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Fedak, Andrzej

Chrzan, Robert

Chukwu, Ositadima

Urbanik, Andrzej

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Yildizdas, Dincer

Aslan, Nagehan

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Byrne, K.M.

Mercado, C.M.C.

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Paige, T.D.

Flegel, W.A.

IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY, Volume 35, Number 1, 2019 19
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The presence of multiple alloantibodies or an antibody to a high-
prevalance antigen in a patient sample can pose challenges in 
antibody identification. The pattern of reactivity seen on an 
antibody panel may show various strengths of reactivity by 
different methods of testing or same strength of reactivity at 
one or more phases of testing. To ensure proper identification, 
multiple investigative tools may be used. We review one of 
these methods—inhibition by soluble substances—which has 
become an expansion of our toolbox within the past 10 years. 
Alloantibodies can be inhibited using specific soluble substances. 
These soluble substances occur naturally in various fluids or 
can be manufactured. When a patient sample contains multiple 
antibodies, clinically significant or not, inhibition of one may 
help determine specificities of others. Specific inhibition of 
a particular antibody will also help to confirm its presence. 
Immunohematology 2019;35:19–22.
Key Words: soluble blood group substance, dilution control, 
neutralization, soluble peptide, inhibition, recombinant blood 
group proteins
Background
When performing pretransfusion testing, serologic results 
may indicate the presence of one or more alloantibodies. 
There are many methods that can be used to identify and 
separate specificities.1 One such method is based on the 
principle of inhibition. The ability to specifically inhibit one 
antibody may help identify that antibody and allow other 
antibody specificities to also be identified. Inhibition can aid 
in the identification of an antibody to an antigen that shows 
variable expression among individuals, such as anti-P1. Some 
antibodies can be inhibited by soluble substances such as 
sugars, proteins, and peptides; examples include ABH, Lewis, 
P1, Sda, Chido/Rodgers, and ID. Human saliva, hydatid cyst 
fluid, pigeon egg white, human or guinea pig urine, human 
serum, and human milk have been used as soluble substances 
to inhibit red blood cell (RBC) antibodies before the 1990s.1–4
Since then, recombinant blood group proteins (rBGPs) 
have also been shown to be effective in the identification of 
antibodies to high-prevelance antigens that are single pass 
and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked proteins, thus leading 
to the detection of underlying alloantibodies.5–8 Unlike tradi-
tional soluble substances that are found naturally in human 
and other animal sources, rBGPs are manufactured.5–7 The 
result of the manufacturing is a very specific rBGP that could 
aid in antibody identification.7 Gone are the days when the only 
tools available to the investigational immunohematologist were 
RBCs, polyclonal antibodies, lectins, and natural inhibitory 
substances.9 Recombinant peptides and proteins represent the 
latest addition to our growing toolbox.
Principle
Inhibition takes place when plasma or serum containing 
an antibody is incubated with a soluble substance (natural or 
synthentic) of corresponding specificity. Subsequent testing 
(hemagglutination) reveals the lack of reactivity with RBCs 
that tested positive before inhibition. Other antibodies, if 
Inhibition of blood group antibodies by soluble 
substances
K.M. Byrne, C.M.C. Mercado, T.N. Nnabue, T.D. Paige, and W.A. Flegel
Reagents/Supplies
Reagents Supplies
• Reactive blood sample (plasma or 
serum)
• Soluble substance (antigen, natural, or 
synthetic)
• Inert substance, such as albumin or 
saline
• Other reagents as appropriate, such as 
anti-IgG, IgG-coated RBCs
• Test tubes (gel cards 
if that method is 
used)
• Pipettes
• 37°C incubator
• Centrifuge
RBCs = red blood cells.
Procedural Steps
• Prepare soluble substance for use.
• Mix soluble substance with test sample.
• Prepare a dilution control containing equal volumes of test sample 
and an inert substance, such as albumin or saline.
• Incubate at optimal temperature and time.
• Test the sample plus the substance and the sample plus the inert 
substance (dilution control) against RBCs that previously gave a 
positive reaction.
RBCs = red blood cells.
20 IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY, Volume 35, Number 1, 2019
Immuno_35_1_04     •     March 11, 2019 8:39 AM
present, in treated plasma or serum should remain unaffected 
and can be identified. The principle of this reaction is based 
on the inhibition of the antibody by the corresponding soluble 
