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Oral History Interview with Philip Firmano, January 9, 1991
No full textPhilip Firmano emigrated from Milazzo, Sicily. He first came to New York with his father and mother in the early 1900’s. However the family returned to Sicily in 1908 because of his father’s failing health. Philip later returned to America, to work for his uncle in Waukegan, Illinois after Mussolini came to power in 1922. In the interview he largely describes his years in Sicily, reasons for leaving Sicily, and his journey to Milwaukee. He also discusses how he and other Italians made a life in Milwaukee and the role of various Italian societies to which he belonged.AN ORAL HISTORY
OF
THE ITALIANS IN MILWAUKEE
May, 19 91
Subject: Philip Firmano
LAWRENCE BALDASSARO
DIANE VECCHIO
Department of French and Italian
College of Letters and Science
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Funded in part by the Wisconsin Humanities Committee
and
The State of Wisconsin
The narrator is Philip Firmano. The interview is taking
place in Mr. Firmano's home on North Hackett Avenue on
January 9, 1991. The interviewer is Diane Vecchio.
Interviewer.
Narrator.
Phil lives on North Hackett Avenue in Milwaukee,
Wisconsin. Phil, tell me a little bit about your
background. Tell me where your father and mother
were born.
They were born in Milazzo, Sicily.
I. Was your mother also born in Milazzo?
N. Yes, my mother was born in Milazzo too, yes.
I. What did they do in Milazzo?
[Lost some of the taping ... Phil was then discussing his
family's early years in New York.]
N. [Their residence in New York] 98 Union Street. I went to
school there. I was only about seven or eight years old
when I went to school there. Then my father got sick. We
went to a specialist in New York. There wasn't a cure for
it. In those days there were so many doctors, so they told
my family, my mother and my father to go back to Italy
probably to find, to cure him. Instead, when he got there
he got worse. He was working in New York, in Brooklyn. He
had about, those days, a couple of hundred dollars. As soon
as he got there he opened up a store. He says in case
anything happens to me then my wife and my son, they have a
business. In the meantime, when I was in Brooklyn, New
York, in 1904 was born a girl. My mother had a girl and
then she died. In 1907 another girl was born. She is still
living. Then, like I said, we went to Milazzo, opened up
the store and my mother supported us. Then my mother had
another boy and then another girl. We were two girls and
two boys.
I. And then you, your mother and your brothers and sisters
returned to Milazzo.
N. No. See, my brother and one sister were born in Milazzo.
They already were born there. Then in 1908, like I said,
there was no cure for my father. Then we went back in
Sicily and they opened up a store.
I. So, in 1908 you returned to Sicily.
N. That's right.
I. What was the business that your father had in Milazzo?
N. Bread, beans, stuff like that.
I. Groceries?
N. Groceries. Like a grocery store.
I. How long did your father live after that?
I. Then my father, 1914 landed in the hospital and then he died
there, and my mother supported us with the store.
I. So did your mother work in the store herself?
N. Sure. See, in those days most of our business was bread.
She made the bread by hand in those days. They owned no
machinery. The scale to weigh them and then make the loaf
by hand. See, that's how my mother supported us.
2
I. That's wonderful. So, there was you and four brothers and
sisters.
N. We were four together, two girls and two boys.
I. How old were you then, Phil, when all of this was going on?
How old a child were you while your mother was working in
the store to support you?
N. That's right. See, it's a long story. Anyway, when the
government called you for the Army, for the Navy, what it
is, see. The Navy, you got to have a book, it was at least
one month on a boat to be in the Marines. Otherwise you go
in infantry. So, I went one month. My mother has five
brothers and these five brothers were all engineers, the
boat. And one of my uncles, Francisco Riolis , says, Phil,
once you come with me one month or so you can get the book
for the Marines. So I went to my uncle. In the meantime
there was a passenger boat from Milazzo that go in the
islands. All around Milazzo we have seven islands. I bet
you know the islands?
I. I know some of them, yes.
N. Yes. See, the capital, Lipari.
I. Right.
N. Volcano, Stromboli, Panarea, Alicudi, Filicudi, Santa
Marina. Seven islands. So the engineer for the boat there,
was to pick up and deliver mail to those islands. So the
engineer knows my uncle and says, you've got your nephew
here with you. He says, yes, for a month because he's got
3
to have the book for going in the Marines in case they have
to go in the service. So the engineer of the boat there,
told my uncle to ask me if I want to go with him. See, they
have a job with them. That's why I went there with them
after I got my book. Then it was in 1919, then 1922
Mussolini took over Italy.
I. Ok now, Phil, how old were you?
N. In 1922 I was 21, because I was born in 1901. I'm 89 years
old now.
I. That's wonderful.
N. Thank you.
I. You look wonderful.
N. Thank you. So then, Mussolini took over Italy. All those
working on the boats, see we have a union, and this union
usually they are Communists or they are Fascists or they are
Socialists.
I. Right.
N. See, so we were on the boat Socialists. See, the Fascists,
they don't like the idea Socialists work with the
government.
I. Now, were you a Socialist, Phil?
N. Well, because I belonged to the union I was no Socialist, I
don't know what was Socialist, because I belonged to the
union and those that belong to the union must be Socialists.
I. In other words, the Fascists believed that anyone who
belonged to a union was a Socialist.
4
N. That's right. They want to give a chance to, those are
Fascists. So, they cut the wages. We were working on
Saturday. We called sabato inglese, Saturday English,
because it came from the United States. So they cut the
wages and then I got disgusted. I had an uncle in Waukegan
who has a daughter in Sicily yet who went through Ellis
Island. She can go through with the mother and brothers.
So, then my uncle came over there, was an American citizen,
pick up his own daughter. In the meantime he said to me, he
said, Philip, nephew, if in case you want to come to the
United States don't forget to come by me.
I. Phil, how did you feel about Mussolini coming to power? Do
you remember your own reaction?
N. Oh, yes, one way it was ok but the other way too much
domineers. See, that's why I was like 18, 19, 20 years old,
nobody liked that domineer to come, somebody in the house
who says you gotta do this, you gotta do that. See, I don't
like the idea. That's why, my uncle says anytime you want
to come to the United States don't forget, come by me. Then
I was an artist, because I used to paint pictures. See,
I've got a lot of pictures here, then you can see it. so,
when I came to the United States I stopped in Brooklyn, New
York. I had a cousin that was a brick layer and build
buildings. He says, my God, with the art you got, see why
don't you stay here in New York and you get introduced to be
5
interior decorator. I says no, I promised uncle Tony, Tony
Palazzo.
