Exeley Inc.

Volkov, Iosif V.

Volkova, Oksana K.

Tashkinova, Olga S.

Belousova, Elena D.

The short-term efficacy of combined hormone therapy in West syndrome

ABELLEIRA, ADELA

PRADO, ALICIA

ABELLEIRA-SANMARTÍN, ANDREA

MANSILLA, PEDRO

First Report of Matricidal Hatching in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Çavdar, Safiye

Özgür, Merve

Çakmak, Yusuf Özgür

Kuvvet, Yasemin

Kunt, Sıla Kezban

Sağlam, Gökay

Afferent projections of the subthalamic nucleus in the rat: emphasis on bilateral and interhemispheric connections

MACHOWICZ-MATEJKO, EULALIA

FURMAŃCZYK, AGNIESZKA

ZALEWSKA, EWA DOROTA

Aspergillus penicillioides Speg. Implicated in Keratomycosis

Franke, Katrina

PLEOMORPHIC SARCOMA IN A PILOT 
SQNLDR Katrina Franke 
BSc MBBS MPH DCH Grad Dip Sports Med 
Senior Medical Officer at 1 Expeditionary Health 
Squadron, Aviation Medical Officer to No. 1  
Squadron, RAAF Amberley
 
INTRODUCTION  
Sarcomas are rare malignant soft tissue tumours. 
This case report outlines a pilot diagnosed with a 
pleomorphic sarcoma, his management and 
discusses aeromedical considerations for return to 
flying duties. Review of the literature shows a paucity 
of published data of sarcomas in aviators, and 
concomitant recommendation for return to flying 
duties, requiring sound medical reasoning for 
aeromedical decision making.  
CASE REPORT 
A 45 year old pilot presented to his Aviation Medical 
Doctor with a non-tender mass in his left medial 
thigh, first noticed two weeks earlier. There was no 
history of trauma. The patient was otherwise well 
with no systemic features and no noted weight loss.  
His aircrew medical had been performed just a few 
weeks earlier, which confirmed him medically fit for 
restricted flying duties in aircraft not equipped with 
an ejection system. The patient had undergone 
successful C5/6 cervical arthroplasty in early 2014 
(RAAF MEC J11 A2, restriction 6-5).  
Ultrasound and MRI were performed on the mass 
which showed a large encapsulated heterogeneous 
lesion in the adductor magnus of the left thigh, 
measuring 12.6cm x 9.2cm  x 9.5 cm in size.  
Histology from FNA gave the diagnosis of a 
pleomorphic sarcoma, with considerable necrosis 
and presence of lipoblasts, with possible diagnosis 
of pleomorphic liposacroma or dedifferentiated 
liposarcoma with a pleopmorphic liposarcoma like 
high-grade component. PET scan, CT chest and MRI 
brain showed no evidence of metastatic disease.  
The patient underwent 6 weeks of radiotherapy, 
followed by 6 weeks of recovery prior to surgical 
removal of the sarcoma.  Surgery was performed 
successfully, with complete removal of the adductor 
magnus of the left thigh, with noted wide excision  
 
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 
Katrina Franke is SMO 1EHS RAAF Amberley 
CORRESPONDENCE 
katrina.franke@defence.gov.au 
 
