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White Rural Men and Guns: Testing an Integrated Coping Model for Protective Gun Ownership with Stress Appraisal Theories
No full textDespite the consistently high rates of gun-related deaths in the United States, there continue to be major gaps in research of the antecedents to gun violence. Thus far, gun ownership and gun access have been identified as important proximal predictors for gun violence. Notably, affluent White rural men is the demographic that has the highest rates of gun ownership in the United States. However, few studies have specifically examined reasons and motivations for gun ownership and gun behaviors in this population. One theory, the Coping Model of Protective Gun Ownership, postulates that individuals utilize guns for protection when their distrust in institutions and beliefs in a dangerous world impact basic psychological needs. However, this theory does not incorporate appraisals of threat which are necessitated according to decades of stress and coping theory and research. Therefore, this study sought to examine the relationship between stress variables, namely masculine gender role stress and financial stress, and gun beliefs and behaviors and whether this relationship would be moderated by appraisals of threat and adverse childhood experiences in a sample of rural White men. Results indicated that financial stress was negatively correlated with two of the three gun attitude measures (i.e., gun presence and safety), and masculine gender role stress was only significantly associated with social perceptions of guns and safety. The model which included the safety measure explained 44.4% of the variance in gun behaviors (i.e., gun carrying, amount of guns owned, and unsafe storage practices). These results suggest that the belief that guns keep a person safe is an important variable in understanding gun behaviors among affluent White rural men. Future research should assess reasons why affluent White rural men find it important to maintain their safety in the context of gun ownership
US-Born, Latine Parenting Practices: Ethnic-Racial Socialization During the First Four Years of Life
No full textResearch in the field of ethnic-racial socialization (ERS) has been mostly restricted to investigations of African American, school-aged or older participants. More recent investigations have found that ERS practices are distinct in other ethnic-racial groups; however, there is insufficient information regarding how US-born Latine parents transmit values with respect to ethnicity, race, and culture to their very young children. The purpose of this study was to better understand the beliefs of 29 US-born Latine parents and how they prioritize ERS components in their parenting practices with their children during the first four years of life. Research questions were as follows: (1) Which ERS components do US-born Latine parents perceive as more important to transmit to their children aged 0-4?; (2) Which ERS components do US-born Latine parents perceive as less important to transmit to their children aged 0-4?; (3) What rationale do parents provide about why they ranked specific ERS components as more or less important to transmit to their children aged 0-4?; (4) If at all, what demographic factors are related to US-born Latine parents\u27 beliefs regarding the importance of transmitting specific ERS components to their children aged 0-4 years old, as captured through factor membership?; and (5) What are the overall thoughts held by parents regarding the importance of transmitting ERS messages to Latine children during the first four years of life? Data analyses revealed a two-factor model in which two groups of parents held distinct perspectives regarding ERS component importance; the preparation for bias component produced the greatest difference in opinion. Only one demographic characteristic (i.e., language parent uses with child) was associated with factor group membership. Participant rationale behind Q-sort rankings, overall thoughts regarding the importance of ERS during the first four years of life, limitations of study design, avenues for future research, and clinical implications are summarized
Geodesic complexity of a cube
No full textThe topological (resp. geodesic) complexity of a topological (resp. metric)
space is roughly the smallest number of continuous rules required to choose
paths (resp. shortest paths) between any points of the space. We prove that the
geodesic complexity of a cube exceeds its topological complexity by exactly 2.
The proof involves a careful analysis of cut loci of the cube
Can central banks be heard over the sound of gunfire?
