Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Методика контрольно-ревізійного процесу суб’єктів підприємницької діяльності
Get PDFIn the article the author notes that the financial control of all business entities is carried out with the help of certain specific techniques, and the set of these methodological and organizational methods that are carried out during inspections (revisions) and audits is a control and inspection process. The author distinguishes the following stages in this control and inspection process: organizational, research and the stage of generalization and implementation of the results of control. The author notes that the choice of the object of audit (inspection) is determined by the normative terms of conducting checks, as well as deviations of certain indicators of the business structure from the normative, which necessitates urgent control actions. The author pays particular attention to the issues of the formation of an inspection brigade, a preliminary acquaintance with the object of verification and primary actions on the object of control. The author examines the main documents, which are compiled on the basis of control and revision work and the order of implementation of the results of control.Визначено основні стадії контрольно-ревізійного процесу, особливу увагу приділено питанням формування ревізійної бригади, попереднього ознайомлення з об’єктом перевірки та першочергових дій на об’єкті контролю. Проаналізовано основні документи, які складають за підсумками контрольно-ревізійної роботи, та порядок реалізації результатів контролю
НЕВІД’ЄМНІ ОСОБИСТІ ПРОЦЕСУАЛЬНІ ПРАВА ПІДОЗРЮВАНОГО В КРИМІНАЛЬНОМУ ПРОВАДЖЕННІ: ОБСЯГ І ЦІЛЬОВЕ ПРИЗНАЧЕННЯ
Get PDFThe author has emphasized on misregulating nature of the issue about the scope of inalienable personal procedural rights of a suspect in the current procedural legislation, which can only be realized by him personally. It has been stressed that such a gap in the law adversely affects the legal regulation of the procedural status of not only a suspect, but also other participants in the criminal proceedings, whom the legislator delegates his rights, in particular a lawyer, the legal representative of a suspect, persons for whom the use of compulsory measures of medical or educational nature is foreseen or to solve the issue of their application and their legal representatives.
The purpose is to single out a group of its inalienable personal rights in the set of procedural rights of a suspect, which are realized solely by him and can not be delegated to other participants of the criminal proceedings.
The following rights of a suspect are assigned to this group of procedural rights: to be clearly and promptly informed about his rights provided by the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine, as well as to receive their explanations; to refuse the attorney at any time during the criminal proceedings; do not talk anything about suspicions against him or at any time to refuse to answer the question; to give explanations, testimonies on suspicion or at any time refuse to provide them; to demand compensation for damage caused by illegal decisions, acts or omission of the agency conducting operative and search activity, pre-trial investigation, prosecutor’s office or court in the manner prescribed by the law, as well as restoring reputation, if the suspicion was not confirmed; to conclude an agreement on the recognition of guilt or reconciliation with the victim; to provide testimony by oneself. The purposeful use of these procedural rights has been substantiated.Узагальнено та критично оцінено основні підходи до висвітлення в науковій літературі питання про невід’ємні особисті процесуальні права підозрюваного. Із сукупності прав підозрюваного виокремлено процесуальні права, що можуть бути реалізовані виключно ним самим, та обґрунтовано їх цільове призначення. Підкреслено значення вирішеного завдання для подальшого дослідження процесуального статусу підозрюваного та інших учасників кримінального провадження, яким законодавець делегував його права
ПОНЯТТЯ ТРУДОПРАВОВОЇ ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНОСТІ В ОРГАНАХ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ПОЛІЦІЇ УКРАЇНИ
Get PDFThe labor and legal liability within the agencies of the National Police of Ukraine in the conditions of its reform has been characterized; its structural elements have been considered. It has been determined that the emergence of the term “labor and legal liability” is explained by the fact that such a liability arises during the implementation of labor legal relations or is directly related to their origin, change or termination. Labor and legal liability – is the responsibility in the labor process, responsibility for activities related to the realization of the right to work, responsibility of the subjects of labor law for their actions or omission. The notion of disciplinary liability is not enshrined at the legislative level, therefore, to find out its legal nature, the author has analyzed the opinions of scholars.
The characteristics of the draft of the Disciplinary Statute of the National Police of Ukraine concerning disciplinary penalties and encouragement of the police officers have been provided. It has been determined that the characteristic feature of material liability is the possibility of its application to both parties to the labor contract. The material liability of the police officers is expressed in their obligation to fully or partially compensate for the pecuniary damage caused by their fault.
