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Perceptions paysannes de la chenille légionnaire d’automne Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) et méthodes de lutte en culture du maïs (Zea mays L.) au Togo
Get PDFSpodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) est devenu depuis 2016, le principal ravageur du maïs au Togo. Afin d’évaluer la perception des producteurs ainsi que les pratiques de gestion de ce ravageur, un questionnaire semi-structuré a été soumis à quatre cents producteurs dans huit préfectures du Togo au cours de la période de décembre 2019 – janvier 2020. Il ressort de cette étude que tous les producteurs ont remarqué la présence de la chenille légionnaire depuis 2016 avec pour principaux dégâts : la défoliation, la destruction des verticilles et les déjections fraiches. Dans toutes les préfectures prospectées, les producteurs révèlent la baisse des rendements à partir de 2016 ; les préfectures du nord ayant été les plus touchées avec une réduction des rendements de l’ordre de 41,23%. Plusieurs méthodes de luttes ont été utilisées basées principalement sur l’utilisation des pesticides chimiques (49,75%) à savoir Emacot (Emamectine benzoate 50 g/kg) et Thiodalm (Acetamipride 20 g/L + Bifenthrine 20 g/L). Les alternatives biologiques les plus utilisées ont été les poudres de graines de neem et les bouillies de cendre (3,50%). Toutefois il a été remarqué l’utilisation de l’insecticide VIZIR (Cypermethrine 72 g/L + Abamectine 20 g/L) 92 EC pour lutter contre la chenille. Les coûts de production d’un hectare de maïs ont considérablement augmenté et sont passés de 171 511 à 246 407 F CFA à cause des dépenses supplémentaires liées à la gestion du ravageur. Les méthodes de lutte contre S. frugiperda ont permis de réduire les dégâts de l’insecte en culture du maïs. Toutefois, l’utilisation des poudres de graines de neem et des bouillies de cendre sont à vulgariser pour garantir la santé des consommateurs, améliorer les revenus des producteurs, éviter la résistance des insectes et protéger l’environnement.
English title: Farmers’ perceptions of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and control methods in corn (Zea mays L.) in Togo
Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has become since 2016, the main pest of corn in Togo. In order to assess the perception of the farmers as well as the management practices of this pest, a semi-structured questionnaire was submitted to four hundred farmers in eight prefectures of Togo during the period of December 2019 - January 2020. The results of this study showed that all the farmers have noticed the presence of the armyworm since 2016 with the main damage: defoliation, destruction of whorls and fresh droppings. In all the prefectures surveyed, the farmers reveal a decrease in yields from 2016; with the northern prefectures being the most affected with a reduction in yields of about 41.23%. Several control methods were used, based mainly on the use of chemical pesticides (49.75%), namely Emacot (Emamectin benzoate 50 g/kg) and Thiodalm (Acetamiprid 20 g/L + Bifenthrin 20 g/L). The most used organic alternatives were neem seed powders and ash slurry (3.50%). However, the use of the insecticide VIZIR (Cypermethrin 72 g/L + Abamectin 20 g/L) 92 EC for caterpillar control was noted. Production costs for one hectare of corn increased considerably from 171,511 to 246,407 F CFA because of the additional expenses associated with managing the pest. Control methods for S. frugiperda have been successful in reducing damage to corn crops. However, the use of neem seed powders and ash sprays should be popularized to guarantee consumer health, improve farmers' income, avoid insect resistance and protect the environment. 
