Bilingual Publishing Co. (BPC): E-Journals
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First known case of carcass guarding by Black Kite Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783) in urban landscape, north India
No full textBehavioral traits of the species play an important role in functioning of the ecosystem and thus, biodiversity conservation and in evolving behavioural adaptations to survive according to environmental conditions. This note aims at adding a rare observation by placing photographic evidence of entanglement of a carcass of juvenile black kite Milvus migrans from the nest bowl and use of nest by an adult individual, guarding the carcass. Documenting such behavior and responses of species, underpinning the species’ ecology, especially in context of changing climatic conditions, would thus contributes towards the natural history and management of native species in an urban environment. Further, scientific studies are needed to be conducted to reach some conclusion as to why species perform such behaviour
Sliding Mode-Based Distributed Trajectory Tracking Control of Four-body Train Systems
No full textThis paper considers the speed tracking of a four-body train system modelled mathematically based on Newton’s second law, which is described by a large-scale interconnected system with four subsystems. Uncertainties are included in the systems to represent the potential impacts on system performance caused by mechanical wear and external environmental changes. An adaptive sliding mode technique is employed to design a distributed control scheme to guarantee tracking accuracy. Coordinate transformations are introduced to transfer the model of train systems to a system in regular form to facilitate the design of the hyperplane and controllers. The Barbashin-Krasovskii theorem is employed to show the reachability of the hyperplane. In simulations, the Gaussian function is chosen as the desired signal, representing time-varying characteristics relevant to real-world situations, and the result demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed control strategy
Synthesis of Activated Carbon from Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Plastic Waste and Its Application for Removal of Organic Dyes from Water
No full textSynthetic plastics are often considered to be materials that cannot be broken down by natural processes. One such plastic, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), is commonly used in everyday items but when these products are discarded, they can cause serious harm to the environment and human health. In this study, PET plastic waste was used to create activated carbon using a physical activation process that involved using CO2 gas. The researchers investigated the effects of different temperatures, carbonization, and activation times on the resulting activated carbon’s surface area. The activated carbon was then analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR, and BET. The activated carbon created from PET plastic waste showed excellent absorption properties for methylene blue in aqueous solutions across a wide range of pH levels. By creating activated carbon from plastic waste, not only are environmental issues addressed, but high-value activated carbon is produced for environmental remediation purposes
Development of a Test Method for the Estimation of SBR-BR Blend Ratio in Tyre Tread Formulation and Validating It through Robust Statistical Tools
No full textBlends of synthetic rubbers are widely used by rubber product manufacturing industries depending on the end use and product application. The estimation of individual rubber in blends is an important aspect to characterise the correctness of the mixing process. In tyre industry, Styrene butadiene rubber/Polybutadiene rubber (SBR/BR) blend is commonly used to achieve different performance properties, particularly for passenger car tyre. Out of the different quantitative analysis techniques to characterise the blend, one of the widely used techniques Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) has been used to develop and later validate a method to quantify the SBR/BR blend ratio. Through this GC-MS technique detection capability is measured, with a minimum limit of detection (LOD) of 5.17% and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 15.67% Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) in an SBR-BR vulcanizate. It is observed that the bias percentage is highest in case of a lower SBR content sample, i.e. 11.1% while in the case of other sets, it is varying from (–)1.4% to (+)1.5%. During the recovery study, it is observed that with increasing SBR content, recovery is also improving. All requirements for a successful method validation: Accuracy, precision, selectivity, detection capability, calibration range and robustness have been carried out in this entire work
A Review of CFD Modeling of Erosion-induced Corrosion Formation in Water Jets Using FEA
No full textA comprehensive review of all the related investigations carried on water jet cutting or AWJ (AWJ) cutting is performed. The experimental methods and results used on this subject were examined, defined and compared by the researchers. This research shows that further improvements are possible in the water jet cutting method. In order to reduce the high cost of the empirical technique and increase the time efficiency, it is important to perform computerized Finite Element Analysis (FEA) or Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based AWJ processing. An attempt has been performed to systematically arranged the research investigations conducted on water jet cutting. The studies on the definition of the nozzle failure, calculate using CFD of water jet cutting or AWJ cutting processes, the studies on the parameters influencing water jet cutting are reviewed and the future work for the further improvement of water jet cutting process is highlighted
Effects of Curing Methods on the Permeability and Mechanism of Cover Concrete
No full text Curing methods are one of the most important factors in determining the quality and compactness of cover concrete. The effect of curing methods on the water absorption and sorptivity coefficient of cover concrete with the substitution ratio of fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) for cement between 30 and 40 wt % was studied by capillary water absorption test. The vacuum saturation test and mercury intrusion test were employed to characterize these differences in the pore structure of cover concrete under different curing methods. With further analysis of the compactness of microstructure by SEM, the mechanism of the impact of curing methods on the permeability of cover concrete was revealed. The results obtained indicate that the effect of curing methods on the water absorption, sorptivity coefficient and porosity of cover concrete shows the trend of natural curing > cover curing > water curing > standard curing. It is also shown that reasonable curing is advantageous to reduce the porosity and permeability of cover concrete. In natural curing conditions, the appearance of porosity increasing and pore structure coarsening is more critical for cover concrete with mineral admixtures than for pure cement concrete. Therefore, the permeability of cover concrete with mineral admixtures is more sensitive to the early-age curing methods