 
margins of the tumour. An abdominal muscle 
rotation flap was used to fill the soft tissue defect. 
Histological analysis of excised tumour was 
consistent with FNA findings. Of note, a fibrous 
pseudocapsule encased the tumour. There was no 
node involvement or metastases. Grading was 
considered FNCLCC grade 3 from FNA histology, as 
surgical specimen was difficult to interpret due to 
extensive post radiotherapy necrosis. 
Histopathology from excised tumour did not 
however show features of pleomorphic liposarcoma.  
ABSTRACT 
Sarcomas are rare malignant soft tissue tumours. 
This case report outlines a 45 year old pilot, 
presenting with a non-tender mass in his left 
medial thigh, subsequently diagnosed with a 
pleomorphic sarcoma. His management 
consisted of radiotherapy and surgical 
removal.  Grading was considered FNCLCC grade 
3 and there were no metastases.  Surgery was 
followed by a structured rehabilitation 
program.  The paper discusses aeromedical 
considerations for return to flying duties, 
regarding the natural history of the condition and 
recurrence risk as well as the operational 
mitigations to flight incapacitation risk. 
Postoperative recovery was largely uncomplicated 
and the member returned to ground duties roughly 8 
weeks post surgery. The member underwent a 
structured rehabilitation program, to regain range of 
motion, strength and endurance. There was some 
post operative left thigh lymphoedema, but this was  
managed well with a support stocking, self massage, 
exercise and weight loss. Most recent review shows 
excellent control of thigh swelling. The member did 
require left inguinal and femoral hernia repairs 7 
months post tumour removal, and he has recovered 
well from this.  
The member is now 13 months post surgery. He has 
been discharged from physio. He has returned to full 
active lifestyle, performing non flying duties, and 
consistently engaging in exercise – running, cycling, 
swimming and weights. He has passed his RAAF PFT 
2.4km run and push up component. Routine 
surveillance of chest X-ray and clinical review has 
found no recurrence of the sarcoma.   
 
 
 
 
DISCUSSION 
Sarcomas are a rare group of malignant tumours of 
mesenchymal origin. They comprise less than 1% of 
all adult malignancies (1) and approximately 80% of 
sarcomas originate from soft tissue, with the 
remainder from bone. There are about 11,930 new 
cases of soft tissue sarcomas diagnosed in the USA 
yearly, with 4870 deaths (2).  
There are more than 100 different histologic types of 
soft tissue sarcomas, of which liposarcoma is one of 
the more common types. Liposarcomas arise from 
precursors of adipocytes and are most commonly 
found in the extremities; particularly the thigh, where 
they commonly arise deep in the muscle mass; and 
the retroperitoneum.  
Sarcomas are thought to arise de novo and not from 
a preexisting benign lesion (UTD). In the majority of 
cases, there is no defined etiology, however some 
predisposing factors have been suggested, including 
exposure to radiation.  
It is well documented that aircrew is exposed to 
higher doses of ionizing radiation than that received 
by non aviator members of the general population 
(3). This is primarily from galactic cosmic radiation. 
Non ionizing radiation exposure is also increased by 
way of electronic and magnetic fields generated by 
the aircraft, and potentially by aircraft  instruments 
such as radars. Further comment on potential 
radiation exposure is outside the scope of this case 
study.   
Recurrent disease after treatment of sarcomas can 
be local or metastatic disease, predominantly 
through haematogenous spread to the lung. 
Pleomorphic liposarcomas are associated with a 
high rate of metastases commonly metastasizing to 
lung, and less commonly to the liver (4). Soft tissue 
sarcomas rarely metastasize to skin, soft tissue 
other than original site, bone, liver and brain (5).  
The most important prognostic factor in patients 
with soft tissue sarcomas is pathological stage at 
time of diagnosis. The TNM system is the most 
commonly used in staging soft tissue sarcomas. 
Histologic grade and tumour size are also very 
important in predicting prognosis and are 
independent of stage, as are anatomic site of tumour, 
patient age and histologic subtype.  The most 
commonly used nomogram for estimating prognosis 
for a patient with sarcoma is from the Memorial 
Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre (MSKCC) (6), 
developed by Dalal et al (7).  
AEROMEDICAL CONSIDERATIONS 
The patient in this case study is a highly experienced 
military pilot with ~3,500 hours on Hawk, Tornado 
and F-111 aircraft. The patient underwent single 
level cervical arthroplasty and following this, was  
 
 
 