I. That's funny, because I have an uncle named Tony Palazzo
too.
N. Yeah? So, it was Tony Palazzo. In fact, I tell how it
happened. My cousin in New York they put on a train to come
in Waukegan. We call Waukegan to meet me to the station in
Chicago. See, because transfer in Chicago to change the
train. So, my two cousins there went in Chicago to pick me
up but the train delayed and they went home and they left me
there.
I. So no one was there to greet you when you came in?
N. So, they left me there. I don't know which train I gotta
get, where I gotta get them. I was going nuts. I was going
around and around until I found somebody who talked a little
bit Italian. He says, listen, I take you downstairs there
to pick up the train to go to Waukegan. Ok, then he put me
on the train. I don't know where I should stop. I know
Waukegan. I have my book, I had everything, all my things
written on a piece of paper, where I should stop, Waukegan,
Illinois. So on the train every station I was getting up
from that seat to go by the conductor. I says, Waukegan?
He says, no, no, no. Well anyway, the conductor says sit
down, I'll call you when it's Waukegan. In the meantime
there was a man on the train. He got up, he says, "mister
what do you want?" He talked to me in Italian though. I
6
says "I gotta stop by my uncle in Waukegan that left me in
Chicago. I don't know where I gotta go." He says, "well,
listen," he says, "I live close by your uncle . I'll take
you there." So finally this man took me by my uncle.
I. That was lucky.
N. So, when I got there and saw the house there. The house was
on one side, junkyard was next door, lot of colored people
were there. So, really I started crying. Well anyway, my
cousins, one was working the electrical light, one worked in
the tannery where they stretched the leather. It was not
bad, it was a clean job at least. So, see, my idea as an
artist I was supposed to get a good job, a better job than
this one here. But anyway, I can't get a chance. I worked
there close to two years. In July 1925 the company closed
up for inventory.
I. Now, what was the name of the company, Phil?
N. I couldn't remember the name of the company. They closed up
for inventory. In that month, in July, I was looking around
for a job.
I. Now are you living at your uncle's home at this time?
N. Oh, yes. I lived there until the last minute. I just, I
want to get a future for my profession I have. See I
couldn't get it there. So, then in that month I have some
money I want to send to my mother. I went to the bank. But
anyway, Waukegan used to get the water from, Waukegan north
of Chicago they have no water. They have well water. See
7
they want to get the main line, the water, from Waukegan
north of Chicago. So the company, the contractor was from
Chicago and the workers were from Chicago too. And they
were talking Italian so I was happy, heard Italian tongue
again. I says, my God, that's the only future I have here
now. So I was standing up there watching. The contractor,
it was early in the morning, around 10 o'clock. The
contractor talked to me in American. He says, mister, you
know any garage around here, because my car don't run good.
It was running because from Chicago he was coming to
Waukegan by car. So I told him, I know a little bit about a
car, because in the meantime when I was waiting for my
passport to come to the United States, see I have a cousin
in Italy was working in a garage.
I. So you learned from him?
N. He says, Phil, in the meantime while you wait for your
passport, why don't you come in the garage and learn
something? It passes your time at least. So I went there
and learned a little bit. So I told, when the contractor
got through talking American, I says, pardon me, I couldn't
understand what you say. I says, why don't you talk to me
in Italian. So he told me, he says my car don't run. He
says once in a while it stops. I says, listen, I know a
little bit about a car. If you give me the key I'll try it.
So anyway, he gave me the key. It was a model T Ford. So I
tried to give it gas. It doesn't get any gas. I says, my
8
God, this is something in the carburetor. So anyway, that
time there was a T on the bottom in the carburetor. I
pulled the bottom down and there was a screen in there.
That screen was all filthy dirt. That's why it wasn't
getting enough gas. So anyway I start the car and says
here's the car. The man wants to pay me any amount of
money. I says, "no sir, I don't want no money, I want a
job." I says, "I don't know how to handle a wheelbarrow, I
don't know how to handle a shovel, I don't know how to
handle a pig but for my necessity nowadays I'll do anything
you want."
I. Anything to earn money.
N. Anything for money, see. So, no, not only that, to get out
of town, because I used to make good money at the tannery
too. But to get out of the town and for my future.
I. Where did you want to go? Did you want to get out of
Waukegan and go someplace else?
N. Anyplace. See I wanted to go anyplace so I'd get out of
that town. In the meantime, like I said, those boys, one
was a boy of 23 years old. I was 24. The 24-year-old was
from Milwaukee. To tell the story of how I got here. For
me it don't make no difference, so I was looking for my
future, so I could get a better job in some other place.
So, his name was Joe Ardolini. His wife is still living.
He's dead a long time ago. So, I said, Joe, I says, any
9
chance when we get through this job here, come with you to
Milwaukee? He says, "Phil, I'm going to call my sister. If
we got room for you, you come with me." Finally he called
his sister. She says everything is good, bring him over. So
that's how I got to Milwaukee. 1923. On tenth of July 1924
I got my citizen paper.
I. Very good.
N. So then I looked for a job. I couldn't talk good English so
I couldn't get what I want.
I. Phil, when you moved to Milwaukee and were living with your
friend and his sister, what was the address? Do you
remember?
N. Yes. 1418 North Franklin Place.
I. What part of Milwaukee was that located in?
N. on the East Side, near Ogden Avenue. Ogden Avenue and
Brady.
I. Do you know what ward that ...
N. Where the Boy's Club is now. There's a Boy's Club there
now.
I. What ward was that, do you know?
N. Fourth Ward.
I. First?
N. No, Third Ward.
I. So, it was the old Third Ward.
N. Now it's the First Ward.
10
I. Right, now because they've changed it.
N. They changed it.
I. Right.
N. So, then, like I says, I looked around, I couldn't find
nothing. But anyway I went and worked at a tannery.
I. So you worked at a tannery.
N. Again, my job which I used to pull skin, stretch the skin
and nail them all the way around. At night they put the
heat on and the skin dried. Then in the morning you take it
off, scrape it off. See, the nail, you just pinch them, the
nail, it doesn't go all the way through. You just pinch
them to hold the skin, stretch it. We stretch it, we apply
a nail, stretch it and nail them all the way around.
I. Where was the tannery located?
N. On Fourth Street between National Avenue and Greenfield.
I. And how did you get to work? Was it close enough to walk?
N. With a streetcar. In those days there was a streetcar,
there was no buses. We're talking now 1924, 1925.
I. The neighborhood that you lived in when you first moved to
Milwaukee, this was more or less in the heart of the Italian
district, right?
