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Ariadne’s Clew Absence and presence in the facilitation of philosophical conversations
No full textDrawing on fifteen years of experience as a practitioner of doing philosophy in primary (ages 3-11) and secondary (ages 11-18) school classrooms, I will describe and attempt to justify (appealing to ownership and philosophical dialectic) two broad, over-arching principles, presence and absence: the extent to which a facilitator influences (presence) or deliberately refrains from influencing (absence) philosophical enquiry. While it is expected that the facilitator will and should be present in the discussion, this paper pays special attention to the extent to which a facilitator judges that presence appropriate. I revisit the notion of open and closed questions but, instead of considering the structural aspect (Worley 2015b), I address the psychological dimension of open and closed questioning, what I have called ‘Open Question Mindset’ (OQM) and its opposite ‘Closed Question Mindset’ (CQM). I consider two of the main ways in which teachers commonly demonstrate CQM: ‘Guess-what’s-in-my-head’ questioning and ‘Guess-what’s-in-your-head’ questioning/inferring. OQM, together with the notion of ‘intentional sensitivity’—sensitivity to the student’s intentions rather than only to the surface-meaning or logical implications of their utterances—allows me to suggest ways in which one may practically meet the requirements of presence and absence. One particular aspect of facilitation that I consider, and recommend being mindful of, is paraphrasing or interpreting, especially with regard to hidden premises that might be thought implied by things children say. I recommend consciously refraining from interpreting children’s contributions (absence), and instead working hard to elicit or ‘excavate’ children’s intentions and meanings through careful OQM questioning (presence).
Using blended learning strategies in teaching mixed methods research: A case in Hong Kong
No full textThis paper discusses the pedagogical strategies of blended learning to teach Hong Kong school teachers mixed methods research. The authors examine the implications of blending traditional teaching and more updated learning strategies with e-Learning, small group work, peer interaction, and role plays, to increase student comprehension and execution of mixed methods research. The authors utilize a case study to illustrate the blended approach in teaching mixed methods research
The impact of returning to a daytime schedule on sleep, performance and mood after simulated fixed and rotating split shift schedules
No full textSplit shift schedules may be a suitable alternative to long shifts due to reduced accumulation of sleep pressure. However, returning to a daytime schedule (RTDS), performance and sleep deficits may occur as a result of changing the timing of sleep and wake periods. The current study investigated sleep, performance and mood during and following four 24h periods on fixed and rotating split shift schedules. Twenty four participants (10M, 21-36y) completed a 9-day laboratory study with two 10h baseline sleeps (22:00h-08:00h); one of three shift conditions: one of two 6h on / 6h off schedules, (Fixed A: 5h-time in bed (TIB) at 03:00h/15:00h, or Fixed B: 5h TIB at 09:00h/21:00h), or an 8h on / 8h off schedule (Rotating: 6h40 TIB); and RTDS with 10h TIB for 2-nights (22:00h-08:00h). The Fixed B condition had significantly less N3 sleep during RTDS compared to baseline (p<0.01). For all conditions, sleep onset latency, N2 onset latency and N3 onset latency were significantly longer during RTDS compared to baseline (p<0.05). Psychomotor vigilance was stable throughout the study. Subjective sleepiness (p<0.001) and positive affect (p<0.01) worsened during the shift schedule period but returned to baseline levels during RTDS. Negative affect increased during the shift schedule period and did not return to baseline levels upon RTDS (p<0.001). Although differences in sleep and negative affect were observed upon RTDS, the fixed and rotating shift schedules did not substantially worsen performance during the shift schedule or after RTDS in controlled laboratory conditions that are ideal for sleep
Why Lawyers Should Not Be Mandated Reporters Of Child Abuse
No full textThis article comments on Vanessa Deverson’s article in this volume entitled ‘Child Abuse and Neglect: Mandatory Reporting and the Legal Profession’ which argues that lawyers should be mandated to report suspected child abuse and neglect. It argues that lawyers should not be required to report suspicions of child abuse or neglect. Part I offers a reflection on Deverson’s argument and Part II offers guidance on how lawyers should proceed in a responsible and ethical manner when confronted with child abuse and neglect
SPECIAL ABSTRACT SUPPLEMENT ADELAIDE SLEEP RETREAT 6th Annual Meeting, 2015
