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Virulence factors of Fusarium spp., causing wheat crown and root rot in Iran
Get PDFCrown and root rot of wheat, caused by Fusarium spp., limit crop yields worldwide, from rotting of seeds, seedlings, crowns, roots and basal plant stems. Virulence factors and virulence and aggressiveness of Fusarium spp. were investigated for isolates from Iran, obtained from wheat plants with crown and root rot symptoms. Forty isolates of Fusarium were used in this research. Among the isolates, nivalenol (NIV) was detected as the dominant trichothecene chemotype produced. Production of trichothecenes and zearalenone (ZEA) in autoclaved rice cultures of Fusarium isolates was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography. The levels of NIV ranged from 258 to 1246 μg kg−1, of deoxynivalenol (DON) from 45 to 1411 μg kg−1, and of ZEA from 53 to 3220 μg kg−1. All Fusarium isolates produced cellulase and pectinase enzymes. Positive correlation was observed between activity of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) produced by the isolates and their pathogenicity on wheat leaf segments. Virulence of trichothecene-producing isolates was greater than that of non-trichothecene-producing isolates. Considerable association was detected between the capability of Fusarium spp. isolates to produce virulence factors (such as mycotoxins and CWDEs) and their pathogenicity on wheat
Valore educativo del lavoro: uno sguardo alla prospettiva della sinistra pedagogica italiana durante la metà del Novecento
Get PDFDuring the twentieth century, pedagogical research focused its attention on ways to integrate practical knowledge into formal learning paths. The spread of the scientific organization of work, the birth of the proletariat and mass education, made clear, in the first decades of the twentieth century, the complexity of the relationship between mechanization and education. it then became necessary to imagine an integrated conception of the educational process in which the formative moment and the application moment come together to create an organic link between education and work understood as "a single block of problems". The reflections of Lucio Lombardo Radice and Dina Bertoni Jovine, will allow us to recognize the emergency, still present today, to imagine a renewed school where theoretical activity and practical activity are indistinguishable and education is not understood as "a generic preparation for life, nor for the formation of professional skills, but embraces the whole human being penetrating into the depths of his personality and developing it universally"
Le scuole latine tra percezione popolare e riforme scolastiche nella Lombardia del Settecento
Get PDFIn 18th century Lombardy a well-developed offer of grammar schools granted rural bourgeoisie and some artisans and shopkeepers easy access to Latin education. The Habsburg school reforms (1774, 1786) aim to reduce the offer of Latin education and transform the grammar schools into normal schools for “common education”. The opposition of rural municipalities produced a body of proof concerning the perception of the meanings of Latin education in the countryside of Lombardy
Per imitare gli antichi
Get PDFThe article focuses on the role of the Orti Oricellari’s Academy in the contruction of the intellectual and political consciousness of the florentine poet of Renaissance Luigi Alamanni. In particular, the paper highlights the importance of two relevant personalities of the accademy: Niccolò Machiavelli and Gian Giorgio Trissino. The biographical informations are put into the cultural and historical context of the period
Relationships between seasonal (spring, summer, autumnal) thermal variations and cell proliferation in heterothermic vertebrates, as revealed by PCNA expression in the brain of adult Triturus carnifex
Get PDFInspired both by the literature reports and our previous findings on the question if a seasonal cycle alone, consisting of temperature and photoperiod variations, might impact on or activate natural proliferative fluctuations or unmask a latent spontaneous proliferative power in adult brain of poikilothermal Anamnia (fresh water, earth-dwelling) and Amniota (terrestrial), consequently allowing for encephalic reparative and even regenerative potentialities, an investigation has been carried on in normal adult brain of Triturus carnifex caught in nature in spring, summer, autumn. Cells immunostained for PCNA, i.e. cycling cells, were found scattered (“matrix cells”) in the olfactory territories, where they appeared scarce in spring, more frequent in summer, noticeable in autumn; also, immunostained cells were found clustered in “matrix areas”, also named zonae germinativae dorsales and ventrales, in the telencephalic hemispheres: few clusters in spring, an intermediate condition in summer, frequent cell groups in autumn. These results reveal an increasing trend in proliferation from spring, through summer, to autumn. This scenario was appreciable in the forebrain, mainly in the olfactory and telencephalic districts, which is the typical site of stem cells. Signs of potential proliferative activity are well appreciable in the urodele Amphibians, which are the best provided among vertebrates with reparative and regenerative power and possess the richest endowment of dormant cells susceptible to be recruited to proliferation
Immunohistochemical localization of HCA2 receptors in reproductive system of male rats
Get PDFThe study investigates presence and localization of hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2 receptor) protein in different parts of reproductive system of male rats by using immunohistochemical approach. Right lung (as positive control), testes, epididymis (head, body and tail), vas deferens and penis as well as accessory glands including vesicular gland, coagulating gland, preputial gland, gland of vas deferens and ventral prostate of six adult male Sprague Dawley rats were immediately removed after euthanasia. Transverse sections were made for immunohistochemical evaluation by using rabbit polyclonal antibody against rat HCA2 receptor as the primary antibody and mouse polyclonal anti-rabbit IgG (HRP-conjugated) as secondary antibody. In testes, spermatogenic cells, except for spermatogonia which moderately stained, showed no reactivity as well as Sertoli cells and spermatozoa. In interstitial tissue Leydig cells demonstrated receptor expression with strong intensity. Epithelial cells of epididymis showed no reactivity. Epididymal spermatozoa were also unstained. No reactivity was observed in columnar pseudo stratified epithelium of vas deferens. In penile tissue, only ciliated pseudo stratified epithelium showed a very weak reactivity. In coagulating gland, epithelial cells were moderately stained. Ciliated pseudo stratified epithelium of vesicular gland was weakly positive. No or very weak reactivity was observed in epithelial cells of preputial gland as well as pseudo stratified epithelium of prostate and gland of vas deferens. Smooth muscle cells in different parts showed weak reactivity. HCA2 receptors are present only in some cells of reproductive system of male rats especially Leydig cells and their presence and relative density is cell-type specific
‘Pawn! Sufficiently Holy But Unmeasurably Politic’: The Pawns Plot in Middleton’s A Game at Chess
Get PDFThomas Middleton’s allegorical play A Game at Chess was perhaps the most sensational cultural event of the English Renaissance. It was so incendiary that a spectator declared it may have constituted a hanging offence, and so popular that the concept of the theatrical run had to be invented to accommodate demand. King James’ response was to shut down the theatres, launch a manhunt for its author and imprison him. Middleton, considered by T.S. Eliot second only to Shakespeare, never wrote again. Despite the allegory’s significance and its infamously transparent message, modern scholars have long struggled to understand it. The article seeks to demonstrate the following. Firstly, that such incomprehension constitutes a major problem for the field. Secondly, that Middleton’s theme is ‘life imitates art’, and that this is systematically accomplished through comparing real-life events to parodic renderings of famous theatrical scenes. Thirdly, that Middleton portrays the main character of White Queen’s Pawn as literally a sacrificial pawn used to collapse the proposed marriage between the future Charles I and the Spanish Infanta, and that this may well be the conceptual genesis of the chess theme. Fourthly, that those responsible for collapsing this Spanish Match were chiefly the Herbert family. Fifthly that White Queen’s Pawn is a personification of a book registered and rushed into print at the very height of the crisis, and dedicated to the heads of the Herbert family, namely Shakespeare’s First Folio. Sixthly, that the First Folio’s portrayal as a sacrificial pawn demonstrates that it was an intensely political publication