protein.
Indications
Inhibition of blood group antibodies by soluble substances 
can aid in the identification of specific antibodies. Antibody 
activity of known specificity can be selectively “removed” 
by using the inhibition method, thus leaving behind other 
antibodies to be identified. Other indications for inhibition are 
to determine ABH secretor status and immunoglobulin class 
of anti-A and/or anti-B. Inhibition using rBGP has also helped 
classify a new blood group antigen, CD59.6 One may consider 
using rBGPs based on serological clues of the specimen and 
the availability and specificity of the rBGP.
Soluble Substances
One must determine the appropriate soluble substance 
to use. Today, the choices are many (Table 1). Blood group 
substances in water-soluble form in tissue fluids and secretions 
of the body have been known since the 1930s.10 Agglutination 
inhibition tests using A and B substances and boiled saliva were 
being used as early as 1940.11,12 In 1996, soluble CR1 produced 
by recombinant DNA techniques was used to identify Knops 
system antibodies.13
The latest development is the use of soluble proteins to 
inhibit drugs in the plasma and serum of patients who are 
treated with monoclonal antibodies. Besides the surface 
proteins on the target cells, some of this novel drug binds 
to RBCs. Examples are anti-CD3814,15 and anti-CD4716 
monoclonal antibody therapy. Both drugs can be inhibited by 
recombinant soluble proteins, CD3817 and CD47 (unpublished 
results), although their high titers in patients may preclude 
the effective inhibition in neat plasma samples. A recent 
article by Velliquette et al.18 evaluated anti-CD47 (Hu5F9-G4) 
interference in pretransfusion testing and offered mitigation 
strategies. Covering the target blood group antigens on the 
RBC surface is another approach. This novel and attractive 
alternative will add to our toolbox and should eventually 
become the topic of another review.
Procedure
Obtain plasma or serum sample for testing. If necessary, 
process the substance (Table 2). Once ready for testing, the 
most common procedure starts with labeling two test tubes: 
one for the sample and one for the dilution control. Combine 
test sample and soluble substance into the tube labeled 
“sample.” To the tube labeled “dilution control,” combine test 
sample and inert substance. Incubate both tubes for a specific 
time and temperature determined by the known “ideal” for 
the target specificity. After incubation, test samples against 
previously reactive RBCs selected by phenotype. Inhibition 
has occurred when the “sample” is nonreactive and the 
“dilution control” is still reactive. These results confirm 
that inhibition of antibody has taken place and the lack of 
reactivity was not caused by dilution. If the “dilution control” 
Table 1. Known soluble substances and their use
Blood group system ISBT number Antibody inhibited Immmunoglobulin class Soluble substance
ABO 001 Anti-A; anti-B IgM; IgG Human saliva (secretor)
H 018 Anti-H IgM Human saliva (secretor)
Lewis 007 Anti-Lea; anti-Leb IgM Human saliva (secretor)
P1PK 003 Anti-P1 IgM Hydatid cyst fluid, pigeon 
egg albumin
901 series 901 Anti-Sda IgM>IgG Human urine or saliva, 
guinea pig urine
Chido/Rodgers 017 Anti-Ch; anti-Rg IgG Pooled plasma
Cromer 021 Most Cromer antibodies IgG Human serum, plasma, or 
concentrated urine
Scianna 013 Anti-Sc1 (Seltsam et al.5) IgG Recombinant protein
CD59, Lutheran, Yt, Dombrock, Chido/
Rodgers, Cromer, Knops, JMH
035, 005, 011, 014, 
017, 021, 022, 026
See Anliker et al.6 and 
Seltsam et al.7
Usually IgG Soluble recombinant 
proteins from eukaryotic 
expression systems
ISBT = International Society of Blood Transfusion.
K.M. Byrne et al.
IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY, Volume 35, Number 1, 2019 21
Immuno_35_1_04     •     March 11, 2019 8:39 AM
Inhibition of blood group antibodies
is nonreactive, the test is invalid. The hemagglutination test 
can be done in tubes as described here or by other methods 
such as column agglutination or solid phase if recommended 
by the manufacturer or validated in-house.
Limitations
A positive reaction when testing the sample plus soluble 
substance may indicate that additional alloantibodies are 
present in the sample. Testing additional RBCs using the 
sample plus soluble substance may be indicated to determine 
possible additional antibody specificities. It may not be 
possible to test low-titer antibodies because of the required 
dilution that cannot be achieved. If one wants to use specific 
rBGPs, they are commercially available if the molecular and 
genetic basis are known.20 It may not always be possible to 
inhibit high-titer antibodies, particularly monoclonal antibody 
drug formulations, because the required high concentration of 
the soluble substance cannot be achieved.
Quality Control