N. No, the heart of the Italian district was the Third Ward.
Down by the Gas Light Company. On Menomonee Street and
Chicago, where the Italian house is now. That was the Third
Ward.
I. Did you have Italian neighbors near you?
11
N. No, I wasn't living there. The sister lived up here on the
East Side. The East Side had been, like I said, Ogden
Avenue and Brady. And between Farwell Avenue and Franklin.
I. So, your earliest years in Milwaukee were on the East Side
of Milwaukee.
N. 1925. Then the Boy's Club bought our house where we used to
live and they built a Boy's Club there now. And then we
went and moved on Brady Street, where the Holton Bridge is
now. It was one house right on the corner, northwest side
on Brady Street and north Water. There was one house only
there. When the city bought those houses there they built a
bridge, it is Holton bridge today. So Joe, this Joe here my
friend, has a girlfriend who used to live on 53rd in West
Allis, on National Avenue, 53rd and National Avenue. So his
girlfriend's mother, the husband died, so they have the
upstairs empty. It was a duplex. So then we moved to West
Allis, 53rd and National Avenue. We moved there.
I. You moved there with Joe, your friend?
N. Yes, yes. No, no, I don't live there with him. I lived
with him because he was a good boy and was a good friend. I
had the opportunity to come here.
I. That's right.
N. So in the meantime I used to pass my time making pictures.
Some I sold, some I couldn't sell, you know how it is. The
artist gets rich when he's dead.
I. You paint?
12
N. Yeah. See, the artist gets rich when he's dead. So I sold
some pictures, some I don't. In the meantime when I was
living there three houses on 53rd, two men were painters.
Those painters were exterior painters. They don't know
nothing about interior decorator. See they told me once you
come with us one year and then we get an interior decorator
for you and we get exterior. So I said it's ok, sure I
said, that's my opportunity now. So I got work with them
one year. In 1927 I says, "boys, I like to go on my own. I
thank you very much. You gave me the opportunity to get
what I want, but don't forget Philip is your brother.
Anytime you need me I'm with you, still get exterior and
interior." They says, "ok Phil." In the meantime they were
getting exterior for them, interior for me. I used to get
so much, a percentage of every job they used to give to me.
Then I meet a lot of friends from my home town again,
because they have a society here. Milazzese Society.
I. And you joined it?
N. Yes. So anyway I meet a lot of friends. On Sunday I used
to help my friend paint interior, exterior for them free,
just to advertise my name. Then in 1927 I went on my own.
I. You started your own business?
N. I started my own business. I bought a truck. No, in fact
there was no truck, no pick-up truck in those days. I
bought a 1922 Ford coupe. It was 1927, it was about five
years old the car. So there was two rumble seats in the
13
back. I took off those two rumble seats and made boxes to
carry my paint and my stepladders.
I. And your supplies?
N. That's how I got introduced. Then in 1928 in July there was
a friend of mine, Marchese brothers, they have a home in
Bayview. They were bankrupt, so I have 500. I didn't
pay so much a month. It was a duplex. Empty lot on the
side. 250 those days. See anyone would die from the
society, we'd give the funeral, we went there.
I. Help the widows and then shelter ...
N. Help the widows, yes. We'd give $250 besides. That's what
the society was for benefits, that's what it was there.
I. Did you also have social events where you did things with
other people like dances, things like that?
N. Oh, yes. We'd have a dance. Every year we have a dance, a
picnic. We'd have a picnic and we'd have a dance.
Sometimes some club from the United States here too,
15
sometimes invite us, so we invite them. We were about 500-
600 sometimes at a picnic.
I. And where would you go for a picnic? Right in Milwaukee?
N. Old Heidelberg. Old Heidelberg was the first one. Old
Heidelberg on Port Washington Road. We had all of the
picnics there because they have a lot of land there.
I. Right.
N. Like I says, I was belonging to a lot of clubs and
societies.
I. Did you go to church? Did you belong to a church?
N. Yes, in fact, st. Rita Church on Cass Street. In 1925 we
went house to house to collect money. Twenty-five cents to
fifty cents in those days we used to get. I was the first
one when we built a basement I donated all my paint for the
church.
Then in 1925 we built a church. I painted that church three
times, interior decorator, I painted that church three
times.
I. Now what church was this, Phil?
N. st. Rita, down on Cass Street.
I. Alright.
N. Cass and Pleasant.
I. So you were one of the founding fathers of the church?
16
N. Oh yes. We went house to house to collect the money.
Because I was well-known then in Milwaukee. I was the first
one Italian painter.
I. Is that right?
N. Sure, 1927. There were very few Italians here. And mostly
it was all fishermen, that's why they're farmers. Very few
were from the city. Because they had the opportunity to
come here. You see how it is? They come from Porticello.
The fishermen town. One called the other one. You see, the
whole town.
I. They brought others along with them.
N. That's right. That's how it happened. I was the first one
to come from a city, from Milazzo. You see, I was alone
here. We have a few paesani here but not many, though.
Probably ten paesani, married with a family. My wife's
father was from my home town too.
I. Did you attend any Americanization classes when
Oral History Interview with LeRoy Bertoncini, March 9, 1991
No full textLeroy Bertoncini is the son of Italian immigrants from the Tuscany region who immigrated to Milwaukee sometime around the turn of the 20th century. His father was from Casanuovo and mother from Pisa. His interview is largely devoted to the life of Italians in the Old Third Ward. He describes the circumstances of Italians when they first immigrated such as the schools, churches, and Italian organization like the Toscana Society with which they were affiliated. He also details Italian business that were owned and operated by the old Italian community.AN ORAL HISTORY
OF
THE ITALIANS IN MILWAUKEE
May, 19 91
Subject: LeRoy Bertoncini
LAWRENCE BALDASSARO
DIANE VECCHIO
Department of French and Italian
College of Letters and Science
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Funded in part by the Wisconsin Humanities Committee
and
The State of Wisconsin
The narrator is Leroy Bertoncini. The interview is taking
place at the Italian Community Center of Milwaukee on
March 9, 1991. The interviewer is Diane Vecchio.
Interviewer.
Narrator.
Mr. Bertoncini, tell me, where did your parents
come from in Italy?
They came from the Tuscany part of Italy, mother
from Pisa and my dad from Casanuovo.
I. Ok, do you know what business they were involved in, in
Tuscany?
N. In Tuscany they were mostly peasants.
I. Farmers. Do you know if they owned their own land or worked
for other people?
N. No, they worked for other people.
I. Ok. What made your mother and dad decide to leave Tuscany
and immigrate to America?
