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Immunocytochemical Expression of BAX and BAK Proteins in Cervical Smears of Women Positive for HPV Types: A Study of 120 Cases
Get PDFObjective: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is clearly associated with cervical cancer development. However, only a very small percentage of HPV-infected women will eventually develop cancer and the factors determining that progression have not yet been sufficiently clarified. It is known that HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 interact with various squamous cell molecules towards promoting cell immortalization and carcinogenesis. Among these molecules are the proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bak, two key regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The aim of this study is to test for possible statistically significant differences in the Bax and Bak expression in the Pap smears of HPV-positive and HPV-negative women and thus examine their potential value as prognostic markers.Methods: One hundred and twenty women were subtyped for HPV using microarrays hybridization and then Bax and Bak expression was assessed using immunocytochemistry staining on cytocentrifuged ThinPrep samples.Results: Statistical analysis determined that there was no statistically significant difference between the expression of Bax and Bak in the HPV-positive and HPV-negative women as this expression was detected by immunocytochemical assessment of ThinPrep samples.Conclusion: Although in several published studies there is evidence of HPV oncoproteins affecting the expression of Bax and Bak on squamous cells, our study indicates that this effect is not apparent by immunocytochemical protein staining
Ecotoxicological Aspects of Pharmaceuticals on Aquatic Environment
Get PDFResearch on pharmaceuticals is becoming important today to the chemists as well as to the biologists considering the complex molecular functionalities, diverse physicochemical properties and bioactivities. Specific biological activities are the main reason for their use and development. Biodegradation modifies the chemical structure of their active molecules resulting in a change in their physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties. Chronic ecotoxicity data as well as information on the current distribution levels in different environmental compartments continue to be sparse and are focused on those therapeutic classes. Nevertheless, they indicate the negative impact that these chemical contaminants may have on living organisms, ecosystems and ultimately, public health. This paper describes the different contamination sources as well as fate and both acute and chronic effects on non-target organisms
Cancer Therapy via Targeting Warburg Effect Leads to Cancer Metabolism Depression that Promotes Efficient Treatment with Small Dosage Cytotoxic Drugs
Get PDFThis work exhibits mechanism of the new method Cancer Therapy via combination “Prolonged medical starvation” with considerably decreased dosage of cytotoxic drugs which was described in detail in the article: Ponizovskiy M.R., The detailed description mechanisms of the herbs extracts operations in the new method cancer disease treatment via rearrangement of metabolism from pathologic development into normal development, Journal of Clinical Trials, 2012, v. 2, Issue 4, doi:10.4172/2167-0870.1000124. The mechanism of this method of cancer therapy operates via Warburg effect targeting. The purpose of this work is substantiation the supplementary mechanisms of efficient Cancer Therapy via combination “Prolonged medical starvation” with considerably decreased dosage of cytotoxic drugs and also substantiation advantage of this method of cancer therapy in comparison with cancer treatment with great dosage of cytotoxic drugs. There were described the biochemical and biophysical mechanisms of formations resistance to some cytotoxic drugs and recurrence cancer disease after disease remission. Also it was described the benefits of use the method “Prolonged medical starvation” with decreased dosage of cytotoxic drugs for cancer treatment. The result of this work that it was substantiated the mechanism operation of this method cancer treatment, which leads to prevention recurrence cancer disease and resistance to anticancer drugs in comparison with intensive anticancer chemotherapy with great dosages of cytotoxic drugs. Also the offered concepts of cancer therapy mechanism gave possibility to explain mechanisms of some results of experiments eliminating the doubts of the authors these experiments. As the conclusion, the offered method Cancer Therapy should be put into practical medicine after detail clinical trials
Literature Review on IMRT and VMAT for Prostate Cancer
Get PDFVolumetric intensity-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) is gaining popularity to treat the prostate cancer. The main aim of this article is to review the current literature on VMAT and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) planning for prostate cancer, and highlights several factors which can influence the dosimetric results
Estimation of Survival Rates of Female Breast Cancer Patients in Meerut City, India
Get PDFThere is no data available on cancer incidence pattern in Meerut City. This is the first report on breast cancer incidence in females among Meerut urban population during the period of 2008-09, which gives the first hand information on breast cancer incidence in females. The data for this report has been collected by us. The sources for cancer registration are the tertiary care government hospital and two private cancer referral centers in the region. A total of 285 breast cancer cases were registered during the period from 1st January, 2008 to 31st December, 2009. Complete data was analyzed by using SPSS Statistical Software version 17. Complete to Follow Up (CFU) patients survival rate were estimated by Actuarial Method (ACM) and Lost to Follow Up (LFU) patients survival rate were estimated by Lost Adjusted Survival Rate (LAR) Method. The patients were followed up for more than three years. The overall survival rate in age group 40-49 (51%, OR=0.69, CI=0.35-01.32) was higher than that seen in other age groups were comparatively lower than other registries situated in India. Survival rate against Hindu patients (23%, OR=1.78, CI=0.93-3.27) was higher than Muslim patients and it was statistically significant. Patients with tumor size 2cm had a better survival rate (65%, OR=2.22, CI=1.22-3.98) and it was statistically significant (p=.008)