It has been concluded that the material liability of the police officers is divided into limited, full and increased. The type of the liability depends on the characteristics of the service, the duties of employees, the manner of causing damage, the degree and form of guilt, the status of the person who caused the damage, the value and type of property. It has been determined that there is not enough attention paid to the protection of the honor, dignity and reputation of the police officers in the norms of the Law of Ukraine “On the National Police”; therefore it has been offered to make certain amendments to the current legislation. The author has provided own definition of the concept of “labor and legal liability within the agencies of the National Police of Ukraine”.Охарактеризовано трудоправову відповідальність в органах Національної поліції України в умовах її реформування, розглянуто її структурні елементи. Визначено, що виникнення терміна «трудоправова відповідальність» пояснюється тим, що така відповідальність виникає під час реалізації трудових правовідносин або безпосередньо пов’язана з їхнім виникненням, зміною чи припиненням. Наведено авторське визначення поняття «трудоправова відповідальність в органах Національної поліції України»
Визнання договору неукладеним як спосіб захисту цивільних прав та інтересів судом
Get PDFThe article is focused on clarifying the possibility of using this method of protection of civil rights and interests as recognition of the agreement not concluded. On the basis of the analysis of legal doctrine and judicial practice the author has concluded about the feasibility of recognizing this method. The author of the paper has stressed that not concluded agreement according to its legal nature is not a legal fact, and therefore can not be the basis of any civil legal relationship including the contractual one. There is no corresponding legal fact (contract-transaction) – so, there are no consequences of this fact (contract-legal relations).
It has been noted that the purpose of applying this method of protection, like the recognition of the contract not concluded, is the elimination of the legal uncertainty regarding the rights and obligations of the parties under the contract. Establishment of the fact of not concluded agreement is important above all to address the issue of applying the norms on contractual liability of the parties under the contract. In particular, in case of filing claims to the court for a penalty due to breach of a contract, the court must first of all establish the grounds for the recognition of the contract not concluded that, in turn, would impose the refusal to pay the penalty. Protection of the disputed right is realized by the court, not by traditional methods (restitution, compensation), but by ascertaining certain facts, including the recognition of the agreement not concluded.
The claim for the recognition of a contract not concluded is not heard by the court according the rules of claim proceedings and can not be considered in the procedure of separate proceedings for establishing the fact that has legal value.
It has been emphasized that “not concluded agreement” and “invalid contract” are not identical legal categories. This is primarily due to various legal grounds and consequences of using each of these methods of protection of civil rights and interests by the court. Recognition of the contract not concluded – is a special consequence of violating the law norms, which excludes the application of the invalidity of the transaction. In case of not concluded contract we apply the affects provided by the norms regulating the obligations of unjust enrichment, in case of invalid – the consequences prescribed by the law for invalid transactions. If in regard to not concluded contract the party has prematurely transferred the property, there are legal relations between the parties as a result of the acquisition, maintenance of the property without sufficient legal grounds – relations that belong to non-contractual.На підставі дослідження правової доктрини та з урахуванням судової практики проаналізовано можливість застосування такого способу захисту цивільних прав та інтересів, як визнання договору неукладеним. Наголошено, що відповідний спосіб захисту цивільних прав та інтересів може бути застосований до моменту виконання договору його сторонами. Визначено, що неукладений договір за своєю правовою природою не є юридичним фактом
ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ СУДОМ ЗАСАДИ ДОСТУПУ ДО ПРАВОСУДДЯ СТОРОНІ ЗАХИСТУ
Get PDFThe author has analyzed the issue of guaranteeing the implementation of the access to justice principle for the defense party by the court within the criminal proceedings of Ukraine. It has been indicated that this principle is a complex legal phenomenon, within the structure of which we should outline the organizational (some aspects of the judicial system’s functioning), procedural (creation of the appropriate procedures, simplifying the access to justice for individuals) and procedural and legal (the actual wording of the individual’s right) aspects, as well as the system of its guarantees. The right to access to justice for the defense party is one of the fundamental means of guaranteeing its rights, freedoms and legitimate interests within the criminal proceedings. It has been emphasized that international principles and standards in the sphere of criminal proceedings (in particular the principle of the access to justice) will make it possible to analyze the compliance of the domestic criminal procedural law with generally recognized norms and legal enforcement practices.
It has been noted that the institution of the access to justice requires a significant attention by national legislators, especially it concerns the specification and consolidation of the provisions for its content in the relevant norms (the Art. 21 of the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine) and taking steps to ensure individual’s procedural rights during criminal proceedings.