No full textIn this study, we examined the effectiveness of central bank communications during times of significant adverse shocks. Specifically, we examined how the National Bank of Ukraine (NBU) regulated foreign exchange (FX) markets during the Russo‐Ukrainian War in 2022. Data collected from both the black and authorized FX markets suggested that the content of the NBU\u27s announcements significantly impacted FX market agents. Announcements aimed at maintaining a fixed (floating) FX rate prompted an increase (decrease) in the black market premium in cash transactions. Moreover, the NBU\u27s announcements influenced the sale side of foreign currency more than any other aspect, an area where the black market FX traders held near monopolistic power
Investigating the Impact of an Exsolved H <sub>2</sub> O‐CO <sub>2</sub> Phase on Magma Chamber Growth and Longevity
No full textMagmatic volatiles drive pressure, temperature, and compositional changes in upper crustal magma chambers and alter the physical properties of stored magmas. Previous studies suggest that magmatic H 2 O content influences the growth and longevity of silicic chambers through regulating the size and frequency of eruptions and impacting the crystallinity‐temperature curve. However, there has been comparatively little exploration of how CO 2 impacts the evolution of magma chambers despite the strong influence of CO 2 on H 2 O solubility and the high concentrations of CO 2 often present in mafic systems. In this study, we integrate the thermodynamic effects of dissolved and exsolved H 2 O and CO 2 with the mechanics of open‐system magma chambers that interact thermally and mechanically with the crust. We applied this model to investigate how intrinsic variations in magmatic H 2 O‐CO 2 content influence the growth and longevity of silicic and mafic magma chambers. Our findings indicate that even with a tenfold increase in CO 2 content (up to 10,000 ppm), CO 2 plays a minimal role in long‐term chamber growth and longevity. While CO 2 content affects the magma compressibility, the resulting changes in eruption mass are balanced out by a commensurate change in eruption frequency so that the time‐averaged eruptive flux and long‐term chamber behavior remain similar. In contrast, H 2 O content strongly influences chamber growth and longevity. In silicic systems, high H 2 O contents hinder magma chamber growth by increasing the total eruptive flux and steepening the slope of the crystallinity‐temperature curve. In mafic systems, high H 2 O contents promote magma chamber growth by flattening the slope of the crystallinity‐temperature curve. , Plain Language Summary Water and carbon dioxide play an important role in the size and frequency of volcanic eruptions. They are also important in determining how much magma chambers can grow and for how long they can remain eruptible. Here, we present computer simulations that allow us to study the feedback between thermodynamic (heat and chemistry related) and mechanical (pressure build‐up and loss related) processes in magma chambers with different amounts of carbon dioxide and water and different magma compositions to understand how magma chambers grow. The outputs of these simulations track how temperature, pressure, volume, and the proportion of crystals, melt, and gas in the magma chamber change over time. Through these outputs, we found that carbon dioxide has minimal impact on how much magma chambers grow and how long‐lived they are. In contrast, we learned that water has a strong impact on how long‐lived magma chambers are and how much they grow. The way water impacts growth and lifespan of chambers is different depending on whether the magma composition is rhyolitic or basaltic. Higher amounts of water cause rhyolitic magma chambers to be shorter‐lived and grow less. In basaltic magma chambers, higher water causes them to be longer‐lived and grow more. , Key Points Magma chamber model couples thermodynamic effects of H 2 O and CO 2 to thermo‐mechanical processes for chamber growth, eruption, and longevity CO 2 modulates eruption frequency and size but has minimal impact on the eruptibility, longevity, and growth of shallow magma chambers H 2 O‐rich silicic chambers can erupt more mass than mafic chambers due to feedback between syneruptive decompression and H 2 O solubilit
The Role of On‐ and Off‐Axis Faults and Fissures During Eruption Cycles and Crustal Accretion at 9°50′N, East Pacific Rise
No full textFissures and faults provide insight into how plate separation is accommodated by magmatism and brittle deformation during crustal accretion. Although fissure and fault geometry can be used to quantify the spreading process at mid‐ocean ridges, accurate measurements are rare due to insufficiently detailed mapping data. Here, fissures and faults at the fast‐spreading 9°50′N segment of the East Pacific Rise were mapped using bathymetric data collected at 1‐m horizontal resolution by autonomous underwater vehicle Sentry . Fault dip estimates from the bathymetric data were calibrated using co‐registered near‐bottom imagery and depth transects acquired by remotely operated vehicle Jason . Fissures are classified as either eruptive or non‐eruptive (i.e., cracks). Tectonic strain estimated from corrected fault heaves suggests that faulting plays a negligible role in the plate separation on crust younger than 72 kyr (2 km from the ridge are spatially associated with off‐axis lower‐crustal magma lenses identified in multichannel seismic data. Deep, closely spaced fissures overlie a relatively shallow portion of the axial magma lens. The width of on‐axis fissures and inferred subsurface dike geometry imply a ∼9‐year long diking recurrence interval to fully accommodate plate spreading, which is broadly consistent with cycle intervals obtained from estimates of melt extraction rates, eruption volumes, and spreading rate. , Plain Language Summary New oceanic crust is created by seafloor spreading at mid‐ocean ridges, where lava erupts as the tectonic plates spread apart. Plate separation is accommodated by a combination of slip along dipping faults and the opening of magma‐filled cracks, called dikes. We present bathymetric and profile mapping data collected from near the seafloor on a volcanically active portion of the East Pacific Rise near 9°50′N. The data show faults and fissures (i.e., open cracks) in remarkable detail, with meter‐scale resolution. A total of 707 fissures and 42 faults were identified and measured, suggesting that the amount of plate separation accommodated by faulting is minimal compared to that by dike intrusion causing open cracks. About one‐third of the fissures mapped are located within the region covered by the most recent eruptions in 2005–2006, and most of these fissures seem to have been reactivated from previous eruptions. Based on measurements of fissure width, we estimate that the interval between diking events is ∼9 years, which agrees with previous independent estimates. The analysis in this study reveals the relative importance of faults and fissures in seafloor spreading, and in the magmatic cycles that continuously re‐pave the ocean floor. , Key Points >700 fissures mapped at 1‐m bathymetric resolution at 9°50′N East Pacific Rise, most of which were active during the 2005–2006 eruptions Fault slip and crack opening accommodate 2 km from the ridge axis are spatially associated with off‐axis lower crustal off‐axis magma len