deemed unfit for ejection seat aircraft. He was 
waiting for conversion course to KC-30 prior to 
diagnosis of his sarcoma.   
Aeromedical considerations for return to flying 
duties include risk of recurrence, risk of sudden 
incapacitation, possible side effect of treatment 
impacting flying duties, ability to safely control the 
aircraft and the ability to egress rapidly in an 
emergency, and functionality/ potential alteration in 
risk to the member in the aviation environment.  
Risk of Recurrence 
Using the MSKCC nomogram, the member has a 
calculated likelihood of survival at 5 years of 61% and 
36% at 12 years.  This is an all age, all case risk 
calculation. Positive factors in this case are young 
age at diagnosis, clear excision margins, 
circumscribed tumour and no node involvement of 
metastases. Negative factors are tumour size >5cm, 
tumour deep to superficial fascia and Grade 3 
histology on FNA. The rate of recurrence significantly 
decreases around two years post diagnosis  (8). 
Risk of Sudden Incapacitation 
Sarcoma typically metastasizes to lung. It is not 
known to  metastasize to brain. Regular lung 
surveillance via chest Xray is likely to detect any 
metastases prior to any symptoms. Hence, sudden 
incapacitation should be considered as rare, and 
mitigated by radiological surveillance.  The member 
will be trained on the KC-30, which is a multi-pilot 
aircraft, further negating the risk.  
Treatment Side Effects 
The patient has no significant side effects from 
radiation. There has been an excellent recovery post 
surgery. He will however avoid sit-ups due to his 
abdominal flap.  
Medical Surveillance 
The recommended medical surveillance from the 
treating team was 4 monthly CXR and clinical review 
up to 2 years, then 6 monthly CXR and clinical review. 
Yearly PET scans were requested by The RAAF 
Institute of Aviation Medicine for higher sensitivity 
screening for metastases.   
Aircraft Control / Egress 
The member has demonstrated full aircraft control in 
the simulator  and no issues rapidly egressing the 
airframe in a simulated emergency.  
Aircraft Environment 
Transport aircraft cabin environment, including 
potential decompression, hypoxia, and smoke and 
fumes are not expected to affect the member beyond 
other aircrew members, or adversely impact on 
recurrence of his disease. It is anticipated that the 
member be considered MECJ23 with restrictions as 
follows: 
  
 
1-9 exempt physical fitness testing, exempt sit-up 
component  
4-2 requires access to medical logistics support, 
spectacles 
4-3 requires periodic access to specialist care 
4-4 requires pre-deployment medical officer check 
SPEC A2 
6-1 to wear (as required) and carry a spare pair of 
spectacles when flying, reading spectacles 
6-5 medically fit for restricted flying duties in aircraft 
not equipped with an ejection system 
6-6 medically fit for restricted flying duties as pilot, 
with a pilot who has no employment restrictions 
CONCLUSIONS 
This case study is an interesting case of a highly 
experienced pilot with a rare tumour which has been 
managed well, with an excellent outcome to date.  
Limited studies and cases are currently in the 
literature of similar cases to help in the complexities 
of aeromedical decision making. Although there is a 
known risk of recurrence, the decreased risk 
following two years and beyond, combined with rare 
chance of sudden risk of incapacitation and likely 
diagnosis of potential recurrence through regular 
surveillance mitigates flight safety risk. 
REFERENCES 
1.  Fletcher CDM, Bridge JA, Hogendoorn PCW, 
Mertens F. World Health Organization 
Classification of tumours of soft tissue and bone, 
4th, IARC Press, Lyon 2013.  
2.  Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer Statistics, 
2015. CA Cancer J Clin 2015; 65:5-29. 
3. Friedberg W, Copeland K, Duke FE et al. Radiation 
exposure of aircrews. Occupational Medicine 
2002; 17(2):293-309. 
4. Ghadimi MP, Liu P, Peng T, et al. Pleomorphic 
liposarcoma: clinical observations and molecular 
variables. Cancer 2011; 117:5359-5369. 
5.  Ryzewicz M, McLoughlin HA, Freudenberger C et 
al. Unusual metastases from extremity soft tissue 
sarcomas. Orthopedics 2008; 31 (5) 439 
6.  http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/6181.cfm 
(accessed July 4 2015) 
7.  Dalal KM, Kattan MW, Antonescu CR, Brennan MF, 
Singer S. Subtype specific prognostic nomogram 
for patients with primary liposarcoma of the 
retroperitoneum, extremity, or trunk. Ann Surg. 
2006 Sep; 244 (3): 381-91. 
 