Etude de la distribution géographique, de la prévalence et de l’effet du chancre bactérien des agrumes causés par Xanthomonas citri pv. citri au Burkina Faso
Get PDFLes vergers agrumicoles burkinabè sont sous une forte pression du chancre bactérien des agrumes causé par Xanthomonas citri pv. citri. Cependant, nos connaissances sur cette maladie restent embryonnaires (uniquement first report en 2012). Cette étude a pour objectif de combler le manque d’informations tangibles sur la prévalence de la maladie. Des prospections et collectes de données ont été réalisées dans les vergers et auprès des producteurs dans les régions des Hauts Bassins, du Centre Ouest et du Centre sud, afin de connaitre la répartition géographique, l’incidence et la sévérité de la maladie. Les résultats révèlent que le chancre bactérien sévit aussi bien dans les pépinières que dans les zones de production avec des incidences variant de 50 à 90%. En outre, toutes les espèces d’agrume en production sont sensibles avec des incidences variables selon les sites et oxillant entre 25-80%. Les pertes de rendements en fruits à l’hectare, induites spécifiquement par cette bactériose, ont varié de 18,45% à 90,8% selon les espèces, avec le pamplemoussier et le tangelo qui se sont révélées très sensibles. Ces résultats indiquent qu’il est impératif de mettre en place une stratégie de lutte efficace et durable, afin de booster la filière agrumicole au Burkina Faso
English title: Study of the geographical distribution, prevalence and effect of citrus bacterial canker caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri in Burkina FasoBurkinabe citrus orchards are under strong pressure from citrus bacterial canker caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri. However, our knowledge of this disease remains embryonic (only first report in 2012). This study aims to fill the lack of real information on the disease prevalence. Surveys and data collection were carried out in orchards and among producers in the Hauts Bassins, Cascades and Centre-Sud regions in order to assess the geographical distribution, incidence and severity of the disease. Our results show that bacterial canker is prevalent in all production areas with incidences varying from 50 to 90% depending on the production sites. Moreover, all produced citrus species are susceptible with incidences varying from 25 to 80%. The fruit losses per hectare induced by bacterial canker, varied from 18.45% to 90.8% according the citrus species; with grapefruit and tangelo proving to be very sensitive. results indicate that it is imperative to implement an effective and sustainable control strategy to increase the citrus production in Burkina Faso.  
Initial analysis of urban forestry in Mbour Municipality, Senegal
Get PDFDiversification of urban flora is undertaken by several municipalities in different forms around the world. This global effort also concerns senegalese municipalities and must be assessed. The objective of the work is to evaluate urban forestry in the municipality of Mbour. To do this, a floristic inventory was carried out at the level of target quarters, wooded areas, roads and technical services and data were analyzed. Results showed that concessions and wooded areas are richer than technical services and main roads. Seventy-seven plant species from concessions and wooded areas representing 37 families were identified and listed particularly in the Mimosaceae family. Along the various roads in the urban transport network, 1075 trees representing 16 species and 11 families have been registered mainly among Meliaceae. Technical services included 42 species and 295 trees: 21 species and 53 individuals in forest service, 17 and 99 in rural development divisional service (SDDR), 12 and 42 for urban service, 11 and 71 for municipality, 5 and 30 in the prefecture. Trees are present in Mbour town. Regular monitoring will allow their spatio-temporal dynamics and make necessary improvements 
Caractéristiques des cacaoyères post-forestières dans la Sous-préfecture d’Azaguié (Sud-Est de la Côte d’Ivoire) : pratiques paysannes, flore et végétation
Get PDFEn Côte d’Ivoire, dans l’espace périurbain Anyama-Azaguié, les systèmes de culture cacaoyère ne se limitent plus uniquement à la monoculture et semblent varier ces dernières années depuis la perte de la forêt et l’avancée de l’urbanisation dans cette zone. En effet, les producteurs de cacao semblent commencer à adopter de nouvelles stratégies culturales pour des raisons environnementales, de sécurité alimentaire et socioéconomiques. L’objectif de cette étude était d’analyser les changements dans les pratiques culturales cacaoyères dans la sous-préfecture d’Azaguié. Une enquête a été effectuée sur les pratiques culturales actuelles et passées auprès des chefs de ménages. De plus, des arbres d’ombrage ont été inventoriés dans des anciennes et des nouvelles plantations. Il ressort que sur treize techniques culturales employées sur les jeunes plantations, les plantations adultes et les plantations âgées, seules deux (précédent cultural et mode de semis) ont changé significativement. S’agissant des arbres d’ombrage, seule la densité a diminué significativement dans les plantations âgées comme dans les plantations jeunes et adultes. L’étude a montré que la majorité des pratiques empiriques des paysans n’a pas été jusque-là modifiée malgré la raréfaction des forêts et le développement de variétés de cacaoyer amélioré.
English title: Characteristics of post-forest cocoa plantations in the Sub-prefecture of Azaguié (South-East of Côt e d'Ivoire): farming practices, flora and vegetation
In Côte d'Ivoire, in the Anyama-Azaguié peri-urban area, cocoa farming systems are no longer limited solely to monoculture and seem to have varied in recent years since the loss of forest biodiversity and the advance of urbanization in this zone. Indeed, cocoa farmers seem to be beginning to adopt new cocoa farming strategies for environmental, food security and socioeconomic reasons. The objective of this study was to analyze changes in cocoa farming practices in the sub-prefecture of Azaguié. A survey was carried out on current and past farming practices among heads of households. In addition, shade trees were inventoried in old and new plantations. It appears that out of thirteen cultivation techniques used on young plantations, adult plantations and old plantations, only two (previous cultivation and sowing method) have changed significantly. With regard to shade trees, only the density decreased significantly in old plantations as well as in young and adult plantations. The study showed that the majority of farmers' empirical practices have not been modified until now despite the scarcity of forests and the development of improved cocoa varieties.  