Modeling Bankfull Channel Geometry Based on Watershed and Precipitation Characteristics Using Dimensionless Parameters
No full textRegression models have consistently identified discharge as a suitable variable for capturing the systematic trends in channel geometry. Using a discharge‐based relation, however, does not reflect the more fundamental dependence of channel geometry on basic watershed properties and precipitation characteristics. To explore relations between bankfull channel geometry and watershed properties, we consider two sets of dimensionless regression models: (a) with bankfull discharge as an independent variable, and (b) with bankfull discharge as a dependent variable. While bankfull discharge is used as an input variable in the first set of regression analyses, average annual precipitation has been used in the second set. Other watershed and channel variables considered include drainage area, median sediment grain size, and valley slope. A data set of 538 sandy and gravel channel reaches from UK, and various physiographic provinces of the USA is considered. By representing bankfull discharge, width, depth and watershed variables in the form of dimensionless parameters, we specify the relationship between channel morphology and watershed and precipitation characteristics using an approach that is applicable to sandy and gravel streams from a range of climatic and physiographic regions. The formulation presented here is an effort toward the development of models that will be capable of predicting bankfull channel dimensions and discharge under modified average annual precipitation due to change in climate. , Key Points Regression analyses of bankfull hydraulic geometry (BHG) for both gravel and sandy streams and conducted using watershed variables and precipitation Evaluation of bankfull discharge indicates dependence on watershed and climatic characteristics The formulation presented here allows for the prediction of BHG subject to changes in average annual precipitatio
Paleoecology provides context for conserving culturally and ecologically important pine forest and barrens communities
No full textIn fire‐prone ecosystems, knowledge of vegetation–fire–climate relationships and the history of fire suppression and Indigenous cultural burning can inform discussions of how to use fire as a management tool, particularly as climate continues to change rapidly. On Wiisaakodewan‐minis/Stockton Island in the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore of Wisconsin, USA, structural changes in a pine‐dominated natural area containing a globally rare barrens community occurred after the cessation of cultural burning by the Indigenous Ojibwe people and the imposition of fire‐suppression policies, leading to questions about the historical role of fire in this culturally and ecologically important area. To help understand better the ecological context needed to steward these pine forest and barrens communities, we developed palaeoecological records of vegetation, fire, and hydrological change using pollen, charcoal, and testate amoebae preserved in peat and sediment cores collected from bog and lagoon sediments within the pine‐dominated landscape. Results indicated that fire has been an integral part of Stockton Island ecology for at least 6000 years. Logging in the early 1900s led to persistent changes in island vegetation, and post‐logging fires of the 1920s and 1930s were anomalous in the context of the past millennium, likely reflecting more severe and/or extensive burning than in the past. Before that, the composition and structure of pine forest and barrens had changed little, perhaps due to regular low‐severity surface fires, which may have occurred with a frequency consistent with Indigenous oral histories (~4–8 years). Higher severity fire episodes, indicated by large charcoal peaks above background levels in the records, occurred predominantly during droughts, suggesting that more frequent or more intense droughts in the future may increase fire frequency and severity. The persistence of pine forest and barrens vegetation through past periods of climatic change indicates considerable ecological resistance and resilience. Future persistence in the face of climate changes outside this historical range of variability may depend in part on returning fire to these systems
Associations between personal apparent temperature exposures and asthma symptoms in children with asthma
No full textAmbient temperature and relative humidity can affect asthma symptoms. Apparent temperature is a measure of temperature perceived by humans that takes into account the effect of humidity. However, the potential link between personal exposures to apparent temperature and asthma symptoms has not been investigated. We conducted a panel study of 37 asthmatic children, aged 5–11 years, during an early spring season (average daily ambient temperature: 14°C, range: 7–18°C). Asthma symptoms were measured 4 times for each participant with a 2-week interval between consecutive measurements using the Childhood Asthma-Control Test (C-ACT). Average, minimum, and maximum personal apparent temperature exposures, apparent temperature exposure variability (TV), and average ambient temperature were calculated for the 12 hours, 24 hours, week, and 2 weeks prior to each visit. We found that a 10°C lower in 1-week and 2-week average & minimum personal apparent temperature exposures, TV, and average ambient temperature exposures were significantly associated with lower total C-ACT scores by up to 2.2, 1.4, 3.3, and 1.4 points, respectively, indicating worsened asthma symptoms. Our results support that personal apparent temperature exposure is potentially a stronger driver than ambient temperature exposures for the variability in asthma symptom scores. Maintaining a proper personal apparent temperature exposure could be an effective strategy for personalized asthma management.</jats:p