Special attention is paid to the fact that this right is closely associated with a number of other international standards in the sphere of criminal justice (the right to legal aid, reasonableness of the terms, etc.) and its proper guaranteeing by the court is an effective mean of protecting the rights and freedoms of a man and citizen.Проаналізовано питання забезпечення реалізації судом у кримінальному судочинстві України засади доступу до правосуддя стороні захисту. Вказано, що ця засада є складним правовим явищем, у структурі якого слід виділяти організаційні (окремі аспекти функціонування судової системи), процесуальні (створення відповідних процедур, що спрощують доступ осіб до правосуддя) та процесуально-правовий (власне формулювання цього права особи) аспекти, а також систему його гарантій. Для сторони захисту право на доступ до правосуддя є одним з основних засобів забезпечення її прав, свобод та законних інтересів у кримінальному провадженні. Акцентовано увагу, що вказане право тісно пов’язується з низкою інших міжнародних стандартів у сфері кримінального судочинства (право на правову допомогу, розумність строків тощо), а його належне забезпечення судом є дієвим засобом захисту прав та свобод людини й громадянина
Основні етапи розвитку криміналістичної техніки в експертних установах МВС України
Get PDFThe concept, classification and system of criminal investigation technique have been studied. The concept, structure and main tasks of the Expert service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (hereinafter – MIA) of Ukraine have been highlighted. The history of the development of expert departments of Internal Affairs Agencies has been analyzed. The author has provided own classification of the stages of the development of criminal investigation technique within expert institutions of the MIA of Ukraine, taking into account the structure of the state, where they were: 1) pre-Soviet stage – creation of conditions for the organization of expert institutions (up to 1917); 2) Soviet stage (from 1917 to 1991); the Decree of the Council of People’s Commissars of Ukrainian SSR dated from April 15, 1919 on the organization of a forensic and criminal investigation laid the beginning of the revival of forensic institutions; preconditions of forensic techniques and methods for the implementation into practice of fighting against crime were created, namely activity of registration offices was renewed; 3) post-Soviet stage (from 1991 to 2015) – post-Soviet system of expert institutions remaining, but there were attempts to change it; 4) the stage of modern development (from 2015 to the present time), which is marked with the beginning of major changes in the system of expert institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. Preconditions for improving service activities, increasing the effectiveness of using forensic means during the pre-trial investigation and during forensic activity are created at the present stage of the development of criminal investigation technique within expert institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.Розглянуто поняття, класифікацію та систему криміналістичної техніки. Висвітлено поняття, структуру й основні завдання Експертної служби МВС України. Проаналізовано історію розвитку експертних підрозділів органів внутрішніх справ. Запропоновано авторську класифікацію етапів розвитку криміналістичної техніки в експертних установах МВС України
Правоохоронні органи в системі державних суб’єктів управління фінансовою системою України
Get PDFBased on the analysis of current national legislation that defines administrative and procedural status of law enforcement agencies, the author has singled out those, which are mostly engaged in law enforcement activities in the area of financial system administration. It has determined that law enforcement system must solve a number of social problems, including: slow paces of economic development; the imbalance of economic system; lag in adapting to changes in external trade and financial markets; excessive social tension, which adversely affects the reproductive process; low level of meeting the needs of an individual, etc. It has been established that the main difference between law enforcement agencies and other state structures is that law enforcement institutions specially endowed with state powers to carry out activities in protecting human and civil rights from violations under the law. It has been proved that law enforcement agencies – are special state agencies engaged in law enforcement activities aimed at protecting the rights and legitimate interests of citizens, companies and organizations, the state and society, ensuring security, law and order and legality in the country. It has been indicated that the activities of these public agencies aimed at ensuring the stability in the sphere of managing financial system, taking measures to prevent violations of the rights, freedoms and interests of stakeholders and the state in general and realizing investigation of the most dangerous among them.На основі аналізу чинного національного законодавства, що визначає адміністративно-процесуальний статус наведених органів, виділено державні органи, які найбільшою мірою здійснюють правоохоронну діяльність у сфері управління фінансовою системою. Доведено, що діяльність правоохоронних суб\u27єктів управління фінансовою системою спрямована на виявлення допущених правопорушень у зазначеній сфері та на здійснення розслідування найбільш небезпечних серед них
ОКРЕМІ ПИТАННЯ ЮРИСДИКЦІЙНОЇ ФОРМИ ЗАХИСТУ ПРАВ УЧАСНИКІВ ГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ ТОВАРИСТВ
Get PDFBased on the analysis of the current legislation and legal views of the scientific community the author has researched the forms of protection of the rights of business entities’ members. Special attention is focused on judicial protection as one of jurisdictional forms of protection.
It is noted that for more effective implementation of the protection of civil rights there is a system (mechanism) of protection, which is the division of powers for protection according to forms and methods. There are several different opinions of scholars concerning the classification of the forms of protection, but the most common is the division into jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional forms. Jurisdictional method is divided into judicial order of protection and protection with the assistance of other state agencies, which is also called administrative. Non-jurisdictional form is presented by self-defense, protection via a notary and mediation.
The most common form of jurisdictional protection of the rights of business entities’ members is judicial protection. It is implemented by the assistance of protection means of general rights under the Art. 16 of the Civil Code of Ukraine and the Art. 20 of the Commercial Code of Ukraine and special rights prescribed by other law norms. Besides, controversial is still the issue on the possibility of using the ways of protection of the rights that are not regulated by the law, but that may be effective.
