Endocrinology. All studied patients and control were subjected to estimate Fasting blood glucose (FBG), Glycosylated heamoglobulin (HBA1c), White blood cells (WBCs), Interleukin-6(IL-6), Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Immunoglobulin A (IgA). Results: The levels of FBG, HBA1c, WBCs, IL-6, IgG and IgA showed highly significant increase in the diabetic patient groups compared to controls. (P˂0.001).Treatment of T2DM patients with sulfonylurea and insulin caused highly significant decrease in the levels of FBG, HBA1c as compared to corresponding non -treated group (P˂0.001). Also, the level of IL-6 revealed a highly significant decrease in insulin treated patients as compared to corresponding non -treated group(p0.001).While, non-significant change (p0.05) in the levels of WBCs, IgG and IgA was observed in treated patient groups with sulfonylureas and insulin as compared to corresponding non -treated group.Conclusion: Both sulfonylurea and insulin are immune- safe therapeutic agent in T2DM at dose achieve good glycemic control.