N. Well, they each came separately, they met over here and were
married. They both came over to improve their former life.
And what happened in those days, the whole family sent one
person over and he earned enough money to send for someone
else in his family and this way they both happened to get
her. My grandfather came over because his brother sent for
him. My dad came to Chicago because his brother sent for
him.
I. What city did your, your grandfather came [to] first, then?
N. He came to Milwaukee. Dad came to Chicago, and he worked
for the DePratos in Chicago which was a church building as
far as altars and statues, and things like that. My dad was
an artisan.
I. I see.
N. And he put up altars, marble altars, plaster altars,
statues. And then he came and worked for Stempers here in
Milwaukee many years ago and then he settled here and met my
mother and they were married.
I. I see, ok. So your father and your grandfather came here,
got settled first. Now, how did your mother happen to come
to Milwaukee?
N. Well, my grandfather came here. His brother sent for him
and my uncle. They were here a couple of years, earned
enough money to send for my grandma, my mother and my aunt.
So then their whole part of the family was here.
I. And your mom and dad met in Milwaukee. How did they meet,
do you know?
N. That I don't know. I imagine at some Italian social.
I. Sure, probably.
N. Or something. And they were married in 1914 and then I was
born in 1915.
I. When they got married was your father working as an artisan
in Milwaukee then?
N. Right.
I. When you were born, were you born in the Third Ward?
2
N. Right, I was born on Wisconsin Avenue just about a block
west of the old Northwestern depot right next to the Juneau
Hotel.
I. Ok. Did your parents own their own home or did they rent
from somebody?
N. Not at that time. They rented. And my grandfather had a
little store which sold cigars, tobacco, candy. He made his
own candy, he had a little ice cream parlor. He made his
own ice cream. They sold fruit. They sold that to people
who were going on a trip and taking the train. They would
buy their things to eat on the train while they were going
to wherever they were going.
I. Now, what was the name of the •••
N. Corti's.
I. Ok. And this was located near the railroad station?
N. Just about 3/4 of a block west of the old Northwestern
depot.
I. So people would stop and get their food supplies from your
grandfather's store before boarding the train. Ok. In the
house that you lived in when you were first born, do you
know if your mom or dad were renting or boarding?
N. Renting.
I. Were they renting from other Italians?
N. No, they were renting from, the name of the place was
Dankers. They had a restaurant and saloon downstairs and we
had part of one of their buildings and we lived upstairs
3
above our business place and we lived with, in them days all
the families lived together, my grandfather and my
grandmother, my aunt, my dad and mother, all lived together.
I. So, you all lived in one apartment.
N. Yeah. That's right.
I. Ok. Did you have brothers and sisters?
N. I have one sister.
I. One sister. When was she born?
N. Oh, let's see, she must have been born about 1921 or 1922.
I. Ok. So, she was younger than you. Ok. In the early years
of your youth, growing up in the old Third Ward, tell me
what you can remember as a child. You said that you
attended the school in the old Third Ward.
N. I attended first grade at the Third Ward Street School.
I. The Third Ward Street School, that was the name of it?
N. That's right. It was right across from the church and I
only went there about one year and then mother transferred
me over to St. John's and I was there until I was about,
well we left there and moved to the north side, I was about
six and a half. But I remember the neighborhood at that
time, what Wisconsin Avenue was, like the Juneau Hotel, the
Martin Hotel, the homes, there used to be a car, it was an
air cooled car, homes, they had their garage right next to
us. And then across the street was the Marmon and the Stutz
garage where they sold the old Stutz's and the old Marmon
and then on that side of the street was all boarding houses
4
going all the way down, and the Elks Building, the clubhouse
was not built at that time. That was built later. They
were building the insurance building downtown at that time.
I. Tell me what you can remember from the old Third Ward Street
School.
N. I really don't. First grade, no. I remember going there
and that but I don't remember any of the names of any of the
kids.
I. Do you think they were primarily other Italian children?
N. Almost all of these.
I. All Italian kids, ok. Because, after all, that was .••
N. That was the center of, most Italians when they came they
went there. Now there's one thing, there was a woman, and
all I remember, she was a good friend of the family's, all I
remember is her first name was Carlotta~ but she had been
here since she was a child. She had gone to school here and
was educated at least in grade school. So any of the
Italian families that had any problem with the City Hall,
their license or something, or they were in any trouble,
they would go to carlotta. She would take them to the City
Hall or to a lawyer, whatever they had to do, and she was
/
more or less the interpreter, as most of these people did
not speak much English at that time and she had been
educated here. So for years she did that, that was part of,
so I imagine some, well, none of the old timers would be
left that would remember her.
5
I. Do you know if the teachers at this school, did any of them
speak Italian do you think? _ - ~
N. I don't think so.
I. Ok. So they would have been trying desperately to teach
these children how to speak English as quickly as possible I
would assume.
N. I imagine the other classes, five and six, and eighth grade
they would have problems but I don't think they had much
problems with the first graders because they were born here
and they immediately picked up some English anyway.
I. Right. Tell me, why do you think Italians settled in the
old Third Ward when they first came to Milwaukee? What was
there in the old Third Ward that attracted Italians?
N. Well, first place I think the church, which most Italians
are Catholic. And then as one family moves in, anybody in
that city, that town in Italy that came here, he went
looking for him and he would live close to him and they
would help each other. And so that was actually, if you go
down there, they were all from different sections of the
county and they all lived very close to each other. So I
imagine that's the one reason they all gathered down there
so they could help each other and of course they could talk
to each other.
I. They created little ethnic enclaves.
N. That's right.
6
I. Do you know what industries existed? Were there any big
industries that may have attracted Italian immigrants to the
Third Ward?
N. Well, there was Paten Paint, that's where my grandfather
worked for awhile. My uncle worked for the railroad and
quite a few of the Italians worked for the streetcar company
laying tracks and things like that. Some of the others
worked in construction. At that time they were building
roads, they were putting in sewerage systems, tunnels, and
they did most of the labor work. And then of course some of
them opened their Italian grocery stores and I remember
there were quite a few down there. And then there was, I
remember, Maniaci's. That was a shoe store. Most of the
Italians bought their shoes for their children there, which
was just a couple blocks away from the church, south of the
church.
I. Now this is Our Lady of Pompeii Church?
N. Right.
I. Ok. What other businesses to you recall? Any other
businesses?
N. No. Taverns.
I. Were there a lot of neighborhood taverns that were owned by
Italians?
