Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Технології психореабілітації особистості після травматичних подій (на прикладі програми реабілітації психологів сектору безпеки і оборони України)
Get PDFToday, psychologists in the security and defence sector of Ukraine work in extremely difficult conditions, providing psychological support to the military, who face various stressful situations. The full-scale war has created a unique situation where people in helping professions (psychologists, psychotherapists, social and medical workers, volunteers, etc.) experience a common trauma with the people they help. Psychologists who work in war and provide assistance to victims of traumatic events experience emotional (professional) burnout, secondary traumatisation and a number of negative mental states that are currently poorly understood. Given the impossibility of reducing the professional burden on people in these professions, the issue of developing and implementing a special multicomponent psychological recovery programme aimed at maintaining psychological health and preventing emotional burnout syndrome and secondary trauma in professionals in helping professions becomes relevant.
The article presents a detailed description of the author’s programme of social and psychological rehabilitation of psychologists in the security and defence sector of Ukraine “The Way to Victory”. The main goal of the programme is to update the existing and search for new resources to strengthen stress resistance and restore the strength of participants, mastering new methods of preventing professional burnout of psychologists.
The programme lasts a week and includes five consecutive blocks: 1) getting acquainted and getting into a new experience; 2) actualisation of problematic issues, peculiarities of experiencing stressful and traumatic situations; 3) grief and loss; 4) prevention and overcoming professional burnout; 5) acquiring resources.
The developed programme will help psychologists in the security and defence sector of Ukraine to improve their own stress resistance, restore psychological health, and accumulate resources to prevent professional burnout.У статті презентовано програму реабілітації психологів сектору безпеки і оборони України «Шлях до перемоги», що проводиться за підтримки громадської організації «Ініціатива Е+» в межах громадського проєкту «Пошук майбутнього» та Центру психологічного здоров’я Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ. Програму спрямовано на профілактику професійного вигорання та відновлення психологічного здоров’я й професійної спроможності психологів. Розглянуто алгоритм проведення програми реабілітації. Описано вправи і техніки відновлення, які використовувались у процесі реабілітації
Напрями вдосконалення нормативних засад застосування правоохоронними органами дискреційних повноважень в адміністративних правовідносинах
Get PDFThe article notes that limiting the discretionary powers of law enforcement agencies through the implementation of legislative provisions which would detail and set the limits for the application of these powers is seen as one of the primary tasks for these institutions to comply with the rule of law and is considered to be the main leitmotif of the process of improving the regulatory framework for the use of discretionary powers by law enforcement agencies in administrative legal relations.
The emphasis is placed on the fact that recently, in the activities of law enforcement agencies, including administrative law enforcement, there have been such negative trends as concealment of offences, corruption, bribery, and dishonest behaviour of officials. Such a situation, which is the result of sometimes unlimited use of discretionary powers by these entities, creates a huge public outcry, reduces the level of public confidence in the law enforcement system of the State as a whole, and destabilises society, which is especially dangerous in wartime. It is noted that the primary task in the process of solving the described problems and minimising the adverse effects of decisions made by law enforcement officials in the course of administrative discretion is to develop a targeted legislative policy aimed at optimising the limits of discretionary powers by establishing the necessary legal framework for their exercise.
It is also emphasised that in order to implement these initiatives, it is necessary to increase the effectiveness of measures to improve the rulemaking technique, i.e., the set of technical and legal means, methods, techniques and methods by which a draft legal act is created. The paper proposes that when developing and adopting new acts, it is mandatory to introduce the most complete and accurate definition of the terms (concepts) used, especially those involving the use of discretionary powers. It is concluded that it is advisable to provide for the level of bodies (officials) which are granted the relevant discretionary powers in the regulations.Сформульовано й охарактеризовано основні шляхи вдосконалення нормативних засад застосування дискреційних повноважень правоохоронними органами в адміністративній діяльності та відповідних правовідносинах. Першочерговим завданням у процесі окресленого завдання та мінімізації несприятливих наслідків рішень, ухвалених під час адміністративного розсуду посадовцями правоохоронних органів, визначено розбудову цілеспрямованої законодавчої політики з оптимізації меж застосування дискреційних повноважень шляхом закріплення необхідних правових меж їх реалізації
Утворення та становлення міліції: історико-правовий аналіз
Get PDFThe historical aspects of the formation and development of militia in Ukraine are studied, with special attention paid to its role during the revolutionary events and the civil war. The state of law and order in the Ukrainian lands in the late 19th – early 20th centuries, key legal aspects of the formation and initial stage of the militia functioning are analysed, and a scientific assessment of its activities in the context of complex revolutionary challenges is provided.
