Exeley Inc.

Mafikandi, Vida

Roodbari, Nasim Hayati

Nabiuni, Mohammad

Yaghmaei, Parichehreh

English

Effects of maternal thyroid hormone deficiency on differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in CSF-exposed neonatal Wistar rats

Rainey, Mark Justin

Time in the shelter: Asylum, destitution and legal uncertainty

Fragoso, Pedro

Armijo, Alicia

Gómez, Doris

Gómez, Claudio

Bugueño, Marco

Sánchez, Gittith

Venegas, Juan

S1 
 
Supplementary Material  
Fragoso P. et al., Molecular Characterization of the cry Gene profile of Bacillus thuringiensis Isolated from a 
Caribbean Region of Colombia,  
Polish Journal of Microbiology, 2018, Vol. 67, No 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fig. S1. Scheme of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1 and Cry4B protein primary structures, 
indicating the corresponding locations of the PCR products.  
The first amino acid sequence corresponds to the open reading frame of the B.thuringiensis 
cry1A gene (GenBank accession code: D17518.1) and the second to the open reading frame of 
the full length cry4B  gene corresponding to 1135 amino acids of B. thuringiensis serovar 
israelensis (ID code:BAAA00178.1). 
  
S2 
 
 
 
Fig.S2. Detection of cry10 and cyt1 in different dilutions of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) DNA 
samples.  
The electrophoresis was performed in 2.5% agarose gels, showing the PCR amplification 
products for the cry10 gene segment of 348 base pairs (panel A) and for the cyt1 gene segment of 
480 bp (panel B) using the primers and protocols described by Santos et al. (2012). In both 
panels the Bt samples were the same as indicated on top of each figure. The samples were the 
following: 100 bp DNA ladder marker (lanes 1 and 24), negative control with no sample (lane 2), 
different concentrations of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) DNA (lanes 3 - 5) 
corresponding to 0.17; 1.7; and 17 ng/µl, respectively (lane 3); DNA samples from the 
Colombian Caribbean Bt-UPC-1 to Bt-UPC-6 isolates (Lanes 6 – 23). A volume of 1 µl in an 
assay volume of 20 µl was tested for all the samples with the exception of undiluted samples 
(U/d) in which were only assayed with 0.5 µl (see Materials and Methods for more details). 
  
S3 
 
Table S1  
Sampling locations of the B. thuringiensis isolates utilized in toxicity bioassays against third and 
fourth instar larvae of A. aegypti. 
Isolates Type of sample Sampling site Geographic coordinates 
(latitude - longitude) 
Sample 
date 
Bt – UPC – 1 Treatment plant 
mud
 
a
Valledupar 10° 31' 04" - 073°18' 07" 5/2012 
Bt – UPC – 2 Urban soil El Carmen 10°28' 24.7"- 073°14' 27.2" 3/2011 
Bt – UPC – 3 Urban soil Villa Mirian 10°27'08.8"- 073° 16' 08.3" 4/2011 
Bt – UPC – 4 Urban soil La Popa 10° 27' 44.4"-073°16' 16.8" 6/2011 
Bt – UPC – 5 Urban soil Villa taxi 10°27' 07.5"- 073°16' 41.2" 6/2011 
Bt – UPC – 6 Urban soil El progreso 10°27' 07.4"-073° 16' 48.4" 4/2011 
Bt – UPC – 7 Urban soil Mayales 10°27' 23.8"-073° 14' 20.9" 8/2011 
Bt – UPC – 8 Treatment plant 
mud
 
a
Valledupar 10° 31' 04"- 073° 18' 07" 5/2012 
Bt – UPC – 9 Treatment plant 
mud
 
a
Valledupar 10° 31' 04"- 073° 18' 07" 4/2012 
Bt – UPC – 10 Treatment plant 
mud
 