Intra-atrial Thrombosis Complicating Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Positive Clinical Response to Sorafenib: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Get PDFIntroduction: Tumoral thrombus extension to inferior vena cava (IVC) and right atrium is an infrequent complication of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with dismal prognosis and poorly codified treatment.Presentation of case: We report the case of a 58-year-old man diagnosed with stage IV HCC in the right lobe of the liver, with intracavitary cardiac involvement. Under Sorafenib, the patient showed quick favourable clinical response, with decrease of the dyspnea and edema, but severe adverse effects led to early treatment discontinuation. We review the different therapeutic approaches to advanced HCC with cardiac extension.Conclusion: Patients with intra-atrial thrombosis complicating hepatocellular carcinoma, when not eligible for surgery, might benefit from Sorafenib, to alleviate symptoms and prevent short-term cardio-vascular complications
Leukemia Cutis and Second Primary Malignant Melanoma: An Extraordinary Case Report
Get PDFIntroduction: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) is the most common leukemia of adult. Patients with CLL/SLL are at higher risk for secondary malignancies such as skin, breast or lung tumours. Cutaneous infiltrates of CLL/SLL have been reported in association with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and actinic keratosis.Case Presentation: We present a patient with a previous history of CLL/SLL who developed a primary skin melanoma in the same area of leukemic infiltration, with the histological and immunohistochemical features.An 80-year-old man presented with an 3 cm nonpigmented, erythematous and ulcerated plaque on the abdomen. Microscopically, a primary melanoma with an ulcer and skin infiltration of CLL/SLL at the ulcer base was seen.Conclusion: Secondary cutaneous neoplasms can develop in patients with CLL/SLL and CLL/SLL infiltration can be associated with melanoma as in our case. The finding of a dense infiltrate of lymphocytes in cutaneous tumors should raise possibility of CLL/SLL and lead to a detailed examination
Mechanical Properties and Modeling of Fibreglass-reinforeced Epoxy Resin Wastes-filled Polypropylene
Get PDFThe polymer composites were prepared from fiberglass reinforced polymer wastes obtained from cross-arm manufacturing and injection moulded after treating with latex and oven dried to reduce the itching nature of the fiberglass. The samples were size-classified as 150, 200, 250 and 300 microns. Tensile tests were later carried out on them. The mechanical properties determined include Tensile strength, Elongation at break, Hardness and Indentation. It is discovered that the tensile strength and indentation increased with increasing filler loadings while elongation and hardness decreased. The research was modelled to obtain higher filler weight percentage values that were not got in the laboratory after accurate and precise predictions were made with Matlab modelling software. The modeling was used to obtain the optimal and best results of the particle sizes
Investigation of Novel Poly(urethane-urea) and MMT Foams derived via In-situ Technique
Get PDFThermal and mechanical behavior and fire performance of novel series of flame-retardant high impact poly(urethane-urea) (PUU)/montmorillonite nanocomposites and foams were designed and studied by various means. Silicate layers of hydroxyl modified montmorillonite (H-MMT) was well exfoliated in PUU matrix due to in-situ reaction between the clay and poly(urethane-urea). The combination of PUU and montmorillonite modified with bis-2-hydroxyethyl ammonium as flame retardant enhanced the charring capacity and non-flammability of foams and also increased the thermal performance with nanofiller loading. FESEM illustrated increased cell density and reduced cell size in PUU/H-MMT 1-5 Foam (1-5 wt. % nanofiller) relative to pure PUU foam. Compression strength and modulus of PUU/H-MMT 1 Foam (1 wt. % nanofiller) was 30.1 MPa and 3 GPa respectively, which was increased to 36.7 MPa and 8 GPa in PUU/H-MMT 5 Foam (5 wt. % nanofiller). 10 % thermal decomposition temperature of PUU/H-MMT 1-5 Foams were in the range 488–519 °C. In PUU/H-MMT 5 Foam Tg was increased to 157 °C relative to PUU/H-MMT 1 (Tg 147 °C). LOI and UL 94 tests had shown improved non-flammability (V-0 rating) with H-MMT loading.
Poly(bisphenol A-co-epichlorohydrin) and Nanodiamonds/Poly(azo-pyridine)/Polyamide/Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube-based Nanofiber Nanocomposites
Get PDFPolyamide was grafted on multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) to produce MWCNT-PA using γ-Phenyl-ε-caprolactone via in-situ polymerization. For the preparation of nanofiber poly(azo-pyridine) (PAP) was also synthesized in this work. MWCNT-PA was then electrospun with PAP and nanodiamond (ND) to yield two types of nanofiber i.e. ND/PAP/MWCNT/PA and PAP/MWCNT/PA nanofibers. Subsequently, poly(bisphenol A-co-epichlorohydrin) (PBAE) was reinforced with electrospun nanofiber to form two types of nanocomposites, with and with out nanodiamond. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that the nanofiber was evenly coated with the epoxy having spherical beads due to agglomeration of matrix at certain places. Tensile studies depicted higher tensile stress value 330.3-341.3 MPa for ND/PAP/MWCNT/PA/PBAE nanocomposite compared with PAP/MWCNT/PA/PBAE nanocomposites without nanodiamonds i.e. 288.1-299.9 MPa. Thermal stability of ND/PAP/MWCNT/PA nanofiber reinforced epoxy was significantly higher T10 536-546 ºC and Tg 301-311 ºC relative to PAP/MWCNT/PA system. Another advantage of the inclusion of nanodiamond in nanofiber was the increased electrical conductivity of ND/PAP/MWCNT/PA/PBAE nanocomposites in the range 4.1-5.5 Scm-1. Owing to outstanding properties of ND/PAP/MWCNT/PA/PBAE, imperative electronic, optical and aerospace industrial applications are expected