The creation and development of the Soviet militia was a complex and ambiguous process, so the challenges faced by the newly formed militia during the revolutionary period are analysed. The historical factors that contributed to the creation and development of the militia, its transformation over time, and the formation of the modern police are studied. Historical experience shows that the establishment of the Soviet militia depended on many factors, namely: the gradual formation of tasks, powers and functions of the militia, the definition of the regulatory framework for its activities, the organisation of the system of administrative apparatus, coordination of efforts at the local and central levels, the resolution of personnel issues, etc.
The necessity of studying the historical processes of formation of the modern police, its institutional origins in the context of the State development is emphasised, and the crucial role of the police in maintaining the rule of law, public order and security of citizens of modern Ukraine is noted. The study of historical factual material contributes to a better understanding of the evolution, nature and role of state institutions designed to protect Ukraine\u27s sovereignty and solve other tasks in the field of national security and law enforcement in response to the needs of society, offering ideas for future effective strategies based on historical experience and current challenges.Досліджено історичні аспекти становлення та розвитку міліції в Україні, особливу увагу приділено її ролі під час революційних подій і громадянської війни. Проаналізовано стан правопорядку на українських землях наприкінці ХІХ – початку ХХ ст., ключові правові аспекти утворення, становлення та функціонування міліції, надано наукову оцінку її діяльності в умовах складних революційних викликів. Досліджено історичні чинники, що сприяли становленню сучасної поліції, а також висвітлено їх трансформації в часі та вплив на забезпечення публічної безпеки й порядку в суспільстві. Подано аналіз фактичного матеріалу, що сприяє кращому розумінню сутності та ролі поліції в українському суспільстві, виробленню ефективних стратегій її подальшої еволюції з урахуванням історичного досвіду та викликів сьогодення
Легісакційний процес як форма судочинства в римському праві: оригінальна стаття
No full textThe scientific study is devoted to the consideration of the legislation process as a form of legal proceedings in the law of ancient Rome. It is noted that in the modern national legal literature, scientific research related to ancient Roman law, as a rule, deals with the problems of substantive law, both civil and family law, and the institutions of procedural law are considered to a much lesser extent. Currently, research on this issue is relevant, since certain institutions and categories of the national legal system are based on the structure of Roman law, its principles, and were developed under its influence. It is emphasised that the legislative form, which was used in private cases in the first half of the Republic, can be considered the first historically developed form of procedure in Roman justice. The procedure was called legislative because it was based, in contrast to the old forms of private self-reprisal, exclusively on the law. It required the parties to act per legis actiones, i.e. without resorting to violence, in a lawful manner, on legal grounds, in a lawful manner. Compliance with the legislative form of legal proceedings guaranteed the legality and formality of the claimant’s (plaintiff’s) claims and the absence of elements of analogy in the claim and provided for the occurrence of only the consequences specified in the law.
The specific features of the legislation process (staggered nature; formality, ritual and ritualism; certain passivity of the authorities) are investigated; its varieties (betting process; “laying on of hands” process; sacrifice process; “appointment of a judge” process; “conditional” process) and stages (establishment of the plaintiff’s right and legal qualification; consideration of the case on the merits) are analysed. The great importance of the legislation form for the further development of the legal process is due to the fact that the legislation form divided the legal action into the filing of a claim, which provided for its formal recognition by the judicial authorities, and the actual legal proceedings, which had no regulation until a certain period. The author examines the peculiarities of Roman legal proceedings and concludes that the legislation process was a rather complex procedure which in its content was similar to the customary.Наукове дослідження присвячено розгляду легісакційого процесу як формі судочинства у праві Стародавнього Риму. Досліджено процесуальні норми в римському праві та форми їх втілення, охарактеризовано легісакційний процес першої половини періоду існування республіки, розглянуто його характерні риси, проаналізовано різновиди та стадії легісакційного процесу. Велике значення легісакційної форми для подальшого розвитку юридичного процесу зумовлене тим, що в легісакційній формі відбувся розподіл на вчинення позову, яке передбачало його формальне визнання з боку органів судочинства, та на власне судочинство, котре не мало до певного періоду жодної регламентації. Розглянуто своєрідність римського судочинства, зроблено висновок, що легісакційний процес був доволі складною процедурою, яка за своїм змістом схожа на звичай