 
 
 
8.  http://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-
sarcoma/hp/adult-soft-tissue-treatment-pdq 
(accessed 16/03/2016) 
9.  Up to date online. Accessed 27 May 2015 
  
  
 
 
 


PLEOMORPHIC SARCOMA IN A PILOT

Vandyke, Anita

THE MIND CRAFT PROJECT – HEALTHY MINDS, HEALTHY PILOTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW ON MINDFULNESS MEDITATION PROGRAMS FOR COMMERCIAL AIRLINES PILOTS

Drelich-Zbroja, Anna

Kuczyńska, Maryla

Światłowski, Łukasz

Szymańska, Anna

Elwertowski, Michał

Marianowska, Agnieszka

Recommendations for ultrasonographic assessment of renal arteries

Liang Ong, Sidney Ching

Batumaly, Santha Kumari

Jusoh, Suryani Md

Portal vein tumor thrombus from gastric cancer

GIL, Bożena

SŁOMKA-SŁUPIK, Barbara

KOWALSKA, Katarzyna

JASIŃSKI, Karol

ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE CORROSION OF MANHOLE LOCATED NEAR SOURCE OF ODOROUS EMISSION

KOBYLARCZYK, Justyna

1. INTRODUCTION
The role and meaning of the social spaces are insepa-
rably connected with the progress of the urbanisation.
The results of the research conducted in about 40
cities of Podkarpackie Voivodeship have confirmed
this thesis in a measurable manner [1]. The impor-
tance of these spaces increases with the growth of the
need for intimacy and peace. Modern man also
searches for the sense of security and contact with the
natural environment.
Social spaces are also connected with the lighting of
the urban interiors. This phenomenon is not only
understood as the direct sunlight effect on the living
organisms, including humans, but also the illumina-
tion of the houses and the heating of external walls,
which reduces the energy demand necessary for the
heating during the winter.
EVALUATION OF THE BUILDINGS’ SHADOWING IN THE COMPACT
HOUSING DEVELOPMENT – SELECTED EXAMPLES
Justyna KOBYLARCZYK *
*DSc PhD Eng. Arch.; Faculty of Architecture, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24,
31-155 Kraków, Poland
E-mail address: j.kobylarczyk@op.pl
Received: 19.10.2017; Revised: 3.11.2017; Accepted: 3.03.2018
A b s t r a c t
The paper presents results of the buildings’ shadowing analysis performed in the selected areas located near the market
square in Leżajsk – a small town in Podkarpacie.
The author provided her own formulas for the degree of the shadowing, including the height of the development, distances
between the buildings, their location in relation to the directions of the world and the time of the day. The buildings’ shad-
owing is connected with the limited access of the natural light, and thus it influences the quality of the housing environment.
The results of the analysis may be implemented in the shaping of the urban interior, including housing, important due to
the constant presence of the man.
Lighting of the interiors and adjacent areas allows to create healthy housing environment and reduces the energy demand,
necessary for the heating during the winter.
S t r e s z c z e n i e
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki analizy zacienienia ścian budynków w wybranych obszarach zlokalizowanych w otocze-
niu rynku w Leżajsku – niewielkim mieście województwa podkarpackiego. Podano własne wzory na obliczanie stopnia zacie-
nienia z uwzględnieniem wysokości zabudowy, odległości między budynkami, ich usytuowania względem stron świata i pory
dnia. Zacienienie budynków wiąże się z ograniczonym dostępem światła naturalnego, a tym samym wpływa na jakość
środowiska mieszkaniowego. Wyniki analizy mogą być wykorzystane w praktyce, w zakresie kształtowania wnętrz urba-
nistycznych, w tym także mieszkaniowych, ważnych z uwagi na stały pobyt człowieka. Doświetlenie wnętrz obiektów jak
i strefy zewnętrznej pozwala kształtować prozdrowotne środowisko mieszkaniowe oraz zmniejszać zapotrzebowanie na
energię niezbędną na ocieplenie mieszkań w okresie mrozów i chłodów.
K e y w o r d s : The lighting of the urban interiors; The length of the shadow; Compact housing development, The height posi-
tion of the sun.
1/2018 A R C H I T E C T U R E C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G E N V I R O N M E N T 37
A R C H I T E C T U R E C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G E N V I R O N M E N T
The Si les ian Univers i ty of Technology No. 1/2018
d o i : 1 0 . 2 1 3 0 7 / A C E E - 2 0 1 8 - 0 0 4
J . K o b y l a r c z y k
The proper arrangement of urban interiors serves
man, fulfilling, at least partially, the criteria for a
healthy and comfortable living environment. One of
its elements is the proximity of nature and the possi-
bility of its use for relaxation purposes, facilitated by
the appropriate distances between the buildings cre-
ating the interior [2]. Due to the price of the land,
especially in the city centres, the distances between
the buildings are small, and thus the building devel-
opment is compact. It is characteristic for both old
town and modern buildings in the city centres.
Too high intensity of the development is accompa-
nied by the small social spaces – the neighbourhoods.
Moreover, unfavourable shading of the interiors and
buildings also becomes problematic. Limited light
access lowers the standard of the space and reduces
its activity [3].
It is difficult to maintain the elements of greenery in
the shady places and to provide friendly and conve-