Geometric Study of Two-Dimension Stellated Reentrant Auxetic Structures to Transformable Architecture
No full textTransformable architecture is totally linked to the study and knowledge of geometry. There are some materials in nature, whose geometric invariants establish equivalent structural behavior regarding the scalar transformations, developing different spatial typologies according to dimensional variation. Auxetic materials are characterized by their negative Poisson’s ratio. The can change their geometric configuration from a line to a surface, and from a surface to a volume or spatial framework. This paper is based on establishing and comparing those stellated reentrant auxetic geometries to be able to build new spaces defined by their capacity to architectural transformation, studying analytically geometric properties of stellated reentrant auxetic structures that, from the molecular to the macroscopic level, can be part of the architecture construction. In this investigation a comparative study by means of CAD of stellated reentrant auxetic patterns has been realized. A Computer Aided Design study of stellated reentrant auxetic structures will be realized to use them to architecture. The geometric behavior of the different stellated reentrant auxetic patterns is analyzed from the developed study to generate a systematic comparison, evaluating properties of these forms, such as their maximum achievable area reductions in relation with the total length of bars of the structure, in order to obtain a growth factor
A Systematic Overview of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: Applications, Challenge and Research Perspectives
No full textUnderwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are becoming increasingly popular in marine applications due to advances in wireless and microelectronics technology. However, UWSNs present challenges in processing, energy, and memory storage due to the use of acoustic waves for communication, which results in long delays, significant power consumption, limited bandwidth, and packet loss. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the latest advancements in UWSNs, including essential services, common platforms, critical elements, and components such as localization algorithms, communication, synchronization, security, mobility, and applications. Despite significant progress, reliable and flexible solutions are needed to meet the evolving requirements of UWSNs. The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for future research in the field of UWSNs by examining recent advancements, establishing a standard platform and service criteria, using a taxonomy to determine critical elements, and emphasizing important unresolved issues
Source, Contamination Assessment and Risk Evaluation of Heavy Metals in the Stream Sediments of Rivers around Olode Area SW, Nigeria
No full textIn order to investigate the source, contamination, and risk of heavy metals such as Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, and Cr, twelve (12) stream sediments and ten (10) rock samples were collected from pegmatite mining sites at Olode and its environs inside Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria. The average values and order of abundance obtained followed the pattern: Mn (595.09) > Ba (80) > Cr (50.82) > V (45.09) > Zn (29.73) > Cu (13.82) > Co (13.82) > Sr (10.46) > Ni (9.73) > Pb (9.09) > Fe (1.59). These were greater than the background values, indicating that mining has a negative impact on the study area, as indicated by the high coefficient of variation and correlation values (> 0.6) for Copper-Lead (0.929), Copper-Vanadium (0.970), Copper-Chromium (0.815), Lead-Vanadium (0.884), and others. On the basis of the enrichment factor (EF), the Olode sediments show extremely high enrichment for Mn and Ba in the research region. Cu and Ni are most likely to blame for the elevated contamination levels, according to CF values. The degree of contamination (CD), pollution load index (PLI), pollution index (PI), and modified pollution index (MPI) all revealed high levels of contamination in all stream sediment samples, whereas Igeo shows that the Olode stream sediments are “practically uncontaminated to extremely contaminated by Ni, Co, and Mn”. Ni and Cu are the major regulating factors that are most likely causing the possible Eri. As a result, these findings give important information for conducting appropriate ecological management research
Domestic Wastewater Treatment through the Application of Corchuros olitorius L. as Bio-Coagulant in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines
No full textThis research paper presented the potential of Corchuros olitorius L. as a natural coagulant in the removal of turbidity, total suspended solids, and biochemical oxygen demand from the domestic wastewater of the University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines. Optimization of the natural coagulant and synthetic coagulant was employed prior to the treatment design. The jar test method was used in the optimization and lab analysis including the gravimetric method, dilution technique, and digital measurements. The optimization results of Corchuros olitorius L. using the jar test method revealed better removal at a lower dosage of 50 mg/L and a higher settling time of 90 minutes. The characterization using FTIR analysis also suggests a functional group that influences coagulation activity. Using the optimum dose and optimum settling time, results with the different treatment designs showed the highest removal at pH 7 showed % BOD removal of 89.78% (A75C25); 85.98% (A25C75); 88.76% (A50C50). TSS removal measured values of 88.50% (A75C25), 85.56% (A25C75), and 87.16% (A50C50), while turbidity removal of 83.47% (A75C25), 80.27% (A25C75), and 80.27% (A50C50). Statistically, measured values differ between treatment designs. It is suggested to investigate removal efficiency in more varied pH conditions, different settling times, stirring speed, and other variables for future studies