No full textThe effect of sleep loss on adolescent fluid intelligence performance: A dose-response study**Emily Duncanson*a, Michelle Shorta.Introduction: Sleep loss is prevalent among adolescents, with many adolescents worldwide failing to obtain an optimal amount of sleep each night. Insufficient sleep results in considerable impairment to numerous domains of adolescent functioning, including neurocognitive performance, learning capacity, and academic outcomes. While poor sleep has also been associated with diminished fluid intelligence and executive functioning, which are important abilities for successful academic performance, few studies have examined this in adolescents.Methods: To address these limitations in the current literature, this study investigated the effect of sleep loss on adolescent fluid intelligence performance by employing an experimental, dose-response paradigm under controlled laboratory conditions. Thirty-four adolescents aged 15 to 18 years completed two objective tasks of fluid intelligence following two baseline nights (10 hours time in bed (TIB)) and again after either one night of total sleep deprivation (TSD) or five nights of chronic sleep restriction (5 hours or 7.5 hours TIB).Results: Overall, decreased sleep opportunity resulted in significant impairments to fluid intelligence performance. The pattern of results reflected a dose-dependent relationship, whereby greater sleep loss was associated with greater fluid intelligence performance deficits.Conclusions: Given the importance of learning and academic outcomes during this developmental phase, the findings have significant applied ramifications for individuals and health and educational bodies, as well as highlighting the role of sleep for optimal cognitive functioning and academic performance.**This presentation was awarded the Adelaide Sleep Retreat 2015 Young Investigator Prize The effect of sleep loss on working memory function in rested and sleep deprived patients with obstructive sleep apnoeaDavid Stevens*ab, Andrew Vakulinab, Hannah Openshawb, Angela D’Rozariob, Peter Catchesidea, Keith Wongb, Doug McEvoya, Ron Grunsteinb.aFlinders University; bCentre for Integrated Research and Understanding of Sleep, Woolcock Institute for Medical Research.Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is rising in prevalence and is linked with impaired performance on numerous cognitive domains including working memory (WM) function. WM is important for efficient goal directed information processing, learning and task performance. WM function is impaired by sleep loss compromised in healthy young subjects and may adversely affect safety during periods of increased sleep pressure (e.g. early morning). The effect of sleep loss on WM function in OSA patients is unclear. This study investigated WM function in OSA patients exposed to extended wakefulness and explored clinical subjective sleepiness and sleep study metrics as WM predictors.Methods: 58 patients with OSA underwent a baseline laboratory polysomnography (PSG) followed by 28 hours of extended wakefulness (6:00am Saturday – 10:00am Sunday). WM was measured 2 hourly over the 28 hours using visual 2- and 3-back tasks with completion time (CT) and accuracy (Acc) as main outcomes. These were averaged over day (2.00pm, 4.00pm, 6.00pm) and night (12:00am, 2:00am, 5:00am). Correlations, regression and mixed models were performed to explore PSG variables (sleep indices, apnoea-hypopnoea index and oxygen indices) and subjective sleepiness (ESS) as correlates and predictors of WM.Results: There was a significant day to night decline in both N2 and N3-back CT and Acc performance (all p < 0.01). The effect size of extended wakefulness on WM performance decline was very large ranging from 1.4 - 1.9 for Acc and 1.1 - 1.2 for CT. ESS and O2 desaturation time < 90% were significant predictors of day and night N2-back CT R2 = 0.25, p < 0.01), while Acc was predicted by ESS and Body Mass Index (BMI) R2 = 0.25, p < 0.05). There were no significant predictors of N3-back performance, the absolute day to night change in WM performance. Mixed models confirmed that sleepy patient (ESS ≥ 10) had significantly impaired WM function compared with non-sleepy (ESS < 10) patients during both day and night time test, but this difference was absent for the N3-back test.Conclusions: Sleep loss has a significant and large negative effect on WM function in OSA. Subjective sleepiness, hypoxemia and BMI appear to be best clinical predictors of N2-back, but as the task complexity is increased, these factors were no longer predictive. The impact of WM impairment on real life productivity and safety warrants further research. The effects of sleep loss on risk-taking behaviour in adolescents: does personality moderate this effect?Binh Truong*a, Michelle Shortab.aUniversity of South Australia; bFlinders University.Introduction: Sleep loss is prevalent among adolescents and is argued to lead to increased risk-taking behaviour (RTB). However, research in this area is limited and predominantly cross-sectional. The current study aims to experimentally manipulate sleep duration to examine how sleep restriction (SR) affects RTB in adolescents, and whether this effect is moderated by the personality traits of extraversion and neuroticism.Methods: Twenty-two healthy adolescents aged 15 to 17 took part in the study utilising a laboratory-based SR protocol. Participants had two nights of baseline sleep (10h), five nights of SR (5h/7.5h), and two nights of recovery sleep (10h). Risk-taking was measured using the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT).Results: Results indicated no increase in risk-taking on the BART following either SR condition. Risk-taking on the IGT significantly decreased following SR, however, the magnitude of this decrease was less for adolescents in the 5h than 7.5h condition. This indicates that participants took significantly more risks when restricted to 5h sleep than they did when restricted to 7.5h sleep per night. Extraversion and neuroticism did not significantly moderate the relationship between sleep duration and RTB for either measure.Conclusions: The contradictory findings between the BART and IGT may be due to differences in the cognitive load associated with the task. While the BART involves simple decision-making, the IGT requires more complex cost-benefit analysis on which to base risk-taking decisions. This highlights the potential importance of cognitive load when examining the relationship between sleep loss and RTB. A quantitative investigation of factors associated with undiagnosed and diagnosed sleep apnoea in a male population cohortJustyna Pollok*a, Second Authorb, Third AuthorcaUniversity of Adelaide; bSecond Affiliation; cThird Affiliation.Objectives: To examine various characteristics of diagnosed and undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and to identify factors that may contribute to high prevalence of under-diagnosis.Methods: The Men Androgen Inflammation Lifestyle Environment and Stress (MAILES) study is a longitudinal, biomedical cohort study of randomly selected Australian men. Questionnaires and clinic assessments collected information on demographics, OSA symptoms, comorbidities and mastery. Sleep studies were conducted in 2011 through 8-channel in-home polysomnography (PSG). Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) data were collected after PSG; ESS measured daytime sleepiness (ESS ≥ 11 indicates a sleep disorder).Participants: In the third stage of the MAILES study a random sample (n = 857) undertook an in-home unattended PSG testing with a total of n = 837 valid results.Results: The prevalence of undiagnosed OSA among the study population (n = 837) was high (n = 443, 52.9%). Results for excessive daytime sleepiness were as follows: men without OSA – 16%, men with undiagnosed OSA – 17%, men with diagnosed OSA – 42%.1) Compared to men without OSA, undiagnosed OSA was not significantly associated with excessive daytime sleepiness (OR = 1.29, 95%CI [0.74-2.22]). However, it was significantly associated with loud snoring/choking, comorbidities, depression, obesity, limited health literacy.2) Compared to men without OSA, diagnosed OSA was significantly associated with loud snoring/choking, low vitality, treated comorbidities, obesity, higher mastery scores.3) Compared to undiagnosed OSA, diagnosed OSA was significantly associated with loud snoring/choking, low vitality, treated comorbidity, obesity, adequate health literacy.Conclusion: OSA may present in atypical fashion, with no daytime sleepiness but tiredness/fatigue, excessive snoring/choking and various clinical features. Increased patient and clinician awareness regarding OSA symptomatology is of high importance. In our study, patients with undiagnosed OSA had depression, untreated comorbidities and low health literacy. Whereas men with diagnosed OSA were more likely to have clinical features of OSA, which may positively affect the decision to seek a diagnosis. Evidence for psychological interventions in children with sleep disordered breathingScott Coussens*a, Second Authorb, Third AuthorcaUniversity of South Australia; bSecond Affiliation; cThird Affiliation.Children with reduced sleep quality due to sleep disordered breathing have a lower self-reported quality of life, increased problematic behaviours and reduced neurocognitive function. These children, when identified, tend to be treated via surgical procedures such as tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy or adenotonsilectomy, are prescribed continuous positive airway pressure while sleeping, or undergo orthodontic procedures. All of these treatments are medical but symptoms are predominantly psychological. Furthermore, the benefit of these medical interventions are questionable with mixed evidence for treatment efficacy. Additionally, it is unclear whether some level of sleep disordered breathing in childhood might be a normal part of growth and development. A different approach is needed.Some work has been done looking at the potential for psychological intervention in sleep disordered breathing in childhood with so much of the importance placed on the psychological