nient living conditions for the modern man. A man
who is increasingly anxious to pursue a healthy
lifestyle and likes to be in an environment that allows
rational management of the natural resources. It
applies especially to the cities that have become – as
the UN statistics show – the primary and leading
places of residence presently and in the future.
The interaction between the natural and man-made
environment plays an important role in the undertak-
en actions as well as the conditions arising from the
characteristics of the built area. They include the vol-
ume and the height of the objects, they line the shape
of construction, the distances between the buildings,
as well as their location to the directions of the world
[4].
This paper presents its own formulas for calculating
the degree of the shading of the buildings and the
spaces between them, created by the neighboring
objects.The importance of this factor stems from the
fact that solar radiation affects practically all of the
physical and biological processes on Earth and is
essential to human life. In addition, the sunlight ener-
gy is obtained without the input connected to the
source [5].
2. SHADING OF THE URBAN INTERI-
ORS
One of the factors related to local climate conditions
is the degree of shading of the buildings and the
spaces between them. When considering the shading
of the urban interiors, the ha angle of the sun should
be taken into account (Fig.1). It depends on the lati-
tude of the analysed point and the δ declination
angle, which in turn relies on the angular position of
the sun in regard to the surface of the equator. The
declination angle can be calculated from the approx-
imate formula [6]:
where d determines the number of the days from the
beginning of the year. The declination angle varies
through the year. This variation is presented in
Figure 2. The values of the δ declination angle are
independent of the geographic position of the
analysed point on the globe.
The solar altitude represents the general case, valid
for every point on the globe and any location of the
building relative to the world.
The solar altitude (ha) is:
where  is the latitude of the point in question
(place). This latitude acquires a plus (+) sign for the
northern hemisphere and a minus (-) sign for the
southern hemisphere. On 23rd March and 23rd
September, the declination angle is δ = 0°. On 22nd
38 A R C H I T E C T U R E C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G E N V I R O N M E N T 1/2018
Figure 1.
Determination of the height of the sun in relation to the
building in question – determination of the angular parame-
ters
»¼
º«¬
ª +=δ
365
284360sin45,23 d (1)
ha = 90o - φ ± δ (2)
EVALUAT ION OF THE BUILD INGS’ SHADOWING IN THE COMPACT HOUSING DEVELOPMENT – SELECTED EXAMPLES
June the declination angle is δ = 23°27’and on 22nd
December δ = – 23°27’ [7]. Annual changes in the
ha solar altitude are characteristic for the given lati-
tude, represented by the  parameter, but do not
depend on the longitude [7].
The shading of the space between the adjacent devel-
opment is schematically illustrated in Figure 2.
If we adopt the designations presented in the figure,
we receive:
and so:
where:
h1 – height of the building causing the shadowing,
c – length of the shadow,
ha – solar altitude.
Formulas (3) and (4) are valid at noon when the ω
hour angle is 0°. When the ω angle  0°, we can
assume that the haω angle of the sun’s rays will change
over the day according to the cosine function.
Therefore:
where:ω – hour angle, acquires 0° at noon; This angle is
measured from the south; It acquires positive values
before the noon and negative in the afternoon;
t – considered time for which we determine the solar
altitude always calculated from the moment of the
daily sun dominance (before the noon, it is assumed
as positive and after the noon – negative),
tp – the number of the hours from the sunrise to its
dominance – the noon – or from the noon to the sun-
set.
After taking into account the ω hour angle we obtain
the formula for the length of the shadow:
If the c (or cω) shadow length is greater than the dis-
tance between the buildings than the elevation of the
adjacent building is shaded partially or entirely. The
hc height of the shading is:
After assuming:
we receive:
And if we additionally take into account the change
in the solar altitude during the day:
Provided formulas are valid for the azimuth γ = 0°.
The azimuth is the angle between the surface normal
to the one in question and the local meridian. It
acquires 0 at noon (S). From the sunrise to the noon
(E) this angle is assumed to be positive, while after
the noon (W) it is negative. In the case when γ  0°:
or
After taking into account the change in the solar alti-
tude during the day:
or
The shading occurs when hc or κc are greater than
zero. When hc or κc are less than zero, it means that
the shading does not occur. The whole building is
shaded when:
A
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1 /2018 A R C H I T E C T U R E C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G E N V I R O N M E N T 39
a
Figure 2.
Parameters for the analysis of the wall shading from the
adjacent buildings
h1/c = tg(ha) (3)
c= h1/ tg(ha) (4)
haȦ = ha cosȦ = ha cos(90t/tp) (5)
cȦ = h1/[tg(ha) cos(90t/tp)]     (6) 
 