N. Oh, yeah. A lot of them. And small, little restaurant type
taverns. Some were just taverns. There was a night club
7
down there and then there was, they worked in the spaghetti
factory, which was just a block away from the church.
I. Do you remember the name of the spaghetti factory?
N. I think it was Milwaukee Spaghetti, I'm not sure.
I. Alright.
N. And then there was some, they worked in some of the
tanneries.
I. Oh, so there were tanneries in this area as well.
N. Well, not down there. They were further up towards the
north side alongside the river and that.
I. Ok. So, if most of the Italians worked and lived in the old
Third Ward they most likely could walk to wherever they
worked?
N. Walking, and of course at that time they had streetcars.
I. Streetcars, sure. What about women? Do you think that most
of the Italian wives and mothers stayed home or did some of
them feel a necessity to go out and work?
N. Well, there were a few. There were a couple of women. I
remember one was Mrs. Romano, now she was a nurse and she
worked for the City and in fact my aunt for awhile helped
her out. They would visit the families then they had
children or things like that, if they needed any help, help
them with these children. And they made calls all down the
Ward to see if anyone's sick that needed any help, someone
had chicken pox.
I. Public health nurse?
8
N. That's right. They were public health nurses. My aunt was
•
one for awhile.
I. What was your aunt's name?
N. Jeannette Corti. She was only a nurse maybe a couple of
years before she got married.
I. If there were any women who worked in factories, were there ·
factories available for women do to work in, any factories
that would have hired women?
N. Most of the women that did work that I knew at that time and
later on, they generally worked for tailors and things like
that, doing, seamstress and making suits, working in some of
the better clothing stores downtown that made suits to order
and things like that. There were quite a few of them
working.
I. Alright.
N. But there were not too many of them working because they all
raised large families so they had a job at home.
I. That's right. Do you know if many of the Italians bought
large homes that they could break up into apartments so that
they could board out, they could take in boarders to earn
money?
N. Well, there were some of them. That I really don't, I knew
of some that were in our part, the northern part of Italy.
Some woman and her husband would come here and either rent a
larger home and they'd have, as these men came over they
9
were boarders in there. They'd sleep there and eat, have
their meals there. There were a few of them that I know of.
I. And they would board until they had enough money?
N. Just across the street from where our store was, was a whole
line of boarding houses. They were like small hotels but
they really were boarding houses where a man had one room or
two men shared a room and they worked and they either ate
there or they ate in one of the restaurants that was on
Wisconsin Avenue.
I. And were these boarding houses privately owned by a husband
and wife, like a family?
.N. Well, more or less a family owned them.
I. So the wife probably would, if she provided boarding she
probably would be the one to cook for these boarders.
N. Then another thing the Italians did, there were maybe 10 of
them, they all, at that time there was no taxi company in
Milwaukee, and they owned what was known at that time as
jitneys, and they were small cars and larger cars and if you
had to go somewhere, like to a hospital or somewhere, they
would hire a jitney if they had to go, maybe it was 10, 15,
20 cents, and to take them to. a hospital or to visit
somebody, or if there was a funeral or so, the ones with the
bigger cars would be the hearse.
I. Now, exactly what is a jitney?
10
N. A jitney is just a car. Instead of calling it a taxi at
that time, the word was jitney.
I. I see.
N. You could rent them for a nickel, a dime, all depends where
you were going.
I. As far as your parents go, did they continue to speak
Italian in the home or did they learn English?
N. They learned English but in the home I think most of the
time families, I learned Italian in the home, I speak
Italian, but I learned it in the house, never in school.
I. From your parents.
N. Well, my grandma lived with us, she was the cook and if I
wanted to eat I had to talk Italian. Very simple!
I. Did your parents ever to go Americanization classes or
citizenship classes?
N. My mother went to school.
I. In this country?
N. In the Third Ward School. When she got her she must have
been maybe 10 or 11. I think she was 10. And her and my
aunt did go to school for awhile anyway. And then she
worked as a seamstress until we opened the small business
and then she helped my grandfather and they took turns
running, because the store stayed open until almost 12
o'clock at night. Because as long as the trains kept going
they stayed open.
I. Right. Do you know how far your mom went in school?
11
N. That I really don't remember.
I. But she did attend school in the old Third Ward and then she
worked as a seamstress.
N. For a year or two.
I. And do you know who she worked for?
N. No.
I. Ok. And then she started working in your grandfather's
store. Did she continue doing that after she married your
father?
N. Yes. Well, my dad also helped, the store was owned by my
grandfather and my dad, my dad worked out though.
I. I see. Alright.
N. All businesses were more or less family owned.
I. Mom and pop, right?
N. Mom and pop, brother and sister, anybody.
I. Yes. So your mother then just continued working, after she
had you and your sister as well?
N. Well, yeah, but then of course at six and a half we moved,
and then mother never worked again.
I. I see, ok. Now, when you moved out of the old Third Ward
you said you moved to the North Side?
N. North Side.
I. Ok. And what led your father to that move?
N. Well, my dad was working steady, my grandfather's health was
starting to fail, so the whole family decided. My aunt had
12
gotten married in the meantime, my sister was born, my
cousin was born. So the two, my uncle and my dad got
together and they bought a large home where we all lived for
a period of maybe about almost eight or nine years. And
then by that time they had accumulated enough interest in
the home that they sold it and then they each went and
bought their own. They worked from the bottom up.
I. One step at a time. Where did they buy this house? Do you
remember the address?
N. 824 North Booth Street. That's the old numbers.
I. Alright, but that's what it was •••
N. Just off of Booth and North, on Booth between North and
Meinicke.
I. And this was in the 1920s? Late 1920s or so?
N. Well, no, earlier, maybe 1922.·
I. Early 1920s you moved out. Then did you and your sister
continue school on the North Side?
N. We went to school on the North Side.
I. What school did you go to there? Do you remember?
N. In those days they had a school that you would go to second,
third and fourth grade, then you'd go to another school
fifth, sixth and seventh and eighth grade and then you would
go to high school. So you just kept jumping from one little
school to another. So I went to Weil Street School, North
Pierce Street School, and I ended up graduating from St.
13
Paul's. So I, in fact, I even went to st. Casimir's for
•
about two weeks. I was working up the line.
I. Right, ok. Now, is your dad still working as an artisan all
of these years?
N. All of these years and then finally he started his own
business, Modern Art Company.
I. The Modern Art Company.
N. Which I still have.
I. Alright. Now, tell me a little bit about that company.
N. We went into making art work in plaster, figurines, wall
plaques and things like that. And so my dad had that
business. Well, the Modern Art Company is around 50 years
old.