The dilution control containing the sample plus inert 
substance should result in a positive reaction when tested 
against an RBC positive for the corresponding antigen to the 
antibody under investigation. The lack of reactivity in the 
dilution control indicates dilution of weakly reactive low-titer 
antibody and invalidates the test.
Precautions
Use caution when using any of these soluble substances. 
Follow the procedure as written and test using the 
recommended test system, such as tube or gel method. For 
example, if one chooses to change from testing in tube to gel 
method, the nonstandard test method should be validated 
before use. Immunoglobulin class (IgG versus IgM) should be 
considered when evaluating an unexpected result, such as a 
false positive.
Summary
Inhibition has proven to be useful in separating, 
identifying, and detecting alloantibodies that may be present 
in a patient’s sample. Traditional sources (saliva, plasma, and 
urine) of soluble substances and anti-drug proteins can be 
used to inhibit antibodies, allowing for their detection and 
identification. The use of rBGPs has expanded our ability to 
inhibit a greater number of antibody specificities and can 
be used in different assays to detect and identify distinct 
antibodies.
Acknowledgments
We thank Debrean A. Loy, Marina U. Bueno, and Kshitij 
Srivastava for providing the inhibition of anti-CD47 by soluble 
protein (unpublished results).
This article was authored as a group writing assignment 
as part of the Specialist in Blood Bank (SBB) training program 
at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, 
Department of Transfusion Medicine (www.cc.nih.gov/dtm/
education.html).21
The authors are federal employees. This work was 
supported by the Intramural Research Program (project ID 
Z99 CL999999) of the NIH Clinical Center. There were no 
nonfederal sources of support.
Table 2. Preparation of soluble substances
Source material Preparation
Guinea pig urine After collection of urine, boil for 10 minutes. 
Dialyze for 48 h at 4°C against multiple changes 
of pH 7.4 PBS. Centrifuge, aliquot, and freeze.19
Human milk Collect milk from lactating women, centrifuge at 
1000g (serofuge at 3400 rpm) for 10 minutes, 
remove and discard the cream layer, incubate 
milk in boiling water for 10 minutes, mix 1 volume 
of milk with 1 volume of PBS. Aliquot and 
freeze.2 
Human saliva Collect 2 mL saliva, boil for 10 minutes, 
centrifuge at 1000g (serofuge at 3400 rpm) 
for 10 minutes, harvest supernate, aliquot, and 
freeze.2
Human urine Collect urine from three individuals, pool, 
centrifuge, dilute with equal volume of distilled 
water, check pH (dialysis with PBS may be 
needed to obtain pH between 6 and 8.5), 
aliquot, and store frozen until needed.2
Hydatid cyst fluid Incubate HCF (with scolices) from animal or 
human sources at 56°C for 1 hour. Dilute 1 
volume of hydatid cyst fluid with 9 volumes of 
PBS. Aliquot and freeze.2 
Pigeon egg albumin Separate egg white from the yolk. Prepare 
dilutions of 1:100 to 1:1000 in PBS. Test the 
dilutions using a potent anti-P1 to determine the 
best dilution for inhibition studies. Make aliquots 
of appropriate dilution and freeze.2
Pooled plasma Purchase commercial pooled plasma or prepare 
pooled plasma from six or more donors. Aliquot 
and freeze.3
Recombinant protein May be commercially available.5–7,15
PBS = phosphate-buffered saline.
22 IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY, Volume 35, Number 1, 2019
Immuno_35_1_04     •     March 11, 2019 8:39 AM
K.M. Byrne et al.
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Karen M. Byrne, MDE, MT(ASCP)SBB (corresponding author), 
SBB Program Education Coordinator, National Institutes of Health 
(NIH) Clinical Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, 10 
Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1184, KByrne@cc.nih.gov; Chloe 
Marie C. Mercado, MS, MLS(ASCP)SBBCM, Reference Technologist, 
American Red Cross, Pomona, CA; Thaddeus N. Nnabue, MSc, 
MLS(ASCP)CM, Training Technologist, Transfusion Medicine, Walter 
Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD; Traci D. 
Paige, MT(ASCP)SBBCM, SBB Program Director and Supervisor of 
Transfusion Services, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical 
Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bethesda, MD; 
and Willy A. Flegel, MD, SBB Program Medical Director, Chief of 
Laboratory Services Section, National Institutes of Health (NIH) 
Clinical Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
Important Notice About Manuscripts for 
Immunohematology
Please e-mail all manuscripts to immuno@redcross.org.
Attention: SBB and BB Students
You are eligible for a free 1-year subscription to 
Immunohematology.
Ask your education supervisor to submit the name and 
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of the training period to immuno@redcross.org.