Répartition spatiale des individus ligneux dans le peuplement naturel à Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A. Rich. une espèce à usage multiple au Niger
Get PDFL’analyse des structures spatiales est l’un des processus dynamiques qui déterminent l’évolution des écosystèmes surtout celle des espèces végétales. L’objectif de cette étude était de comprendre les distributions spatiales de D. mespiliformis en relation avec l’historique de la population de cette espèce. Ainsi des parcelles de 100 × 100 m ont été mis en place sur la berge de cours d’eau et dans les champs dunaires où la population de l’espèce est présente. Ainsi une analyse de distribution basée sur la théorie des processus ponctuels à l’aide du logiciel ADE4 a été réalisée. La densité était plus élevée sur la berge de Goroubi avec 399 pied/ha dont 312 pieds de D. mespiliformis. Le taux de régénération était inférieur à 50% dans toute la zone d’étude. Les relations intraspécifiques étaient caractérisées par des distributions aléatoires ou des distributions grégaires. Les relations interspécifiques et intra-spécifiques ont montré une répulsion entre les semis de D. mespliformis et les adultes des autres espèces et une facilitation entre les jeunes individus des D. mespliformis et leurs géniteurs.
English title: Spatial distribution of Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A. Rich. population that is very used species in Niger
The analysis of spatial structures is one of the dynamic processes that determine the evolution of ecosystems, especially for plant species. The objective of this study is to understand the spatial distributions of D. mespiliformis in relation to his population history. Thus plots of 100 × 100m have been set up on the banks of rivers and in the fields where the species is present. Thus a distribution analysis based on the theory of point processes using the ADE4 software was carried out. The density is higher on the bank of Goroubi with 399 Trees/ha whose 312 trees of D. mespiliformis. The regeneration rate is less than 50% throughout the study area. The intraspecies relationships were characterized by random distributions or gregarious distributions. But the interspecies and intra-species relationships showed repulsion between D. mespliformis seedlings plants and adults of other species and facilitation between young individuals of D. mespliformis and its spawners.
 
Renforcement des capacités de résilience des ménages agricoles aux changements climatiques au Bénin: Résultats d’une étude diagnostique
Get PDFLe changement climatique constitue une menace permanente pour l’atteinte de la sécurité alimentaire et le bien être des ménages ruraux. Cette étude a présenté les activités, les succès, les échecs et les perceptions des bénéficiaires suite à l’intervention du programme intégré d’adaptation pour la lutte contre les effets néfastes des changements climatiques sur la production agricole et la sécurité alimentaire au Bénin (PANA1) qui avait pour objectif de renforcer les capacités de résilience des producteurs vis-à-vis des effets néfastes des changements climatiques.. Une approche qualitative basée sur la revue des documents du projet, des entretiens de groupe dans les villages d’intervention, des visites de sites de démonstration couplées avec des observations directes et participantes des infrastructures, équipements et des technologies mises en œuvre a été utilisée pour collecter les données. L’analyse participative du contenu et le recueil de quelques témoignages des bénéficiaires ont permis de traiter les données collectées. Les résultats ont révélé que les bénéficiaires apprécient l’approche participative inclusive de mise en œuvre du projet PANA1 et l’accompagnement dont ils ont bénéficié pour mettre en œuvre les technologies de renforcement de capacité de résilience. Ils attestent que leurs capitaux humain et social ont été améliorés ainsi que l’accroissement de leur productivité et leur revenu ; ce qui leur permet d’être plus résilients aux changements climatiques. Malgré que certaines technologies aient été abandonnées pour des raisons motivées, les bénéficiaires souhaitent une continuité du projet, voire sa généralisation à l’échelle nationale.
English title: Strengthening the Resilience Capacity of Farming Households to ClimateChange in Benin: Results of a Diagnostic StudyClimate change is a permanent threat to the achievement of food security end the welfare of rural household. This study presents the activities, successes, failures as well as the beneficiaries’ perception on the effects of strengthening resilience capacity building measures and on food security of farm household in Benin (PANA1). A qualitative approach based on literature review of PANA 1 project’s documents, group discussion in each intervention village, field visits to demonstration sites coupled with direct and participant observations of building of infrastructures, equipment and the climate change technologies was used for data collection. Participatory analysis of collected data including beneficiaries’ perceptions and testimonies (verbatim) was made. Results revealed that the beneficiaries appreciated very much the inclusive participatory approach used by the project and the facilities it has offered to enable the implementation of the strengthening resilience capacity building technologies. They acknowledged that their social and human capitals were strengthened as well as the increase in productivity and outcome, which enable them cope with the adverse effects of climate change. In spite of some technologies were abandoned for motived reasons, the beneficiaries were enthusiastic and would like the project to continue and even be generalized at nationwide. 