consequences of the condition. Models that include a role for psychological resilience and beliefs about sleep as mediators of the impact of sleep quality on important daytime functional outcomes have been validated. Resilience has been shown to be an important and under-recognised factor in determining the negative impacts of sleep problems in children. This relationship suggests that, for some children with disordered sleep, resilience training and sleep education could be effective strategies to enhance cognitive function, behaviour and quality of life while avoiding invasive and costly medical procedures.Impact of simulated shift work on driving performance** Charlotte Gupta*a, Siobhan Banksa, Jillian Dorriana.aUniversity of South Australia.Introduction: Shiftworkers have impaired performance when driving at night, however little is known about the impact of multiple nightshifts on driving performance and how driving at night is influenced by eating.Methods: This study aims to explore the effects of these factors on simulated driving performance across 4-simulated nightshifts. Healthy non-shiftworking males aged 18-35 (n = 10) were allocated to an eating at night (n = 5) or no eating at night (n = 5) condition and, during the simulated nightshifts, performed 40-minute simulated drives and subjective sleepiness scales at 1730h, 2030h and 0300h. Participants in the eating at night condition ate a large meal during the nightshift.Results: Mixed models analyses and a generalised linear equation revealed novel findings in regards to eating and performance, with significantly more driving impairments in the eating condition at 0300h. As hypothesised, participants, across both conditions, performed significantly worse and were significantly more sleepy at 0300h than at 1730h and 2030h. Contrary to hypotheses, there was no cumulative decrease across nightshifts and this may reflect practice effects and adaption to shiftwork.Conclusions: From these results, shiftworkers should take care when driving during the night, and should limit big meals at night if they are planning to drive. Future research should explore multiple nightshifts in shiftworker populations and should explore post-prandial effects on on-road driving and cognitive tasks.**This presentation was awarded an Australasian Sleep Association (ASA) PrizeThe role of attention in sleep dependent emotional memory consolidationZachariah R. Cross*a, Amanda Santamariaa, Claire Bryan-Hancockb, Phillip M. Aldaya, Mark J. Kohlera.aCognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, University of South Australia; bSchool of Medicine, Flinders University.Introduction: Extant literature suggests alpha-band oscillatory activity is involved in modulations of perception and attention, and that attention modulates emotional memory processes at encoding. However, few studies have investigated the oscillatory correlates of attention at encoding of emotional memory, particularly in sleep paradigms where sleep is thought to play an active role in memory consolidation. The current study aimed to address this gap by investigating whether alpha oscillatory activity at encoding modulates sleep-dependent emotional memory consolidation.Methods: 14 (5 male) adults, aged 18 - 41 years (mean age 27.3 ± 2.2 years), participated in a within-subjects experimental design consisting of sleep and wake conditions. Participants underwent a learning task using emotionally valenced (positive, neutral, negative) stimuli, followed by an immediate and delayed recall session where participants distinguished learned target stimuli from distractor stimuli. Polysomnography was used to quantify sleep, while electroencephalography was used to measure alpha oscillatory activity to index attentional state.Results: A generalised linear mixed effects model was used to determine the effects of sleep, alpha and emotion on memory performance, while modelling variations in participants’ responses to the emotional stimuli. It was found that memory performance was greater after wake compared to sleep. Further, increased alpha synchronisation at encoding modulated memory performance after wake, but not sleep.Conclusions: These findings provide support for existing oscillatory accounts of attention effects on memory during typical periods of wake, but do not support models of improved memory consolidation over sleep, or an influence of attention at encoding for sleep-related memory.Caffeine intake and sleep quality in South Australian children** Emily Watson*a, Alison Coates a, Siobhan Banks a, Mark Kohler a.aUniversity of South Australia.Introduction: Australia has no current guidelines for caffeine intake. The 2007 National Child Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (using 24-hr recall) revealed that, on average, children 9 - 13y consumed 19.2mg caffeine/day. The potential impact of caffeine consumption on sleep in children has not been systematically investigated. With a newly developed questionnaire, this study explored caffeine consumption and sleep in school-aged