Електронний договір про медичне обслуговування населення за програмою медичних гарантій
Get PDFOn the basis of the conducted research, the author has proved that the specific feature of electronic contracts on medical care of the population under medical guarantees program is that: it is exclusively signed through the electronic health care system, is considered an electronic document, must meet all the requirements established for a civil contract. The author has identified the principles of electronic medical deeds: information exchange takes place exclusively in electronic form; the legislation establishes the security of exchange and preservation of medical information, in particular medical confidentiality; modern access to medical care and resources is provided due to their assistance; these electronic contracts are aimed at improving the quality of service and meeting patients needs, transparency of the health care system; they are signed considering technological neutrality and independence from decisions developers; while signing such contracts, the information is recorded in the e-health system without the possibility of deleting or correcting the entered data; electronic identification and authentication of participants in medical relations with a high level of trust is used while they are being signed. It has been established that signing a contract on medical care of the population under medical guarantees program includes the following stages: 1) the National Health Service of Ukraine publishes an announcement on the official website about the intention to sign such a contract under certain conditions; 2) a business entity that wishes to sign a contract with the National Health Service of Ukraine on the terms specified in the announcement must ensure that up-to-date information about its business activity, the possibility of medical practice, is entered into the system before submitting a proposal; 3) the National Health Service of Ukraine considers the received proposals within the definite term; 4) signing a draft contract by an authorized person of the National Health Service of Ukraine, which is a proposal to sign a contract (offer) with a validity period of ten calendar days from the date of its signing by an authorized person of the National Health Service of Ukraine.У статті з’ясовано особливості електронного договору про медичне обслуговування населення за програмою медичних гарантій. Внаслідок реформування української медицини відбулася цифровізація сфери охорони здоров’я, у результаті чого частина медичних відносин реалізується в інформаційно-комунікаційних системах. Наголошено, що окремі електронні правочини можуть вважатися правомірними, якщо укладаються у спеціалізованій інформаційно-комунікаційній системі. Якщо вони укладаються поза визначеною законодавцем цифровою системою, то вони можуть вважатися такими, що укладені з порушенням форми
Біологічні зразки для експертизи: поняття, умови, тактика відбирання
Get PDFDuring the commission of crimes, traces of biological origin are left on the objects of the environment, tools, clothing, and the body of the participants. To conduct an identification study, an expert needs to compare the traces of the crime with biological samples of the person being tested. Criteria for determining biological samples are proposed. The biological criterion means that the samples reflect the internal and external properties of a person as a biological organism. The informational criterion is that the samples meet certain requirements: undoubted origin, required quantity, proper quality, compatibility with traces of crime. The identification criterion establishes that the human properties reflected by the samples are individual, stable, cannot be deliberately altered by a person and are suitable for identification. The procedural criterion means that biological samples must be collected in a lawful manner. Based on these criteria, biological samples for examination include: body parts; secretions as products of human activity; imprints of the skin relief of the human body.
The mandatory participants in the collection of biological samples as a procedural action are: persons from whom biological samples are collected; officials who conduct the collection of samples and are responsible for its legality and validity; a specialist or expert; witnesses; employees of the relevant law enforcement agencies (in the case of compulsory collection of biological samples). Optional participants are a defence counsel, legal representative, representative, lawyer, doctor at their request.