Inhibition of blood group antibodies by soluble substances

Thorsén, Frida

Antonson, Carl

Sundquist, Jan

Sundquist, Kristina

English

Sleep in relation to psychiatric symptoms and perceived stress in Swedish adolescents aged 15 to 19 years

MOO, CHEW-LI

YANG, SHUN-KAI

OSMAN, MOHD-AZURAIDI

YUSWAN, MOHD HAFIS

LOH, JIUN-YAN

LIM, WEI-MENG

LIM, SWEE-HUA-ERIN

LAI, KOK-SONG

Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action of β-caryophyllene on Bacillus cereus

ZAGRODNIK, ROMAN

SEIFERT, KRYSTYNA

Direct Fermentative Hydrogen Production from Cellulose and Starch with Mesophilic Bacterial Consortia

Mou, Chengjin

Guo, Xiaohui

International Journal of Advanced Network, Monitoring and Controls      Volume 05, No.01, 2020 
DOI: 10.21307/ijanmc-2020-009                                                          61 
Review of Network Technology System from the Past, 
Present to the Future 
 
Mou Chengjin  
China International Strategic Research Center of 
Mobile Communications Joint Association 
Beijing, 100029, China,  
E-mail: mcjzp139@139.com 
Guo Xiaohui 
Henan Vocational College of Agriculture 
Zhengzhou, 451450, China,  
E-mail: mcjzp139@139.com 
 
 
 
 
Abstract—Since China's public network got access to the 
Internet in 1994, the study, research and understanding of the 
Internet have been blindly superstitious to the United States 
for a long time, copying the rules and regulations of the United 
States, and the textbooks in the field of Internet and 
information are almost completely Americanized. For more 
than 20 years, we have not formed our own systematic and 
profound research and practical views on the Internet, most of 
which are based on the half understood, ignorant, and parrot-
like knowledge and cognition instilled from the United States. 
Being controlled by others in ideology is even worse 
than in technology. At present, China's understanding of 
the Internet is very superficial from the superior to 
inferior. We failed to firmly grasp the technology 
controlled by others and legal key points. We didn’t 
adhere to independent innovation, which resulted in that 
we were repeatedly passive or even long-term passiveness 
in cyberspace strategies and tactics. 
This paper will start from the history and technical 
characteristics of the emergence of the Internet, 
comprehensively discuss the problems that have existed 
since the emergence of the Internet more than 20 years 
ago, and reflect on the future development of the 
international network, making the Internet a truly open 
and shared international network. 
Keywords-Network; Internet; Future Network 
 