I. And where is the business located?
N. Well, right now I just got through selling the building and
my business is with a friend of mine. I'm semi-retired and
I'm just playing with it as a hobby. But we started on
Third between Brown and Lloyd, across from Niss Furniture.
And built another addition to it and then when I bought the
business from my dad and he retired then I moved to 24th and
Lisbon and I sold the building about three years. ago.
I. · I see. Now, did your father continue working in churches?
N. Well he worked in churches until he started, and he went
into business with Mr. Angeli which has, his son has a
business that I'm now in with, I mean I use his shop, and
they were partners for awhile, then they separated and each
14
started their own small business. The people from Tuscany
all want to own their own business.
I. Very entrepreneurial, right?
N. That's right. They had to start something.
I. Are there many Italian immigrants here from Tuscany?
N. Well there were quite a few. Now mostly their offspring are
left and they sort of moved all over but at one time we had
an Italian society called the Toscana which I'm still the
president of. We have an amazing amount of 6 members still
alive. But at one time we must have had 30-40. And you had
to be from Tuscany to belong. Or you had to marry a Tuscany
girl, then you were allowed. So there must have been at
least 40-50 families from Tuscany.
I. And about what year was this?
N. The society starts, in fact, I think it's the oldest Italian
society in the state of Wisconsin. It started around 1910
or 1912, something like that. And it started for the simple
reason that the Italians did not have insurance and this was
a form of small society that if someone got sick they gave
them a dollar a day and maybe 7 a day because there
was no where to go but to your friends or society. That was
it.
15
I. There must not have been too many Tuscans living in the old
Third Ward, right?
N. No. The only ones I know were the Pucinellis and there were
the Andreatis and, let's see who else. I can't remember the
other person's name.
I. There were a few but not too many?
N. Yeah, there weren't too many, oh, the Tortis.
I. What about other than Sicilians? Were Sicilians the
predominant Italian group?
N. Yeah, the southern part of Italy, not only just Sicilians
but anywhere from Rome, south of Rome, seemed to get close
to the Third Ward. That's where they started from. Then
they kept moving up to Brady Street and in through there.
The northern Italians like the people from Venice and things
like that, they congregated more into the South Side, Bay
View and that, you'll still find, all out there.
I. So, there are northern Italians who settled in this area. I
didn't realize that.
N. And way up along the Austrian border and that. Most of them
started out, they started living in Bay View and they're
still out there. There are still Italian stores out there
and restaurants and taverns and that, that are Italian.
I. Now, tell me, you married an Italian woman?
N. Right.
I. You did. Was she an immigrant or the daughter of
immigrants?
16
N. Daughter.
I. The daughter of immigrants. And where did her family
immigrate from?
N. They immigrated from Venice and they moved to Iowa.
I. No kidding!
N. They went to Iowa. Her dad was a miner and they moved there
and, unfortunately, he died after, he must have been here
about four or five years and he passed away. Then my
mother-in-law moved to Chicago with the three children and
she had a boarding house. People from Venice and northern
Italy, they were boarders in her home when they first came
here. And then she eventually got remarried and then they
moved to Milwaukee. And the northern people are mostly your
terrazzo workers, tile setters and things like that. Each
section of the country seems to specialize in something.
I. Right. So, your mother-in-law supported her three children
more or less from taking in boarders?
N. That's right.
I. But then she remarried?
N. Then she remarried and then they moved here.
I. They moved to Milwaukee and that's when you met your wife.
And what year did you marry her?
N. 1941.
I. And what is her name?
N. Ida.
I. And what was her maiden name?
17
N. Chenet.
I. That's an unusual sounding name.
N. It's a French name but they're living very close to the
border.
I. Ok. That explains it. Did you and Ida have children?
N. One.
I .. One c
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Oral History Interview with Anthony Guardalabene, March 9, 1991
No full textAnthony Guardalabene, born in 1919, is the son of Giovanni Battista and Angela Bellante who emigrated from Sicily to Milwaukee in 1897-98. In his interview Anthony discusses his schools days in the Third Ward, his attendance at Lincoln High, and the strong sense of community that was present amongst the Italians in the Third Ward. He also details the family’s business, Guardalabene Funeral Home, which his father started in 1915 and Tony took over after serving in World War II.AN ORAL HI STORY
OF
THE ITALIANS IN MILWAUKEE
May, 19 91
Subject: Anthony Guardalabene
LAWRENCE BALDASSARO
DIANE VECCHIO
Department of French and Italian
College of Letters and Science
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Funded in part by the Wisconsin Humanities Committee
and
The State of Wisconsin
The narrator is Tony Guardalabene. The interview is taking
place at the Italian Community Center of Milwaukee on
March 9, 1991. The interviewer is Diane Vecchio.
Interviewer.
Narrator.
Tony, tell me about your parents and their lives
in Italy before coming to this county.
My dad and mother were both born in Sicily, my
mother in Sant'Elia and my dad in Porticello. My
dad in Porticello, his trade over there was a
barber and my mother came to this country, her
name was Angela Bellante and she came here in 1897
and my dad one year later, 1898, and came directly
to Milwaukee.
I. Now, your mother came first you said.
N. My mother came first, right.
I. And they were already married?
N. No, they were not married.
I. How did she happen to come here first, then?
N. My uncle, Tony Bellante, was already here and I think he
came about the same time that Tom's father came here, in
about the same period of time and that's how my mother came
here and my grandmother.
I. Called for her. And then your father came over the next
year.
N. The following year my dad arrived here in Milwaukee.
I. And what was the connection bringing him here? Was there
somebody calling for him?
N. Probably so. I don't know exactly but I'm sure that he came
here because of letters that friends of his wrote telling
him to come here and telling him of the opportunities, and
so forth.
I. Very common.
N. And then once he came here he did open up a barber shop in
the Third Ward and then later on, I should go back a little
further, because when he first came he got a job with the
railroad and wound up working up in Hancock, Michigan. And
then to make extra money on the side he would cut hair.
With the money that he made up there he came back to
Milwaukee, opened up the barber shop, but at the same time
he had purchased some horses that did work for the County
and so from there. And then back in 1915 he started the
funeral business, so we've been in the business since i915.
I. When did he meet your mother?
N. Oh, shortly after he arrived in Milwaukee. He saw this lady
and fell in love with her and he married her.
I. And they were both living in the Third Ward?
N. Both living in the Third Ward.
I. When your mother was here as a young woman before she
married your dad, did she work at all?
N. No, she didn't.
I. She did not. When your father and mother got married did
your mother ever work outside of the home?