children. Method: Children aged 8 - 12y (n = 325, average age = 10.1 ± 1.3y, 48% male) were recruited through South Australian schools and the community. Demographics, caffeine intake (a new Food Frequency Questionnaire for caffeine), and daytime sleepiness (Paediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale) were obtained via child and parent report. Results: Daily caffeine intake ranged between 0 – 73.7mg (9.9 ± 14.6mg). Intake was not different by gender (p = 0.45). The proportion of children consuming caffeine in each age range was: 89% for 8 year olds (7.9 ± 11.9mg), 82% for 9 year olds (6.8 ± 9.7mg), 86% for 10 year olds (8.5 ± 13.0mg), 90% for 11 year olds (9.4 ± 13.6mg) and 92% for 12 year olds (15.9 ± 19.6mg). One quarter (n = 71) of the sample consumed between 15.0mg (~100ml of iced coffee) and 73.7mg (~one latte) of caffeine/day. Daily caffeine consumption had a significant relationship with age (r = 0.20, p = 0.001) and daytime sleepiness (r = 0.13, p = 0.03). Significant relationships were also found with sleep routine (r = 0.17, p = 0.005), morning tiredness (r = 0.21, p = 0.001), night arousals (r = 0.17, p = 0.005) and restless sleep (r = 0.15, p = 0.01).Conclusion: Results suggest that the majority of children aged 8 – 12y consume caffeine. Findings indicate that increasing caffeine intake in children may be associated with elevated daytime sleepiness, morning tiredness, restless sleep and night arousals, and disrupted sleep routine.**This presentation was awarded an Australasian Sleep Association (ASA) PrizeWhat is the impact of social support on the relationship between child sleep disturbance and postnatal depression? Yaroslava King*a, Sarah Blundena.a Central Queensland University.Aims: To determine the extent to which the social support that caregivers receive affects the relationship between Postnatal Depression (PND) and child sleep problems.Methods: The sample consisted of 108 participants who were caregivers of children between 6 - 18 months of age. Participants completed an online survey comprised of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, The Social Provisions Scale and The Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire. Pearson’s product-moment correlations and moderation analyses were utilised to explore relationships and moderation effects.Results: Results showed that parents of children who were sleep disturbed had higher levels of PND and less social support. A significant negative relationship between social support and PND was found (r = -0.539, p = 0.000). Correlations between PND and nocturnal sleep (r = -0.231, p = 0.016) and nocturnal wakefulness (r = -0.228, p = 0.018) were significant. Social support was also significantly correlated with nocturnal sleep (r = 0.329, p = 0.001) and nocturnal wakefulness (r = 0.199, p = 0.039). No moderating effect of social support on the relationship between child sleep disturbance and PND was found for either sleep variables (b = -0.014, 95% CI [-0.099, 0.071], t = -0.33, p = 0.745; b = 0 .065, 95% CI [-0.267, 0.396], t = 0.39, p = 0.700). Discussion: Parents with high social support have lower PND scores and their children present with less sleep problems. Although a significant moderating effect of social support on the child sleep and PND relationship was not found, the significant correlations between the three variables reveal that caution must be taken when concluding there is no moderating effect.Pets in beds: towards an understanding of human-animal co-sleeping practices among dog ownersBradley Smith*a, Peta Hazeltona; Jessica Macka: Kirrilly Thompsona. Around half of all pet owners (namely of dogs and cats) share their bedroom or bed with their pets during the night. Although human-animal co-sleeping is not new, what we know about the practice of co-sleeping is limited to studies of interpersonal co-sleeping, especially human adults, or parent-child co-sleeping arrangements. This has led to an incomplete and anthropocentric understanding of co-sleeping. We attempt to rectify this by presenting the findings of three research studies. In study 1, we report the prevalence and implications of human-animal co-sleeping from a large online survey of sleep behaviour of Australians (n = 10128). In Study 2, we look at Australian dog owners (n = 1328) in order to explore which owners are most likely to co-sleep, how they co-sleep, and their decision-making processes. In Study 3, we look specifically at a sample of owners around the world that co-sleep with their dogs (n = 680), and determine what impact the practice of co-sleeping with dogs has on sleep quality and quantity. Overall, despite some negative repercussions of human-dog co-sleeping, owners appear to remain motivated to co-sleep, suggesting that there must be some benefits to continuing the practice. We propose that human-animal co-sleeping is a form of co-sleeping that deserves to be approached as an equally legitimate and significant form of co-sleeping. An understanding of human-animal co-sleeping has significant implications for human sleep, human-animal relations, and animal welfare, as well as clinical applications to human sleep and sleep hygiene. We argue that by approaching co-sleeping broadly as a social practice involving human relations with other human and non-human animals, we can fulfil a call for a greater understanding of the diverse manifestations and meanings of sleep