I. INTRODUCTION 
The computer network refers to the computer 
system which can provide transmission, storage, 
analysis and sharing of data for the purpose of 
acquiring and mastering data. It serves for the needs of 
communication with others. Two or more computer 
networks with communication protocol, transmission 
channel and infrastructure interoperability constitute a 
computer network interconnection and interworking 
system that connects and shares data. Strictly speaking, 
it can be called interconnected network.  
Future Network or an international network system 
consists of all ubiquitous networks connected, 
interacting and sharing different carriers, sources, 
function-matching and operating purposes, whether 
wired or wireless, ground or space. The current Internet 
is just a computer network using a single TCP/IP 
communication protocol, not two or more 
interconnected networks. It is not the interconnection 
or internet by the exact definition, so it can’t be called 
an interconnected net, or rather it may be called a 
computer connected system. 
If the origin is wrong, everything is wrong. This is 
especially true of our understanding of interconnected 
Networks. 
What is the Network? What is the interconnected 
Network? What is the Future Network? What is the 
different or relationship between IPv4, IPv6 or even 
IPv9? What are the fundamental drawbacks of Internet 
architecture and principles? Do we have safe, credible 
and effective response plans and coordination measures 
for the newly-emerging problems, new things, new 
technologies and new spaces in the process of 
intelligent network development? We all need to 
advance with the times to re-understand, redefine, re-
explore and re-study it. We need to take the 
opportunity to seriously correct the deviation and 
mistakes in cognition and knowledge, and let the 
network users, the people across the country and our 
future generations know the facts in a practical way. 
II. ARCHITECTURE OF THE INTERNET 
It is generally believed that the American Internet, 
which adopts IPv4 technical protocol, has entered the 
post IPv4 era due to the lack of address design. At 
present, renting IPv4 address and adopting IPv4 
technical protocol constitute the Internet of various 
International Journal of Advanced Network, Monitoring and Controls      Volume 05, No.01, 2020 
62 
countries, which is still the mainstream of computer 
network. 
The U.S. military says its IPv4 address can be used 
until the end of 2029. In recent years, the United States 
has continued to assign IPv4 addresses to the United 
States and other countries around the world, excluding 
China. 
IPv6 protocol is designed to solve the problem of 
IPv4 address shortage. It can provide 2 
128
 address scale, 
and that's all. The application and resolution of IPv6 
address is still based on the network architecture of 
IPv4, that is, the original, traditional and irreversible 
design architecture of the Internet and the tree network 
architecture (IPv4) continuously improved, 
strengthened and tightly controlled by the U.S. 
government and military. 
It is inevitable that IPv6 can't interoperate with IPv4 
in technology, which is bound to lead to the confusion 
of network architecture and operation. Therefore, IPv6 
special network architecture has to be rebuilt to replace 
IPv4 network architecture (involving almost all the 
network software and hardware of infrastructure), 
which constitutes a "subversion" of the Internet based 
on IPv4 in fact. 
After more than ten years of transitional practice, 
the United States has found that the cost of rebuilding 
IPv6 network is too large, there are too many security 
traps, and the technical agreement is not mature. 
Besides, "subverting" IPv4 has brought about a series 
of extremely serious problems in economy, society and 
military. In fact, the U.S. military and government have 
abandoned IPv6 transition plans since 2011. In 2017, 
the adoption rate of IPv6 in the United States dropped 
from the first in the world to the third. 
On July 14, 2017, the Internet Engineering Task 
Force (IETF) of the United States issued RFC 8200, 
which announced the latest standard (STD 86) of the 
sixth edition of Internet Protocol (IPv6). At the same 
time, it abandoned the RFC 2460 (IPv6 draft) proposed 
in December 1998, and deleted the "next generation 
Internet Protocol IPng" which was in transition to IPv6. 
Over the past few years, the widespread 