N. No.
2
I. After they married they also settled in the Third Ward.
N. That is correct, yes.
I. Did they, for instance, board or rent from other people
before, while they were saving money for their own home? Do
you know about that?
N. No. I think they were renting or had their own home. I
don't recall. I know my dad had his home, but my mother I
don't know. My uncle Tony Bellante worked for the City. He
was a supervisor in the garbage collection department at the
time and had a few people that he had working under him.
Then after that he went into the banking business and he was
president of the Columbia Bank. And that went haywire
during the days of the Depression.
I. What year were you born, Tony?
N. 1919.
I. So, your youth was spent in the old Third Ward.
N. That is correct.
I. You went to schools down there.
N. Andrew Jackson.
I. Andrew Jackson School, ok.
N. And from there to Lincoln High School.
I. And I imagine that most of your classmates must also have
been Italian.
N. All of them were.
3
I. All of them! Were any of your teachers able to speak
Italian, or they just spoke English and expected that all
these little kids would learn how to?
N. Yes. I don't recall, except at Lincoln High School we had 1
or two Italian teachers. That's all I could recall right
now offhand.
I. Right. Do you recall working with any of the nuns who were
sent here from Italy? Do you remember any of them?
N. Sure, I recall when they first came to this county. They
lived right next door to the Pompeii Church and we lived
just around the corner. We could see their back yard from
our back yard.
I. Is that right? Do you remember Sister Dio Mira or Sister
Crucifix?
N. Very well.
I. Do you really? What can you tell me about them?
N. They're lovely, beautiful people, they really are. You
can't say anything but good about them. They're saints,
they really are.
I. And they came here to work with the Italian families?
N. When they first got here in 1932, why the home that they
were occupying, they didn't even have any beds. They just
slept right on the floor on mattresses.
I. Did the Italian people try to help them?
N. Oh, all the Italian people did. The nuns of St. Joan Antida
are held in high esteem.
4
I.
N.
Are they? By the Italian people here?
Definitely so.
I. That's great! Going back to your education, as a young
schoolboy, what kinds of things did you and your friends do
in the old Third Ward when you were growing up? What kinds
of activities, social activities, sports, did you
participate in?
N. Well, we played a lot of basketball, softball, tag football.
So we were involved with sports all the time because that
was the only thing, the best thing that we could have done
at that time. We made up our own games and we never had any
fancy ice skates or roller skates. We had worn out
baseballs and so forth. But we all managed.
I. Your parents obviously spoke_ Italian in the horne and so you
grew up learning to speak Italian as well.
N. That is correct, yes.
I. So most of your friends probably were bilingual. Most of
these kids learned Italian in the horne and learned English
or spoke English because it's your native language.
N. That'S correct.
I. Did your parents also encourage you to stay in school and
graduate from high school? Was education valued by them, do
you think?
N. Yes it was. It certainly was. And they tried to do
whatever they could to keep us going to school and we never
faltered in our education.
5
I. So your dad goes into the funeral business in what year?
•
N. 1915.
I. And was that business located in the Third Ward?
N. It ·was in the Third Ward, driginally in the Third Ward.
I. And it was called the Guardalabene Funeral Home?
N. That is correct.
I. And I would assume that most of his clients were Italian.
N. That's right.
I. That's a strange word to use. So you must have had a lot of
dealings with Italian families for years then.
N. All my life.
I. All your life. How did you get interested in the business?
N. After I graduated high school then I went to Marquette for a
year and I guess that must have been the time when my dad
asked me, see I was the last one, but he asked me to get
into the business, which I did. And I went to mortuary
school, graduated there in 1940, got my license in 1941
because I had to wait until I was 21 in order to take my
State Board exams. Then right after that into service.
Like Tom [Busalacchi], we were there for about 4 years each.
We came back, worked there ~ull time ever since.
I. Now, I forgot to ask you about siblings. Did you have
brothers and sisters also?
N. Yes. There were eight in our family, four boys and four
girls.
I. But you were the only one to follow in the family business?
6
N. Right.
I. What do your brothers and sisters do?
N. My oldest brother was a doctor, an M.D., and 2 other
brothers had taverns and then went to work at the brewery
and then I of course into the mortuary, funeral business.
I. So you've been with the business since, what year did you
say you entered the business?
N. Well, I entered into the business, I got licensed in 1941,
but prior to that I used to help my father because at that
time most of the funerals were in the homes. It isn't like
today. Things were much tougher, harder.
I. Oh, I bet. So, when did you move from taking care of people
in the home to a regular funeral parlor?
N. It was probably back in the mid 30s, I guess.
I. Mid 30s. What was it like to be in charge of a mortuary
business when you had to deal with people in their homes?
It must have been very difficult.
N. It was difficult in that you had to bring everything into
the homes such as chairs, the ferns that went around the
casket, the Catholic equipment, everything else. It was
tough.
I. If it's possible, tell me a little bit about your
experiences dealing with these Italian people during periods
of grief. I mean, you really are dealing with people at ...
N. At a very difficult time.
7
I. Yes, at the most emotional time of their lives. What is it
like for you?
N. It's not easy, that I guarantee you, and knowing the people
themselves you're part of them. It isn't that they're total
strangers. They're not. None of our people have ever been
strangers and consequently we've always been right in there
with them. When they grieved and hurt, we grieved and hurt
also with them. That's how close we were.
I. Your history goes back a long time with these people.
N. That's right. From childhood. So, it isn't that you
can ••• , until today when we see each other, we're just like
brothers and sisters. We hug and we kiss each other and we
have a lot of respect for each other. As it should be.
I. That's right. Now, when did you get married?
N. I got married in January, 1947.
I. Did you marry a woman who was from an Italian family?
N. No. She's German.
I. She's German. One of Milwaukee's Germans?
N. One of Milwaukee's Germans.
I. And you had children?
N. Three sons.
I. Di~ any of them follow in the family business?
N. Yes, my son, James. Jimmy.
I. So you've got one son. And will he take over the business
then someday.
8
N. Well, hopefully. See I sold off my business back in 1979
and joined with the Schmidt-Bartelt Funeral Home and so my
son now is working with them and helping them out. So
that's it.
I. Now you were both talking about this effort to recreate the
camaraderie with the people from the old Third Ward. And
you see this as more or less the springboard for the growth
of the Italian Community Center.
N. That's right.
I. Do you feel that the destruction of the old Third Ward added
to the desire for people to create something like this?