a
Valledupar 10° 31' 04"- 073° 18' 07" 6/2012 
Bt – UPC – 11 Urban soil 5 de Noviembre 10°27'36.1"- 073° 14' 31.2" 8/2011 
Bt – UPC – 12 Urban soil Mareigua 10°26'06.4"- 073° 15' 15.7" 10/2011 
Bt – UPC – 13 Urban soil 12 de Octubre 10°27'26.7"- 073° 14' 44.5" 7/2011 
Bt – UPC – 14 Urban soil Novalito 10°28'58.7"- 073° 15' 22.0" 4/2011 
Bt – UPC – 15 Urban soil Villa Clara 10°27'49.0"- 073° 14' 15.9" 9/2011 
Bt – UPC – 16 Urban soil Francisco de Paula 10°26'58.5"- 073° 15' 48.2" 9/2011 
Bt – UPC – 17 Urban soil Villa Jaidi 10°26'04.8"- 073° 15' 22.2" 11/2011 
Bt – UPC – 18 Urban soil 7 de Agosto 10°27' 04.8"-073° 15' 22.8" 11/2011 
Bt – UPC – 19 Urban soil Pescaito 10°28' 44.3"-073° 14' 29.1" 3/2011 
Bt – UPC – 20 Urban soil San Joaquin 10°28'37,7"- 073° 15' 20.7" 3/2011 
Bt – UPC – 21 Urban soil Nuevo Milenio 10°26' 18.7"-073° 15' 02,0" 5/2011 
S4 
 
Bt – UPC – 22 Urban soil Los Cocos 10°27' 13.9"-073° 13' 53.1" 5/2011 
Bt – UPC – 23 Urban soil 25 de Diciembre 10°26' 18.7"-073° 14' 41.7" 6/2011 
Bt – UPC – 24 Urban soil Don Alberto 10°27'57.4"- 073° 16' 53.5" 8/2011 
Bt – UPC – 25 Urban soil Alamos III 10°26'51.8"- 073° 15' 55.7" 2/2011 
Bt – UPC – 26 Urban soil Barrio la Nevada 10°28'43.7"- 073° 16' 54.9" 9/2011 
Bt – UPC – 27 Urban soil Alamos II 10°26'51.0" - 073°16' 00.4" 2/2011 
Bt – UPC – 28 Urban soil Milagros 10°27'28.5" - 073°13' 56.4" 10/2011 
B. thuringiensis 
var. Kurstaki 
Commercial _  _ 
B. thuringiensis 
var. israeliensis 
Commercial _  _ 
a
Valledupar public service company. 
 
  
S5 
 
Table SII 
Mortality percentages of A. aegypti larvae after co-incubation during 48 hours with bacterial 
suspension of B. thuringiensis isolates and the presence of cry genes. 
Isolates
a
 Maximal 
percentage 
of larval 
mortality 
Concentration 
of bacterial 
suspension 
(mg/l) 
Presence of cry genes: 
cry1
b
 cry2
b
 cry4B
c 
fragment 
(bp) 
cry10
c
 
 
Bt – UPC – 1 0 0 + - - - 
Bt – UPC – 2 0 0 - - - - 
Bt – UPC – 3 0 0 + - - - 
Bt – UPC – 4 0 0 - - - - 
Bt – UPC – 5 17 10 - - - - 
Bt – UPC – 6 23 10 - - - - 
Bt – UPC – 7 0 0 - - 100 + 120 - 
Bt – UPC – 8 0 0 + + - - 
Bt – UPC – 9 0 0 - - - - 
Bt – UPC – 10 0 0 - - - - 
Bt – UPC – 11 0 0 - - - - 
Bt – UPC – 12 0 0 - - 150 - 
Bt – UPC – 13 0 0 - - - - 
Bt – UPC – 14 0 0 - - 100 - 
Bt – UPC – 15 27 0.1 - - - - 
Bt – UPC – 16 0 0 + + - - 
Bt – UPC – 17 0 0 + + - - 
Bt – UPC – 18 0 0 + + - - 
Bt – UPC – 19 0 0 + - 100 - 
Bt – UPC – 20 30 0.1 - - - - 
Bt – UPC – 21 0 0 + - - - 
Bt – UPC – 22 0 0 - + 150 - 
Bt – UPC – 23 0 0 - + 100 - 
Bt – UPC – 24 0 0 - - - - 
S6 
 
