Interpersona (E-Journal - PsychOpen)
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Victims’ Reactions to the Interpersonal Threat to Public Identity Posed by Copycats
No full textInterpersonal threats to public identity consist of situations where another person intentionally attempts to illegitimately undermine one’s ability to display a valued and distinctive public identity. In three studies, we examined victims’ reactions to copycatting as an interpersonal threat to public identity to test each component of this definition. In Study, participants expressed the greatest degree of anger when the copying was illegitimate and intentional. In Study 2, participants expressed a greater degree of anger to copying of an important (vs. unimportant) characteristic. In Study 3, we manipulated the number of identity characteristics copied. A structural model showed that as the number of copied characteristics increased, participants’ perception of the situation as illegitimate and the copying as intentional predicted a threat to one’s freedom, which in turn predicted felt reactance predicting an unfavorable impression and a desire to confront the copycat. Together, the results support the definition of interpersonal threats to public identity and copycatting as such a situation
New Perspectives on Emotional Contagion: A Review of Classic and Recent Research on Facial Mimicry and Contagion
No full textRecently, scholars from a wide variety of disciplines, using a variety of scientific techniques, have begun to study the influence of attention, facial mimicry, and social context on emotional contagion. In this paper we will review the classic evidence documenting the role of attention, facial mimicry, and feedback in sparking primitive emotional contagion. Then we will discuss the new evidence which scholars have amassed to help us better understand the role of facial mimicry in fostering contagion and the ability to “read” others’ thoughts, feelings, and emotions. Finally, we will briefly speculate as to where future research might be headed
"God of Small Things": Service Interaction's Roots in Regulatory Focus and Affectivity
No full textWe link regulatory focus, positive and negative affective states, and service behaviors to suggest that, salespersons' service interactions depend on their motivation (promotion- or prevention-focused) and their emotional responses during the service encounter. Based on in-depth interviews with salespeople, a questionnaire applying the concepts of 'skeleton' (the core of exchange relations) and 'tissue' (informal social behaviors) was administered to 90 salespeople in apparel stores. Results supported our main assumption that salespeople interact with customers based on their regulatory focus (Promotion and Prevention) and affectivity (PA and NA). Promotion focus was positively related to positive tissue behaviors (i.e., extra-role behaviors) and to positive affect (PA) and negatively related to negative affect (NA). Promotion-focused salespeople are more likely to demonstrate PA and high-quality service performance by adopting extra-role (tissue) behaviors. PA and NA fully mediated the relationship between promotion focus and positive tissue behaviors I. Prevention focus was found to be positively correlated with skeleton behaviors (i.e., core behaviors) and NA. No relationship was found between prevention focus and PA
Intragroup Socialization for Adult Korean Adoptees: A Multigroup Analysis
No full textThe purpose of the current study was to test a model of socialization among a sample of adult Korean adoptees. Based on the tenants of homophily and social identity theory, it was hypothesized that participants’ early racial and ethnic socialization experiences would account for their current intragroup friendships as adults, and that this relationship would be mediated by early intragroup contact and moderated by early ethnic identity status. The two ethnic and racial socialization variables (i.e., ethnic heritage activities and racial in-exposure) significantly accounted for participants’ relationships with other Korean adoptees and nonadopted Koreans, and the effects were partially explained by early intragroup contact. Results of multigroup testing indicated the proposed socialization model was non-invariant across groups, such that the effects of ethnic heritage activities on intragroup contact and the effect of racial in-exposure on friendships with Korean adoptees were significantly different based on early ethnic identity status
A Social Withdrawal Component in Schutz’s FIRO Model of Interpersonal Personality: Social Engagement, Control and Social Withdrawal
No full textRecent structural analyses of the widely used FIRO-B interpersonal personality measure identify a two dimensional model (Control and Social-Affect) rather than Schutz’s three dimensions of Control, Openness and Inclusion. The present study re-examined the FIRO model across the 54 individual items as reported by 89 adults. The results support a modified FIRO model of interpersonal personality in which Inclusion and Openness are part of the same substantive domain (Social Engagement), distinct from Control, but reflect different Generative and Accepted Modes of interaction. Importantly, however the analysis (SSA-I) reveals a subset of Schutz’s original Openness items that capture a third substantive component of the interpersonal domain, Social Withdrawal. This negative interpersonal tendency has not been identified previously within the FIRO or other interpersonal personality models
Playing Moderately Hard to Get
No full textIn two studies, we examined the effect of different degrees of attraction reciprocation on ratings of attraction toward a potential romantic partner. Undergraduate college student participants imagined a potential romantic partner who reciprocated a low (reciprocating attraction one day a week), moderate (reciprocating attraction three days a week), high (reciprocating attraction five days a week), or unspecified degree of attraction (no mention of reciprocation). Participants then rated their degree of attraction toward the potential partner. The results of Study 1 provided only partial support for Brehm’s emotion intensity theory. However, after revising the high reciprocation condition vignette in Study 2, supporting Brehm’s emotion intensity theory, results show that a potential partners’ display of reciprocation of attraction acted as a deterrent to participants’ intensity of experienced attraction to the potential partner. The results support the notion that playing moderately hard to get elicits more intense feelings of attraction from potential suitors than playing too easy or too hard to get. Discussion of previous research examining playing hard to get is also re-examined through an emotion intensity theory theoretical lens