introduction of new data protection regulations around 
the world is having a dramatic impact on technology 
companies and consumers around the world, resulting 
in some previously established best practices in IETF 
procedures and regulatory requirements becoming 
undesirable, the U.S. Internet regional working group 
(IntArea) said. 
Please note that the U.S. Internet Engineering Task 
Force issued the official document RFC 8179 (BCP 79) 
in May 2017, namely, "intellectual property issues in 
IETF technology", which provide three basic principles 
for IETF to deal with Internet intellectual property 
claims (discarding RFC 3979 and RFC 4879 
simultaneously): 
1) The IETF will not determine the validity of any 
specific intellectual property claim. 
2) In following the normal practice? The IETF can 
decide to use technology that has been exposed as 
intellectual property if necessary. 
3) All participants in the IETF working group 
discussions must disclose known intellectual property 
rights or any intellectual property rights covered and 
likely to be covered under discussion and their 
recommenders. This requirement applies to all IP 
claimants, their employers, sponsors, or agents of IP 
claimants, without the need for patent searches. 
In this way, IETF tends to choose technologies with 
undeclared intellectual property rights, or technologies 
with free intellectual property rights; IETF may adopt 
technologies at its discretion, or not commit to 
licensing; and IETF specifications do not stipulate 
mandatory security technologies. Therefore, IETF does 
not define the internal or external problems of the main 
patent technologies for IPv6. 
So what's the practical significance of saying that 
China has more than 100 IPv6 intellectual property 
rights? After all we are still subject to the United States 
and IETF! 
III. THE PROBLEM OF IPV6 
Practice has proved that many IPv6 Security traps 
occur and appear when IPv6 cannot interoperate with 
IPv4, or when IPv6 is trying to run with the network 
architecture of IPv4 technical protocol. Once they 
happen, they will not go away, just like opening 
Pandora's box (security trap or temptation) of network 
security. For example: 
The design of interface ID in IPv6 address will lead 
to the mandatory real name system for ordinary users 
in disguise. Because IPv6 also stipulates that interface 
ID can be allocated in other ways, even random 
number and manual way, the experts of IPv6 like 
hackers can easily hide their physical address. This 
state is no more insecure than IPv4, but an astonishing 
security scandal once it is widely known, easily 
operated and arbitrarily adopted by ordinary users who 
have no knowledge of IPv6. The gateway tunneling 
International Journal of Advanced Network, Monitoring and Controls      Volume 05, No.01, 2020 
63 
may also help hackers or spies of hostile camps hide 
their whereabouts, making hackers more difficult to 
find, or causing greater national strategic security 
problems. 
Network address and addressing mode of IPv6, data 
routing and exchange are real end-to-end, and there is 
no need for network address translation (NAT). At the 
same time, the network identification of user 
equipment is directly exposed, which can be easily 
collected and used. Through the cross aggregation and 
correlation analysis of multi-source and multi-element 
identification data, it is easy for humans and machines 
to be bound permanently, and thus beyond the current 
"precise push" (advertising) ability, deriving "precise 
tracking", "precise positioning", "precise strike", etc., 
with great potential security risks. IPv6 is applied to 
smart home, smart community, big data, cloud 
computing, etc. It may be "accurate" to the details of a 
family, a family member or the staff in the same office, 
etc., which is extremely dangerous. 
On the one hand, almost all servers of well-known 
websites are hosted abroad. For example, Netease e-
mail server is hosted on Amazon's cloud service 
platform (AWS). At least the IP address belongs to 
Amazon. The risk and consequences of domain name 
and address being controlled are obvious. It is simply 
to hand over hundreds of millions of Netease users to 
the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and its 
intelligence system (IC) members for all-round, all-
view and all-time monitoring and supervision. 
Amazon has publicly announced the provision of 
cloud services to the CIA and its members of the 
intelligence system (IC), which is known as the 