Mode d’approvisionnement en eau et assainissement des ménages dans la commune de Yamoussoukro (Côte d’Ivoire)
Get PDFEn Côte d’Ivoire, la gestion de proximité qui devrait permettre d’assurer l’effectivité d’une couverture rationnelle des localités en eau potable et assainissement connait quelques difficultés dont celles relatives i) à la crise qu’a connue la Côte d’Ivoire pendant dix ans ayant causé un important retard dans les investissements et la maintenance des infrastructures, ayant entrainé une forte dégradation du service ; ii) à la gestion des installations surtout en milieu rural du fait de leur dispersion sur le plan national ; iii) à l’absence d’organisme adéquat devant assurer la planification et la gestion de l’alimentation en eau potable en milieu rural à l’instar de l’Office National de l’Eau Potable (ONEP), de la Société de distribution d'eau de la Côte d'Ivoire (SODECI) et des Cabinets privés en milieu urbain et iv) au manque de volonté politique. L’objectif de cette étude était d’analyser le mode d’approvisionnement en eau et d’accès à l’assainissement dans la commune de Yamoussoukro. La méthodologie s’est basée sur une observation directe, une enquête auprès des ménages et un guide d’entretien pour les personnes ressources. La technique d’échantillonnage retenue était celle de Schwartz. La taille de l’échantillon est composée de 381 ménages. Les résultats de l’étude ont montré que 82% des ménages enquêtés disposaient d’un compteur d’eau, 12,7% avaient des compteurs partagés, tandis que 5,3% disposaient de sources d’eau de qualité douteuse. Les enquêtes ont permis de constater que plus de la moitié (53%) des ménages enquêtés dans la commune de Yamoussoukro disposait de latrines modernes (Latrine à fosse ventilée (VIP), toilette à chasse manuelle (TCM), toilette EcoSan, latrine SanPlat) et 45,5% disposaient de latrines traditionnelles. Il ressort également que 44% des citadins avaient un ouvrage d’évacuation des eaux usées, contre 56% qui n’en disposent pas. Pour ce qui est des ordures ménagères, 69,3% se débarrassaient de leurs ordures ménagères dans des bacs Household water supply and sanitation mode in the municipality of Yamoussoukro (Côte d'Ivoire)
English title: In Côte d'Ivoire, local management, which should ensure rational coverage of municipalities in terms of drinking water and sanitation, is experiencing difficulties relating to i) the ten years crisis experienced by Côte
d'Ivoire which lead to a significant delay in infrastructure investment and maintenance, resulting into a severe deterioration in service; ii) the management of facilities, especially in rural areas due to their dispersal nationwide; iii) the absence of an adequate organization responsible for the planning and management of drinking water supply in rural areas, such as the National Office for Drinking Water (ONEP), the water distribution company of Côte d'Ivoire (SODECI) and private firms in urban areas and iv) the lack of political will. The objective of this study was to analyze the mode of water supply and access to sanitation in the municipality of Yamoussoukro. The methodology was based on direct observation, a household survey, and an interview guide for resource personels. The Schwartz sampling technique was used. The study was conducted on 381 households. The results showed that 82% of the surveyed households have a water meter, 12.7% do not have one, and the remaining 5.3% have access to water sources of dubious quality. The surveys showed that more than half (53%) of the population of Yamoussoukro have modern latrines (Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrine, Pour-flush toilet (TCM latrine), EcoSan toilet, SanPlat latrine) and 45.5% have traditional latrines. It also appears that 44% of city dwellers had a sewage disposal system, compared to 56% who do not. As for household waste, 69.3% disposed of their household waste in bins which are then emptied by collection trucks, 27.1% wildly dispose of in public spaces, and 10.2% dump their waste in grouping stations while 9% by incineration. 