Particular attention is paid to differentiation of the protection of the rights of business entities’ members into forms of jurisdictional protection and judicial protection by methods not provided by the law. Some views of the scientific community regarding these issues have been considered.
In order to harmonize the legislation regulating legal relations of the protection of the rights of business entities’ members the author has suggested to amend the Art. 16 of the Civil Code of Ukraine and the Art. 20 of the Commercial Code of Ukraine, securing the possibility to protect civil rights by other means, which are not prescribed by the law, but may be effective.На основі аналізу норм чинного законодавства та правових позицій наукової спільноти досліджено форми захисту прав учасників господарських товариств. Зосереджено увагу на судовому захисті як на одній з юрисдикційних форм захисту. Розглянуто поняття способів захисту прав учасників господарських товариств і можливість застосування не передбачених законодавством способів, які можуть бути ефективними
ВИСНОВОК ЕКСПЕРТА У СПРАВАХ ПРО ВСТАНОВЛЕННЯ ТА ОСПОРЮВАННЯ БАТЬКІВСТВА
Get PDFBased on the analysis of judicial practice in cases of recognition or contesting paternity the author has researched the value of expert opinion as a mean of proving. The features of expert opinion’s evaluation by the court, while considering such cases, have been revealed. The author argues that the probative value of expert opinion is determined by objective qualities that is, by validity, completeness and credibility. It must be properly motivated, which is a procedural guarantee of its validity, and this, in turn, guarantees its authenticity. If the court does not agree with the expert opinion, it has the right to appoint by its ruling, additional or repeated expertise. Disagreement of the court with the expert opinion must be motivated in the decision or order.
It is also noted that the admission of the expert opinion as a source of evidence oblige the court to draw attention to the expert’s personality, to assess his qualification, to establish the presence or absence of personal interest and other data. The main tasks to assess the competence of experts are: research of issues that were put to the expert, and assigning them to different areas of knowledge; familiarization with data that characterize the expert as a specialist in a particular field of study.
It is summed up that although the expert opinion has no pre-set value for the court and evaluated in conjunction with other evidence, it is crucial, because the object of proving in these cases has a biological nature; and circumstances of the case, which referred by the parties to justify their claims, is not obvious.На підставі аналізу судової практики у справах про визнання та оспорювання батьківства досліджено значення висновку експерта як засобу доказування. Розкрито особливості оцінки висновку експерта судом під час розгляду таких справ. Підсумовано, що хоча висновок експерта не має для суду наперед установленого значення й оцінюється у сукупності з іншими доказами, тут він має вирішальне значення, оскільки предмет доказування у цих справах має біологічну природу, а обставини справи, на які посилаються сторони в обґрунтування своїх позовних вимог, не є очевидними
ВДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ПРИПИНЕННЯ СУБ’ЄКТИВНИХ ПРАВ НА ЗЕМЕЛЬНІ ДІЛЯНКИ ВНАСЛІДОК ЇХ ВИКУПУ ДЛЯ СУСПІЛЬНИХ ПОТРЕБ
Get PDFThe author has accomplished the analysis of some elements of the mechanism of compulsory redemption of lands for public needs in order to identify the gaps in the field of legal regulation of the mechanism of suspension of land rights as a result of redemption for public needs and finding their solutions. Based on the analysis of scientific literature it is concluded that nowadays the studied issues of terminating relations of the lease of a land as a result of the redemption of the leased land from the owner to meet public needs are not sufficiently developed and can be improved.
The author stressed on the objective nature of the forced termination of the subjective land right as a result of its redemption for public needs regarding the legality of landowner’s conduct. The state authorities or local self-governments only certify appropriate public need in a particular land by their power decisions. The author of the article has revealed the presence of gaps among the range of public needs, to meet which it is possible the land redemption. It is offered to add this range with the need to implement international obligations by the state.
Based on the analysis of current legislation it is concluded about the lack of legal provision of the procedure to inform tenants of land about redemption of lands for public needs. Special attention is paid on the need to amend the legislation by the obligations of the owner of a land, who received properly executed notice of redemption of the land, to notify the tenant about the redemption of the related leased land.Виконано аналіз окремих елементів механізму примусового викупу земельних ділянок для суспільних потреб. Запропоновано доповнити перелік суспільних потреб, для задоволення яких можливий викуп земельних ділянок, необхідністю виконання державою своїх міжнародних зобов’язань. Акцентовано увагу на необхідності внесення змін до законодавства – зобов’язати власника земельної ділянки, який отримав належним чином оформлене повідомлення про викуп земельної ділянки, повідомити орендаря про викуп відповідної орендованої земельної ділянки