"Amazon cloud service platform secret zone" (AWS, 
Amazon Web services). Amazon called the service 
"the first and only commercial cloud provider to 
provide comprehensive data classification services to 
the government, including non-secret, sensitive, 
classified and top secret data." 
On the other hand, BIND, the system software of 
DNS server, has become the standard of implicit 
monopoly. Almost all users in the world do not know 
the truth (the relevant national authorities and scientific 
research institutions have never issued a warning, nor 
have guided users taken any preventive and 
governance measures), that is, the United States has 
long been on all DNS servers (IPv4 and IPv6) on the 
Internet, solidified the necessary route to the network 
information center of the United States Department of 
defense first. No matter what users are who, whether 
like it or not, all data and information exchanges must 
unconditionally comply with the security principles 
and measures of "American interests first". 
The Great Wall firewall is invalid for IPv6. At 
present, IPv6 network in Colleges and Universities can 
easily log in the "forbidden network" of foreign 
countries (websites of religion, terror, anti-propaganda, 
etc.). Another reason why IPv6 is not suitable to 
replace IPv4 is the conflict about IPv6 on the Internet 
backbone network, which leads to the congestion of 
network flow. At present, there is no reliable technical 
solution. 
The overall comparison of IPv4 and IPv6 in the 
case of a single failure shows that in 86% countries, 
IPv4 connection is more reliable. An important 
discovery in IPv6 field is that many ISPs do not have 
correct network connection under normal operation 
conditions. For example, in the United States, only 
about 10% of autonomous systems (AS) support IPv6, 
while in China, China Telecom (AS 4134) only gets 
global connectivity through one service provider, 
hurricane electric (HE), which is in worse condition. 
Technically speaking, China's public network has 
fallen into the hands of others, the above-mentioned 
major IPv6 Security Risks (pitfalls, temptations and 
solidified routes, etc.) are not completely solved, and 
state organs and special departments, as well as 
important sensitive industries involving the national 
economy and people's livelihood, dare not use them. If 
it is used, the consequences will be unpredictable. 
The principles, systems, and strategies that US 
internet is dominated and controlled by the US military 
remain unchanged. The U.S. military has established 
and improved a network operation system with strict 
command and coordination from the top down, 
especially in the field of cyberspace, which is strictly 
regulated by the U.S. military. 
However, it is difficult for China to make a firm 
response to network operations in the first time, and to 
organize a high-speed, high-efficiency and high-
intensity anti reaction capability of the military civilian 
joint network operation system in the first time. The 
current supervision, command and coordination system 
and framework of cyberspace in China are neither 
suitable for the perception situation of the Internet in 
the United States, which has completed and improved 
the preparations for launching cyber war at any time in 
terms of technology and law, nor for the needs of 
accelerating the construction of cyber power and 
effectively responding to the United States' overall 
containment of China in cyberspace. 
International Journal of Advanced Network, Monitoring and Controls      Volume 05, No.01, 2020 
64 
IV. "TWO CHINA" ON THE INTERNET 
ICANN is suspected of deliberately manufacturing 
"two Chinas" on the Internet for a long time, 
deliberately setting the technical conditions and basis 
of "two Chinas" that can cause network information 
confusion, and deliberately restraining, containing and 
interfering with China's autonomous and controllable 
development of sovereign and secure networks. 
According to the regulations of internet name and 
digital address distribution agency in the United States, 
some IP addresses are assigned to the five regional 
Internet registries (RIR) in the world, and then the five 
regional Internet registries are respectively responsible 
for the registration services in the region. IP address 
and AS number assignment for Asia Pacific countries 
are managed by the Asia Pacific Network Information 
Center (APNIC), which is established in Australia. 