During the compulsory collection of biological samples, in order to ensure the legality, objectivity, reliability of the objects of expert research, preservation of health and observance of human rights, it is necessary to comply with legal, ethical, medical and forensic conditions. The author proposes a general algorithm for the tactics of obtaining biological samples for examination at the stage of pre-trial investigation, which includes the preparatory, working and final stages.Доведено, що біологічними зразками для експертизи є частини (тканини), виділення та відбитки рельєфу шкіри тіла людини. Визначено обов’язкових і факультативних учасників, умови та загальний алгоритм тактики добровільного та примусового відбирання біологічних зразків для експертизи на стадії досудового розслідування, який включає підготовчий, робочий та заключний етапи проведення процесуальної дії
Особливості ідентифікації та митної товарознавчої експертизи дитячих товарів
Get PDFSpecial attention is paid to the issue of identification and safety of children\u27s products, which is aimed at ensuring the safety and quality of this category of goods. In the scientific article, the issue of classification of goods of group 95 in accordance with the Ukrainian Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity was considered, and a study of the practice of appointing customs examinations was conducted. The main identifying features of the classification of scooters in the category of goods for children are: purpose; design features, their modification; type of movement; number and diameter of wheels; type of ride Attention should also be paid to the following identification features of children’s goods, which are necessary both during customs control and during the examination of toys: the size of the toy, the material of manufacture, design features, application and main functional purpose. The development and improvement of current methods of identification of toys will simplify the procedure of their inspection and increase the objectivity of the results. The work summarizes the ways to classify children’s scooters in the procedure of commodity examination. The diagnostic tasks of the forensic commodity examination to determine safety, compliance with standards, which the expert must solve during the study of a children’s scooter, are defined. State-of-the-art research methods, in particular, visual inspection, functional tests, measurement of geometric parameters, mechanical tests, chemical analysis of materials, technical expertise, safety tests, computer modeling and analysis, electrical and electronic tests, expert evaluation are used to establish indicators. quality and safety of goods and obtaining objective information. The main identification tasks of the commodity examination of children’s scooters, the most typical defects of these products and defects that indicate their low quality are indicated. The mechanism of forensic commodity examination of children\u27s scooters is described.Розглянуто питання класифікації товарів групи 95 відповідно до Української класифікації товарів зовнішньоекономічної діяльності, проведено дослідження практики призначення митних експертиз. Виявлено проблеми класифікації й ідентифікації товарів дитячого призначення та їх достовірного декларування, запропоновано шляхи їх вирішення; визначено основні ідентифікаційні ознаки іграшок для встановлення найбільш достовірних критеріїв для їх класифікації за Українською класифікацією товарів зовнішньоекономічної діяльності під час митного контролю; розроблено рекомендації з ідентифікації та класифікації іграшок за Українською класифікацією товарів зовнішньоекономічної діяльності. Окреслено діагностичні завдання, які має вирішити судовий експерт під час дослідження товарів дитячого призначення. Представлено сучасні методи аналізу, які дають змогу дослідити дитячі товари для отримання об’єктивної інформації щодо їхньої якості, безпеки та інших характеристик, які можуть бути важливими в судовому розгляді. Наведено систематизацію інформаційних даних щодо характерних дефектів таких товарів, дефекти, які характерні для продукції низької якості. Описано механізм судової товарознавчої експертизи дитячих товарів
Принципи публічної служби: системно-діяльнісний вимір
Get PDFA system of principles of public service has been formed, which consists of three principle blocks.
International principles of public service: supremacy of law; legality; effectiveness; objectivity; impartiality; justice; virtue; public activity regarding the management of state affairs, in particular those related to entry into public service, its completion and legislative support; balance of public and private interests when making decisions; transparency (passing public service and activities of public servants); responsibility of public servants to the population and the state for their professional activities; publicity, which involves the mandatory publication of open information about the work of public servants, etc.
Principles of public administration: a) organizational; b) functional; c) targeted; d) accommodative.
Legal principles: a) general principles of law (humanism, democracy, separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial, legal certainty, presumption of innocence, proportionality, equality, legal responsibility; b) principles of administrative law (openness and transparency, flexibility, compliance human rights and freedoms, efficiency, prohibition of arbitrariness, innovation, competence, accountability and control, priority of laws of Ukraine and international documents regulating administrative and legal relations, social cohesion, stability and long-term orientation); c) special principles of law that regulate the passage of service by certain categories of public servants (equal access to public service, choice, patriotism, people\u27s power, loyalty to constitutional duty and oath in case of taking it, state support, observance of official (executive) discipline and professional ethics, independence, failure to comply with illegal orders and instructions, consolidation of state and local interests, readiness for prompt performance of official tasks).Запропоновано бачення системи принципів публічної служби, яка складається з таких блоків: міжнародні принципи публічної служби; принципи державного управління (організаційні, функціональні; цільові, акомодативні); правові принципи (загальні принципи права, принципи адміністративного права (відкритість і прозорість, гнучкість, дотримання прав і свобод людини, ефективність; заборона свавілля, інноваційність, компетентність, підзвітність і підконтрольність тощо); спеціальні принципи права, які регламентують проходження служби окремими категоріями публічних службовців
Новація та відступне як способи припинення зобов’язання
Get PDFIn modern contractual practice, novation and the transfer of the indemnity are quite relevant ways of terminating the obligation, which makes it necessary to deepen the characteristics of the distinguishing features and the principles of distinguishing the mentioned mechanisms for terminating the civil obligation.