(6)
hc = (c – s)  tg(ha)= h1-s tg (ha) (7)
hc/s = țc, (8)
țc = ț1 – tg(ha) (9)
țc = ț1 – tg(ha) cos(90t/tp) (10)
hc = h1 – s tg(ha)/cosγ (11)
κc = κ1 – tg(ha)/cosγ (12)
hc = h1 – s tg(ha) cos(90t/tp)/cosγ (13)
κc = κ1 – tg(ha) cos(90t/tp)/cosγ (14)
J . K o b y l a r c z y k
or
where:
h1 – the height of the shading building,
h2 – the height of the shaded building.
Where κc and κ2 introduce dimensionless, more uni-
versal values, which are more useful in general cases.κC – an auxiliary, dimensionless value is defined by
the formula 8 as the ratio of the shading height hc to
the distance between the buildings (s). κ2 is defined
by the formula 17 as the ratio of the shading height hc
to the height of the shaded building h2.
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SELECT-
ED EXAMPLES
The analysis included nearby locations of the Market
Square in Leżajsk – a district city situated in
Podkarpacie. Its geographical coordinates are
50,259°N and 22,420°E (the longitude does not affect
the results of the analysis). The location of the
analysed area is presented in Figure 3.
The area selected for the analysis is characterised by
medium-height development (dominated by the
buildings of 11 m), mostly properly arranged in terms
of urbanisation. The layout of the streets and their
geometrical parameters are typical for the old-town
building development, created before the traffic
expansion. Therefore, in the majority of the cases,
the width of the streets determine the distance
between the buildings.
Figure 3 presents analysed sections and buildings.
12 sections were selected: A-B and W-Z. The build-
ings for which the shading analysis was performed
contain a dot, symbolising a vertical section of the
building. Usually, the shading was situated in the
middle of the width.
The γ azimuth was determined for this place, as well
as daily hour range of the shading (ω hour angle).
Selected examples included units of the buildings
marked with Latin numbers I to III. Analysed sec-
tions were grouped into fours. And so area I includ-
ed sections A-B, C-D, E-F i W-Z, and area II sections
G-H, I-J, K-L i Ł-M. Area III included sections N-O,
P-R, S-T i U-V.
4. ANALYSIS RESULTS OF THE SELECT-
ED EXAMPLES
The results of the analysis are shown in Figures
4÷7. Figures 4, 5, and 6 concern succeeding areas I,
II and III, while Figure 7 is a summary drawing for all
areas and sections.
Even a general look at these drawings indicates a
large variety of the shading degree and the time of its
occurrence.
The shading degree of the A-B and E-F sections in
the I region (Figure 4) is the same, only the shading
time during the day in the second one is longer. It is
a result of the location of the buildings in question in
the street and to the shading development. A shorter
period of the shading of the building in the W-Z cross
section results from the open space between the
buildings. Different degree and shading time of the
building in C-D section is justified by the fact that the
building in question is located at a perpendicular
street to the street where buildings A-B, E-F and W-
Z are located.
40 A R C H I T E C T U R E C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G E N V I R O N M E N T 1/2018
h2  hc (15)
ț2  țc (16)
κ2 = hc/h2 (17)
Figure 3.
Location of the buildings and analysed sections
EVALUAT ION OF THE BUILD INGS’ SHADOWING IN THE COMPACT HOUSING DEVELOPMENT – SELECTED EXAMPLES
Bigger shading variations occur in II area (Figure 5).
It is caused by the greater diversity of the location of
the buildings in relation to each other and to the
world. Practically, the degree of shading and the
duration of the shade vary considerably between all
the sections and buildings concerned. Although the
analysis concerns buildings that are also located at
two orthogonal (approximately) streets, the distances
between them are different than in the case of the
buildings located in area I.
The degree of the shading of buildings in area III
(Figure 6) is an intermediary between shading in
areas I and II. The characteristics of the buildings’
shading in S-T and U-V sections are similar to those
in sections A-B and E-F (Area I), while the shade of