Bt – UPC – 25 27 0.1 - - - - 
Bt – UPC – 26 0 0 + + 150 - 
Bt – UPC – 27 0 0 - + 100 + 150 - 
Bt – UPC – 28 0 0 + + - - 
Total number 
(%) 
  10 (35.7) 9 (32.1) 8 (28.6) 0 
Bt. var. Kurstaki 80 10 + + - ND
d
 
Bt. var. 
israelensis 
93 10 277 - 321 348 
a
Isolated from the mud of water treatment plants and urban soils of the city of Valledupar (Materials and Methods).
 
b 
The cry1 and cry2 genes were detected by the specific primers and protocols described by Ben-Dov et al. (1997). 
 
c
The cry4B, cry10 and cyt1 genes were assayed using the specific primers and protocols described by Santos et al. 
(2012).
 
d
ND = not determined. 


Molecular Characterization of the cry Gene profile of Bacillus thuringiensis Isolated from a Caribbean Region of Colombia

Aslam, Muhammad

Nasim, Faiz-Ul-Hassan

Ruhi, Rana

Murad, Hassan

Ejaz, Samina

Choudhary, Muhammad Shafiq

Mustafa, Ghulam

Ashraf, Muhammad

Rehman, Jameel

Isolation and Characteristics of Biotechnologically Important Antagonistic Thermophilic Bacteria from Rhizosphere of Haloxylon salicornicum

Bocheng, Liu

Ye, Cao

Song, Jialei

2018 International Conference on Sensor Network and Computer Engineering (ICSNCE 2018) 
135 
 
Organic Garbage Disposal Equipment Management System Based on WSN 
 
Liu Bocheng  
School of Software, Nanchang University 
Nanchang, China 
e-mail: jsjjcjx@163.com 
Cao Ye 
School of Software, Nanchang University 
Nanchang, China 
e-mail: 13767959389@163.com 
 
 
Song Jialei 
School of Software, Nanchang University 
Nanchang, China 
e-mail: ncusc_bysj@163.com 
 
 
 
 
 
Abstract—Huge amount of organic garbage produced by cites 
with urbanization rapid development. Garbage disposal 
equipment were put into use in large scale. Traditional 
measures of equipment management is no more efficient. This 
paper focuses on realizing informationization and 
systematization of equipment management through software 
technology. 
Keywords-Garbage Disposal; Equipment Management; 
Ensor; WSN 
 
This paper analyzed the requirement of the system and 
related work process. The system should be able to manage 
basic information of staff and equipment, receiving data 
returned from sensors and reminding staff when equipment 
is abnormal. Staff can set the operation status of equipment 
via the system. Based on modular programming ideas, then 
the paper designed the functional modules: personnel 
management, rights management, equipment management, 
real-time simulation, task management and fault 
management. Finally complete the full function of the 
system, providing the information management way for the 
management of organic waste equipment, improving the 
efficiency of the staff and enhancing the modern 
management level of the enterprise. 
I. INTRODUCTION  
The staff can manage the equipment and tasks and 
monitor the real-time status of the equipment through 
computer. Therefore, it can improve the efficiency of 
equipment management, reduce the enterprise's investment 
in human resources and promote the informatization of 
management[1]. 
The concept of informatization is gradually applied to the 
management of garbage disposal equipment. According to 
the analysis of the development trend of China's garbage 
disposal industry, the waste treatment is gradually adopting 
high technology and the level is getting higher and higher. In 
the case of waste separation, the application of automatic 
equipment, landfill site construction and application of 
bioengineering technology to improve the efficiency of 
waste incineration power generation system through thermal 
physical heat transfer technology[2]. The scale of equipment 
management is increasing and the complexity of 
management is improving. The traditional way of equipment 
management gradually does not meet the demand of 
production. Network technology can effectively integrate 
resources and realize sharing, which is being applied to 
equipment management, thus improving operation and 
management efficiency[3]. 
II. SYSTEM ANALYSIS 
A. System demand analysis 
The main purpose of the system is to improve the 
management efficiency of waste disposal equipment and 
realize the network management. The following 
requirements are summarized by the analysis of the system. 
 In order to facilitate user operation, it is necessary to 
provide a good operation interface. The interface 
design should conform to the basic aesthetics, the 
system response speed should be fast, and the 
operation process should be standardized and 
reasonable. 
 To set different permissions for different personnel 
roles so as to maintain the system security and run 
steadily. 
 It will be able to manage user information, such as 
adding, deleting and modifying user information. 
 It will be able to manage the basic information of the 
equipment, such as adding, deleting and modifying 
basic information of the equipment. 
 The operator can carry out task management, add 
tasks according to the arrangement, and can generate 
task reports and submit them to the administrator for 
review. 
 The operator can through the system to run the 
equipment parameters settings, such as equipment 
internal temperature, the humidity inside the 
equipment, power equipment, etc., so that the 
equipment will be in good running condition. 
 The operator can check the operation of the system 
in real time and monitor the equipment. 
2018 International Conference on Sensor Network and Computer Engineering (ICSNCE 2018) 
136 
 