It is substantiated that one of the main and primary differences between novation and indemnity, which should be paid attention to when characterizing the legal relationship between the parties, is the purpose. In particular, it is emphasized that during novation, the parties must intend to replace the existing one with a new obligation that did not previously exist between the parties and that arises on the basis of the concluded novation agreement (that is, in this case, it is not about changing the conditions or a separate condition for the performance of the original obligation). Novation is primarily characterized by the fact that the conclusion of an agreement on a new obligation generally does not terminate the legal relationship of the parties, since instead of the initial obligation, the validity of which is terminated, a new obligation agreed upon by them arises, and therefore, a legal relationship between the creditor and the debtor continues At the same time, the transfer of the object of indemnity agreed upon by the parties instead of the fulfillment of the original obligation is aimed primarily at the liquidation of legal ties between the parties. With the transfer of the assignable object, that is, with the execution of the assignable agreement, the initial obligation is terminated and the legal relationship between the parties is also definitively terminated, without further development or change in accordance with other grounds or conditions.
It is this aspect that is key in the characterization of the differences between indemnity and novation in combination with other grounds for distinguishing the mentioned legal institutions, because the purpose and functions of novation and indemnity in the regulation of civil legal relations are completely different, which determines the choice by the parties of one or another way of terminating the obligation depending on the goal they expect to achieve.
Some approaches in the doctrine regarding the differences between novation and indemnity have been clarified and supplemented, in particular with regard to the moment of termination of the original obligation, the peculiarities of the composition of the terminating fact.Уточнено та доповнено критерії розмежування новації та відступного, обґрунтовано, що однією з ключових відмінностей є мета. Наголошено, що за новації сторони, крім припинення первісного зобов’язання, повинні мати намір на заміну наявного зобов’язання саме новим зобов’язанням, яке не існувало раніше між сторонами та яке виникає на підставі укладеного договору новації. Передання предмета відступного спрямоване саме на остаточну ліквідацію правових зв’язків між сторонами, що не передбачає подальшого розвитку чи зміни правовідносин
Особливості доказування під час розслідування кримінальних правопорушень, передбачених частинами 1, 2 ст. 111-1 Кримінального кодексу України
Get PDFThe scientific search for the peculiarities of evidence in the course of investigation of criminal offences under Parts 1 and 2 of Article 111-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is due to the fact that with the beginning of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation, collaborationism at the level of national legislation, scientific doctrine and higher legal education has acquired a fundamentally new meaning. It is also advisable to take into account the fact that the historical basis of collaboration is treason, the normative consolidation of which has its roots in Roman law.
Information and psychological operations, dissemination of relevant narratives to the formation of attitudes and orientations among the population, which may later become the basis for committing criminal offences under Parts 1, 2 of Article 111-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. At the level of changes in the criminal procedure legislation, current trends and approaches to pre-trial investigation, the basic principles and features of pre-trial investigation of collaboration activities have been rethought.
It is substantiated that in modern conditions, evidence in the course of investigation of criminal offences under Parts 1, 2 of Art. 111-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is inseparable from taking into account the features of modern equipment which can be used for information transmission, analysis of computer information and information from correspondence, channels and groups in social networks containing valuable information, samples of signatures, seals and other details of documents which reflect information about the collaboration activities of individuals and groups.
Other relevant features of evidence in the course of investigation of criminal offences under parts 1, 2 of Art. 111-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine include: the need to conduct as many investigative (search) and procedural actions as possible, including specific forensic examinations, of which one of the most common is the technical examination of document details; interaction of pre-trial investigation bodies and the public in the course of exchange of orientation information of investigative and inquiry units with volunteers, local activists, representatives of NGOs, writers, representatives of the scientific and creative intelligentsia, i.e. conscious and patriotic citizens who refused to cooperate with the occupation administration during the occupation and actively resisted it. Such interaction in the specific security conditions of martial law does not necessarily require face-to-face communication. Public messages on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok, which may contain information about persons involved in collaboration activities, their relationships with local residents and/or the occupation administration, etc., have significant potential for providing orientation information.Важливість здійснення наукового пошуку з окресленої тематики зумовлено тим, що з початком повномасштабного вторгнення російської федерації в Україну колабораціонізм на рівні вітчизняного законодавства та наукової доктрини набув принципово нового змісту. У сучасних умовах під час розслідування кримінальних правопорушень, передбачених частинами 1, 2 ст. 111-1 Кримінального кодексу України, особливістю процесу доказування є факт використання сучасного обладнання для передачі інформації, аналіз цифрової інформації та відомостей із листування, каналів та груп у соціальних мережах, проведення якомога більшого комплексу процесуальних дій, зокрема специфічних судових експертиз. Значущості також набуває взаємодія органів досудового розслідування та громадськості в процесі обміну орієнтуючою інформацією