Under the five regional Internet registries, RIR is 
divided into national registration agency NIR and 
regional registration agency LIR. The U.S. Internet 
name and digital address distribution agency divides 
the Asia Pacific region into 56 economies (countries 
and regions). 
The Asia Pacific Network Information Center has 
seven core members (national registration agencies) 
who can enjoy special preferential conditions, 
including China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, India, 
Indonesia, and even Taiwan. 
According to the official website of Taiwan Internet 
Information Center (TWNIC), founded in December 
1999, its original competent department was the 
Ministry of Transport of Taiwan Authorities. In 
December 2017, it was changed into the National 
Communication and Broadcast Commission and 
became the national network information center. 
In December 1999, it was at a time when Lee Teng 
Hui publicly supported Chen Shui Bian's campaign for 
"President" and Taiwan's independence was more 
active. On May 20, 2000, a gun shot put Chen Shui 
Bian on the throne of "President". Since then, in the 
"Internet" activities held around the world, Taiwan's 
"national flag of the Republic of China" has been put in 
the venue; Taiwan's representatives of TWNIC, the 
"national registration agency", enjoy the same 
treatment as those of CNNIC (China Internet Network 
Information Center) of the People’s Republic of China. 
China has clearly declared the principle of "one 
China" sovereignty in international organizations, but 
why is the Internet  an exception? Why should we 
tolerate the emergence of "two Chinas" on the Internet 
many years after China's full-featured access to the 
Internet in 1994? It concerns the geopolitical issues of 
Internet governance, the logical, physical and 
perceptual boundaries of Internet monitoring, and the 
fact that Taiwan can easily control China's data 
sovereignty and open-source information by using 
domain name rotation, data "transgenic" technology 
and other technologies. It concerns the sovereignty 
principle and security bottom line of China's 
cyberspace. This is not a simple technical issue, but a 
general political issue. 
China's “Anti-Segregation Law”, issued in 2005, 
clearly declared that there is only one China in the 
world, the mainland and Taiwan belong to one China, 
and China's sovereignty and territorial integrity are 
inseparable. The state will never allow the "Taiwan 
independence" secessionist forces to separate Taiwan 
from China in any name or in any way. The fact that 
the "Taiwan independence" secessionist forces split 
China in any name or in any way, the state may take 
non peaceful means and other necessary measures to 
safeguard its sovereignty and territorial integrity. 
Any negligence on the sovereignty and security of 
cyberspace data (no matter professional or amateur) 
may lead to irreparable loss or disaster of cyberspace 
sovereignty and security (national sovereignty and 
security) at any time. How can one tolerate others 
encroaching on one's preserve? 
V. SUGGESTION 
Firstly, re-understand the Internet and deepen the 
governance of the Interconnected Network. Based on a 
wide range of opinions, we should open up and 
conduct large-scale discussions on the deployment of 
IPv6, practically adjust our strategies and tactics in the 
field of cyberspace information, correctly guide and 
promote the construction and development of China’s 
sovereign network, future network, and the global 
community of destiny in cyberspace. 
Secondly, re-consider the e-government extranet, 
comprehensive website and network infrastructure 
security, design and implement China's autonomous 
and controllable cyberspace security monitoring 
system. 
Thirdly, thoroughly eliminate and eradicate the 
adverse effects, political weaknesses and technological 
constraints of "two Chinas" on the Internet. 
About the authors 
Mou Chengjin, the director of the international 
strategy research center of China Mobile 
Communications Federation. The paper version was 
International Journal of Advanced Network, Monitoring and Controls      Volume 05, No.01, 2020 
65 
firstly published in Chinese on December 12, 2018, 
revised in January 2020. If the Chinese version was 
needed, please contact the author. Email: 
mcjzp139@139.com . 
Guo Xiaohui, associate  professor of Henan 
Vocational College of Agriculture. Email: 
guoxiaohui@hnca.edu.cn 


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