Digital competencies: perceptions of primary school teachers pursuing master’s degrees from eight African countries
No full textThe United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) highlights the relevance of using information and communications technology (ICT) in education for improving the quality of education. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to extend research on digital competences in education. To advance the development of digital competencies it is necessary to take account of how teachers perceive these. In addition, systematic reviews of the literature on ICT and education show an imbalance regarding the amount of research from Africa compared to other regions of the world. In this sense, the objective of this study carried out between March 2019 and April 2020 was to analyse the perceptions of primary school teachers from 8 African countries about their digital competences. The teachers were master’s students in teacher training on virtual platforms. A mixed methodological perspective (quantitative-qualitative) was adopted and a questionnaire with closed and open-ended questions was applied. The quantitative and qualitative analyses show that the teachers recognised their digital competence at all 3 levels. The needs highlighted by teachers were in developing their knowledge of how to create content with the support of technology. However, the available resources, which differed in the participants’ work contexts and did not enable the equal use of ICT in all African countries, was an important issue highlighted by the participants. It is recommended that teacher training in digital competence is prepared using instructional design that promotes innovation and contact with real teaching-learning situations
No Linear Path to Liberation: A Comment on the Political Biography of H. Selby Msimang
No full textIn May 2019, South Africa held the sixth general elections for national and provincial government since the dawn of democracy in 1994. Following a trend that began in 2004, electoral support for the ruling African National Congress (ANC) declined and for the first time fell under the 60% mark. Lying behind the decline in its electoral fortunes were myriad factors including general public perception that associated ANC rule with corruption and incompetence in governance. The results also demonstrated that the political sheen that it (the ANC) had acquired for the role it played in the struggle for democracy and liberation in South Africa had started to wear off. With that, the political narrative that the ANC had propagated so effectively, which characterised South African politics, especially in the black camp, as having been divided between heroes who fought the good fight and villains who collaborated with the oppressive apartheid system was also being contested
The Implementation of Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response Strategy by DSNOs in Priority Health Facilities in Lagos and Oyo States
No full textSurveillance and response activities are key to the prevention and control of emerging and reemerging diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. In Nigeria, Lagos and Oyo States have recently recorded several cases of disease outbreaks despite funding and capacity building for an effective IDSR system. Some ofthe challenges observed include poor knowledge, lack of material resources, lack of supportive supervision including poor feedback mechanisms. Hence the call for a robust public health surveillance system with the right human and material resources providing the necessary and adequate information forpublic health action. This study aimed to assess and compare the implementation of the IDSR strategy by DSNOs in priority health facilities in Lagos and Oyo States. This was a comparative cross-sectional study th th on IDSR carried out from 25 February to 9 April 2021 among DSNOs working in the priority health facilities in Lagos and Oyo States. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select a sample of 216 healthcare workers from priority health facilities in Lagos and Oyo states. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect data and it was analyzed using IBM Statistical Product and Service Solutions version 26 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA); values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Respondents from priority health facilities in Lagos and Oyo states comprised 110 (50.9%) and 106 (49.1%), respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean age and SD were 39.1±8.6 years for Lagos State and 41.2 ± 7.9 years for Oyo State (p=0.050). There was female preponderance (80.9% and 80.2%) in similar proportions in Lagos and Oyo States respectively. The majority (80.9%) of respondents in Lagos State had overall good knowledge of IDSR strategy compared to Oyo state with 64.2% and this was statistically significant (p=0.006*). Majority in Lagos State compared to Oyo State reported that they carried out timely and complete submission of reports weekly (63.6% and 61.3%) and monthly (71.8% and 65.1%) to the LGA in the last 6 months. Also, 50.9% of the respondents in Oyo State compared to 44.5% in Lagos State said they performed trend analysis of the health facility report of notifiable diseases in the last 6 months. The majority (71.8% and 76.4%) of the respondents in Lagos State compared to Oyo State said they used telephone/GSM for disease reporting and there was a statistically significant association between respondents who used car/bus for disease reporting on IDSR activities and the methods of disease reporting in Lagos and Oyo States, (p<0.001*). Some of the challenges of IDSR strategy at priority health facilities in Lagos State compared with Oyo state include lack of training on IDSR (53.6% vs 40.6%); lack of means of transportation for IDSR activities (57.3% vs 47.2%); inadequate supply of forms for disease notification and reporting (47.3% vs 27.4%) and weak supervision of the health facility DSNOs by the LGA DSNOs on disease reporting activities (31.8% vs 27.4%).The findings from this study revealed that although there was good level of knowledge in both states, the implementation of IDSR in Lagos and Oyo states was poor as the core performance indicators remained below 100% of the expected for facilities that carried out trend analysis. Also, the core performance indicators were 80% for those that submitted weekly (or monthly) surveillance reports on time to the next higher level. It is recommended that the frequency of supportive supervision by the state and FMoH should be increased to strengthen the IDSR system in both states.