N-O and P-R are similar to those obtained for I-J and
L-M (Area II).
A comprehensive summary of the analysis results of
the shading of selected buildings in the area around
the Market Square in Leżajsk is illustrated in
Figure 7. It shows a large variation in the degree and
duration of shading of the buildings, although the
buildings appear to be in a small area. However, even
small differences in the distance between the build-
ings and their location in relation to each other cause
significant differences in the shadowing. It is an
important indication for the designers and an incen-
tive for a detailed analysis of the shading issues in
urban planning and architectural design.
5. REMARKS AND FINAL CONCLU-
SIONS
The paper analyses the height of the hc (κc) wall shad-
ing caused by the neighbouring buildings on 21st
March and 23rd September. These issues are related
to the impact of the solar radiation on buildings (nat-
ural warming of the exterior walls of the buildings)
and ecological urban design. It should be emphasised
that the sun's rays have an impact on the biological
and physical processes on Earth and are essential to
human life.
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Figure 4.
Results of the analysis for I area
Figure 5.
Results of the analysis for II area
Figure 6.
Results of the analysis for III area
Figure 7.
Comprehensive summary of the results
a
J . K o b y l a r c z y k
The author provided her own final formulas for the
hc height of the wall shading from the adjacent build-
ing. These formulas have taken into account the
influence of the seasons, the time of day (ω hour
angle), the location of the object in relation to the
directions of the world (γ azimuth) and the distances
between the buildings (s). Presented formulas enable
proper analysis for every location. They have been
used to calculate specific cases. Our own simulation
program was used, during the preparation of the
graph. The calculations were made for all cases
included in the work. The trigonometric functions
which were used are continuous so that continuous
curves could be drawn.
The results of the analysis prepared for three build-
ing units in the vicinity of the Market Square in
Leżajsk show that the spatial layout of the urban
structures significantly influences the light exposure
of architectural interiors. This fact is also significant
in shaping the assessment of the quality of the hous-
ing environment. In this case, the morphology of the
residential areas, including the height of the objects
and the distance between them is of fundamental
importance.
The shading of the urban interiors always occurs, but
its degree depends on the height of the building
development and the distance between the objects, as
well as the location of the objects in relation to the
directions of the world. It changes in annual and daily
cycles. At sufficiently large distances between the
buildings in relation to their height, the shade can
cover only a part of the space between them, but it
will not reach the buildings themselves. In the old
town development, which is compact, such cases are
usually non-existing.
On the basis of the comparison of the analysis results
for different areas and sections, it can be stated that
the location of the buildings in relation to each other
and to the directions of the world has a significant
effect on the degree of shading and its duration. Even
slight differences in this range greatly affect the
degree of shading. It is an important encouragement
for a detailed analysis of the shading state in urban
planning and architectural design, but also a guide-
line for the designers of communication systems. In
many cases, the distances between the buildings are
determined by the width of the streets and the side-
walks.
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[4] Sharples S., Mohammadpourkarbasi H. (2013). The
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Przegląd Budowlany, 5.
42 A R C H I T E C T U R E C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G E N V I R O N M E N T 1/2018


EVALUATION OF THE BUILDINGS’ SHADOWING IN THE COMPACT HOUSING DEVELOPMENT – SELECTED EXAMPLES

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