N. I believe so.
I. Yes?
N. I believe so, because people started to scatter through
different parts of Milwaukee County, some even into Waukesha
County, and so some of the fellas always spoke about getting
together and having us get together, so consequently we
called it the Third Ward Reunion. And from there, we
started in late 1969 but our first reunion was in September
of 1970 and it was held at the old Knights of Columbus (on
14th and Wisconsin). I don!t recall what branch of the
Knights of Columbus, but anyway, when you get 700 and more
fellas together. And we even had people that came from out
of state, California, New Jersey, Michigan. Some came from
Texas. When they heard about it they wanted to be part of
it. And the same thing happened when we had the other 2
9
reunions. They wanted to be part of it and they came here.
(We charged 15 a couple;
the third one was 100 just
to be together.
I. What are your fondest memories of the old Third Ward?
N. My fondest memories of growing up in the Third Ward was the
fact that we were one. We weren't separated. When we saw
each other again we were collectively one.
I. A real community of people.
N. Those are my most beautiful memories, the friendship that
you made which is everlasting. We used to tell our children
about these things, and they thought we were telling them
stories. Until they saw what we were talking about, they
saw it in front of them. It did me a lot of good just to
see that my children did understand how close we were.
I. Right. Do you think it's because the old Third Ward was so
predominantly inhabited by Italians who lived one after
another, they were so closely intermingled and - they
recreated ...
N. Because we all helped each other.
I. You helped each other.
N. Yes, right.
I. How did you help each other? In what way?
10
N. Well, first of all if someone needed some help, if a mother
gave birth then you had these other people who would come to
the house and who would do the washing, who would do the
cooking, you know, helped each other. Ways of that type.
We were wealthy people down in the Third Ward, not
monetarily but rich in everything else, friendship, respect,
love, and all that. Because our parents taught us many
things, responsibility, love, honor, all those fine things.
I. All those solid values.
N. That's what they taught us. That's how we all grew up.
I. Were things like baptisms and first communions big
celebrations among the Italian people?
N. Yes.
I. What would a first communion be like? The church kind of
held the people together. Would an Italian family have a
big party following a first communion or a baptism?
N. Yes.
I. Did they?
N. Sure. At home. It all depends on the person, sometimes
they would rent a hall.
I. Oh, really?
N. And invite differ~nt friends over, or everyone, come on
over, open house. (Years ago weddings were two days; when
we were kids, they were two day affairs).
I. Wow! What's the greatest strength of the Italian community
today in Milwaukee?
11
N. Today?
I. What's their greatest strength do you think?
N. I think the greatest strength we have going for us right
today is just those that grew up in the Third Ward that are
still living. Those are the ones that are really holding
things together. The children do not seem to participate as
they should.
I. Really? Do you think that the children of your generation
have lost a strong identification with their Italian
background?
N. Well, possibly. We've spread out, intermarriages
(intermarriage had a lot to do with it). From the Third
Ward we went to Fox Point, we went to Wauwatosa, places like
that, you know. (People from that generation are Italian in
name only, they don't know nothing about themselves.) What
you're doing is fine, I mean, in that you could give sort of
a history of really what is taking place in the Italian
community today.
I. Yeah. Well, it seems to me at least from my view as an
outsider that the Italian Community Center more or less
attests to the fact that there is a strong desire among the
Italians in this city to never forget their roots and
continue this camaraderie and all of the things that bring
Italians together .
N. Years ago this was part of what our parents wanted was to
keep things together. They had the Casa Colombo (they had
12
Italian societies). Each group, that's why collectively
•
they had the Casa Colombo, made up of the different
societies. That was their intent - also to build something
like we· have today. Probably not as grandiose as this is,
·but at least they were looking forward in that direction.
So, with each generation growing up they were all looking
forward to building an Italian Community Center. It just
didn't start with us. It started with our parents many
years ago.
I. And it's finally reached fruition with your generation.
N. That's true. But, like you said, maybe it was the knocking
down of the old Pompeii Church.
I. That led to something good in the end! Anything else that
you'd like to say, Tony?
N. No, that's, one great thing about the Italian people in this
community is that those that had problems or were in
trouble, that was less than half of 1 ~ 0. And that's what's
going for us, because we had what I call the first
generation we might call the second generation, but the fact
is that we had, of our first generation, we made tremendous
strides in that we had lawyers, dentists, doctors, teachers,
engineers, presidents of different companies, vice
presidents of different companies in Milwaukee, that people
are still living. And so we won't take a back seat to no
one.
13
I. That's I think what's impressed me most is that the Italians
in Milwaukee have been very successful, not just
economically but, educationally, status, they have really
achieved. It seems to me that the Italians in Milwaukee
have really been successful. Great! Thanks a lot.
N. You're welcome.
[Pause .•• Tony wanted to mention his parents' names.]
N. Well my dad's name was Giovanni Battista, John the Baptist.
And of course, I had told you my mother's, her name was
Angela Bellante.
1
United States 2014
No full textManuscript map; watercolor paint on watercolor paper.; Includes text and illustrations of animal and mythical creatures whose existence has not been proven.; "VANTH 2014" -- lower left sheet
Morris Fromkin Memorial Lecture, 2014: Poster, ""Preparing for the great incarceration :the criminalization of African American youth 1940-1970""
No full textColor
Slovenia and Croatia 2014
No full text4th edition.Road maps with tourist features.;
Relief shown by gradient tints and spot heights. Depths shown by gradient tints.;
Also covers Dalmatia and Istria (regions of Croatia).;
Titles from panels.;
At head of panel titles: International Travel Maps.;
Croatian Coast map oriented with north toward the upper left.;
"© ITMB Publishing. 2014.";
The Croatian Coast map is printed in northwestern/southeastern segments.;
Includes notes, indexes of places, 2 title panels, and color illustrations.;
Insets: Ljubljana [city center] -- [Northeastern Slovenia] -- [Biševo and Svetac islands vicinity].;[Republic of Slovenia] -- Croatian Coast.;Color;1:225,000 (E 13°22ʹ--E 15°56ʹ/N 46°43ʹ--N 45°21ʹ).;
1:325,000 (E 13°12ʹ--E 18°38ʹ/N 46°08ʹ--N 43°13ʹ).
Brazil 2014
No full textIncludes text and illustrations.The map, developed jointly with WHRC/EDF/COICA, presents for the first time quantitative information on the amount of above-ground carbon contained within the indigenous territories and protected natural areas of the Amazon region; a topic that had previously only been assessed in qualitative terms. The recorded amount has global significance and is comparable to the carbon stocks found in the tropical regions of Africa and Asia.Color;1:5,000,00