Allowances And The Search For Justification
No full textThis article provides a response to the article in this volume entitled ‘What Shall We Do with the Dishonest Fiduciary? The Unpredictability of Allowances for Work and Skill’ by Bronwyn Arnold. It begins in Part I with an overview of Arnold’s position and moves on to consider the issue of dishonesty in Part II and the notion of unjust enrichment in Part III. Part IV explores two narrower grounds upon which allowances could be justified and concludes that neither dishonesty nor unjust enrichment provides a sound basis for the awarding of an allowance to a breaching fiduciary
CHILD PROTECTION RESPONSES: NO EASY CHOICES
No full textThis is a comment on the article by Stephen Gay in this volume entitled ‘The Choice Between Adoption and Foster Care as Child Protection Responses’. It strongly supports the conclusion drawn in the primary article that a ‘blanket approach to adoption’ is unlikely to result in the best outcomes for all children in need of care. This response is based on the author’s reflections and observations of the delivery of ‘out of home care’ services over many years as a social worker with an interest in child development. It reflects on the simplistic attitudes expressed in the media and by the public in general when children have been removed and are negatively affected by their experiences in care, as well as when they are not removed and have sustained injury or death at the hands of those who are charged with their care. The article argues that the likelihood of achieving optimal outcomes in child protection is often compromised and concludes that it is time that Australia stepped up to the challenge of establishing creative and innovative options for children in need of care.
THE PROBLEMATIC JUDICIAL VIEW OF GENDER DIVERSITY
No full textThis response to Ashleigh Bagshaw’s article in this volume entitled ‘Exploring the Implications of Gender Identification for Transgender People under Australian Law’ seeks to humanise the experiences that sit behind the judicial determination of gender recognition in case law. It argues that there is room for considerable improvement in the understanding that legal decision makers have about the lived experiences of gender independent people. The article begins in Part I by clarifying the distinction between sex and gender and points out that neither concept is binary. Part II explains some persistent problems with the judicial approach to the question of gender identity and tells the stories of the humans behind the cases. It concludes that the pathologised approach to gender independence places unnecessary obstacles in the way of people who could benefit from legal recognition of their gender identity
IT’S NOT JUST ABOUT THE KNIFE: RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR KILLING FOR MEAT
No full textThis is a comment on Seamus Brand’s article in this volume entitled ‘Australian Live Animal Export: A Comparative Examination of Viable Alternatives’. It summarises current scientific evidence of the pain and suffering that is experienced by animals during slaughter. The comment begins by surveying the different measures of pain and distress in animals before moving on to present an overview of the halal, kosher and commercial methods used to kill animals. It argues that while the available evidence confirms that direct incisional killing causes pain and may lead to significant suffering in some animals, the deeper issue that must be confronted arises from the fact that even when best commercial practices are followed, enormous numbers of animals experience pain or distress in the final period of their life regardless of whether they are killed by halal, kosher or secular methods of slaughter
LEGAL RESPONSES TO CYBERBULLYING BY CHILDREN: OLD LAW OR NEW?
No full textThis article comments on Peta Spyrou’s article in this volume entitled ‘Civil Liability for Negligence: An Analysis of Cyberbullying Policies in South Australian Schools’. It considers whether the two established legal regimes of tort law and the criminal law can offer a satisfactory response to the problem of cyberbullying by school children and then moves on to outline some innovative legislation introduced recently by the governments of Australia and New Zealand. It suggests that the law of torts is not currently equipped to deal directly with many of the problems caused by cyberbullying and argues that using the weight of the criminal law is not always an appropriate response to wrongs committed by school children. It concludes that the recent legislative initiatives offer a more efficient, effective and restorative response