A New Era of Courtship
No full textThe central purpose of this study was to determine whether a single interpersonal communication event could influence perceptions of physical attractiveness in a dating environment. A total of 104 undergraduate students at a large United States university engaged in speed-dating in order to examine the effects of both positive communication and negative communication. Speed-dating was incorporated into the present research because this round-robin method of dating offered an efficient means for investigating attraction and analyzing the effects of a single conversation. It was upon arrival at the event that participants completed a pre-test measure, engaged in a series of three minute speed-dates, and then completed a post-test measure. Results produced evidence of an interaction. Perceptions of physical attractiveness increased from pre-test to post-test in the positive communication condition while perceptions of physical attractiveness decreased from pre-test to post-test in the negative communication condition. Additional findings illustrated that three minutes of non-neutral social interaction had differing effects on women and men. One of the central conclusions from the present research was that females can strategically use interpersonal communication as a tool for enhancing their physical appearance. The results from this study also yielded practical implications that are relevant to casual dating as well as theoretical implications that are germane to communication theory
Parasocial Romance: A Social Exchange Perspective
No full textParasocial relationships are one-sided relationships that people hold with media figures. Although it has been previously demonstrated that people often feel strong friendships with people that they have never met, parasocial romantic attachments have not been well-studied. In the current study, we examined reasons why people form parasocial romances from a social exchange perspective by surveying participants on perceived costs and benefits of both real-life and parasocial romantic relationships (PSROMs), and on the strength of their PSROMs. We found that participants who reported stronger PSROMs also reported greater perceived benefits (relative to costs) of PSROMs, and that these benefits are surprisingly similar to those received from real-life relationships (RLRs). The results suggest that parasocial relationships are formed for similar reasons as real-life relationships, but that there are some unique costs associated with PSROMs. This research helps to explain why people form romantic attachments with media characters
When a Small Thing Means so Much: Nonverbal Cues as Turning Points in Relationships
No full textThis paper investigates reports of transformative nonverbal behaviors: cues that act as important interactional triggers for a change in or between people in a relationship. To explore such behaviors, we asked participants to report on any situation in which they recalled one or more nonverbal cues that they or others used and that changed something for them. The most commonly reported nonverbal cues that instigated transformation were facial expressions, eye behavior, touch, and the use of personal space. Vocal cues (particularly silence), gestures and other kinesic cues (e.g., walking away), use of time, and attire were also mentioned. Using the constant comparative approach, we found four large categories of changes the participants reported as resulting from these nonverbal cues and provide examples of these change types from our data corpus. We labeled these “relational,” “perceptual,” “affective,” and “behavior”. Our analyses revealed that judgments of the behavior/event’s valence correlated positively with judgments of their relationship, the other person, and themselves, suggesting that the affective judgment of a nonverbal turning point event may have strong implications for other important judgments. Vocal cues seemed to be involved in events that were labeled more negatively, and touch was a cue in events labeled more positively. Finally, eye behaviors were consistently a part of events that were reported to result in changes in perception
Violencia y Maltrato en las Ecologías Relacionales: Hacia una Epistemología de la Corresponsabilidad
No full textThis article is about family violence. Firstly, it synthesizes the panoramic vision of hegemonic explicative models, classified as psychological and sociological. It also contrasts, exposes and exalts the merits of the so-called Ecological Approach of Domestic Violence defended by Donald Dutton, and tries to show that such a framework of ideas requires the exploration of a relational epistemology that transcends the classical purpose of the reductionist proposals (obsessed with the pursuit of an ultimate cause). The ecological perspective is encouraged to exercise no-linear ways of thinking, but the combination of various existing theories, under the premise that violence is a complex and multicausal phenomenon, and therefore more suitable for pluritheoretical treatment than for disciplinary monopoly.Este artículo se inscribe en el abordaje del tema de la violencia familiar, contribuyendo primeramente al recuento panorámico de los modelos explicativos hegemónicos, clasificados como psicologizantes y sociologizantes. Asimismo contrasta, expone y destaca las bondades del denominado Enfoque Ecológico de la Violencia Doméstica propuesto por Donald Dutton, e intenta mostrar que tal marco de ideas exige la exploración de una epistemología relacional que trasciende el clásico propósito de las propuestas reduccionistas (obsesionadas con la búsqueda de una causa última de la violencia). Desde la perspectiva ecosistémica se exhorta al ejercicio de formas de pensamiento no exclusivamente lineales, y a la combinación de las diversas teorías existentes bajo la premisa de que se trata de un fenómeno complejo y multicausal, y por lo tanto más apto para el tratamiento pluriteórico que para su monopolización disciplinar