 In the case of equipment failure, the system can 
notify operators in different ways, such as sending 
text messages, page pop-up prompts, etc. 
B. System function analysis  
1) User management 
User can check their personal information and change 
their passwords. The administrator can manage user 
information after login, such as adding, deleting, modifying 
user information and modifying users' permission. 
2) Task management 
Administrators distribute tasks by the system, distribute 
them to executives, and review the submitted tasks. The task 
performer modifies the status of the task according to the 
progress of the task, and then submits the task or gives it to 
the next performer. 
3) Equipment management 
The operator can manage the basic information by the 
system, such as add, delete, modify the basic information of 
the equipment, and can view the equipment operation 
manual, at the same time they can intuitively see location of 
the equipment through the map. 
4) Device control 
The operator changes the operating parameters of the 
equipment, such as internal temperature, internal humidity 
and machine power, so as to control the operation state of the 
equipment and improve the operation efficiency of the 
equipment. 
5) Real-time monitoring 
The operator can monitor the machine and check the 
running status of the machine in real time. 
6) Fault management 
System can detect the abnormality of the device and 
notify the operator via SMS or webpage reminder, and the 
fault information will be added to the fault log. 
III. SYSTEM DESIGN 
A. Overall system design 
The overall design of the system is to carry out the 
overall plan for the previous analysis, and provide concrete 
solutions for the realization of the system. The organic waste 
recycling operation management system not only needs real-
time monitoring of the equipment, but also can manage the 
equipment and improve the working efficiency of the users. 
According to business function, business process, we design 
corresponding function and business logic design. And by 
analyzing the data and entity types involved in the system, 
the design of the database will be completed. 
B. System architecture 
The architecture of the software system is as follows. 
 
Figure 1. System architecture  
View layer handles the interface presentation and user 
interaction. 
Business layer handles the request sent by the user and 
returns the result of the request to the view layer. At the 
same time, you will get the data needed by the view layer by 
calling the persistence layer's mapper interface. 
Persistence layer connects to the database, and the data 
will be processed by the mapper interface. 
C. System function design 
Through the business analysis of the system, the system 
function is divided into the following contents according to 
the module. 
 
 
Figure 2. Function module 
The functions of each module are as follows： 
1) User permission management 
Different users have different executable rights, and from 
the business logic, it needs to set different roles for different 
users, which is conducive to the system's safe and stable 
operation. 
2018 International Conference on Sensor Network and Computer Engineering (ICSNCE 2018) 
137 
 
2) User information management 
Manage user information, including add, delete, modify, 
and other basic operations. 
3) Personal information view 
View all personal information and be able to change the 
password. 
4) Equipment information management 
Management equipment information, including adding, 
modifying, and deleting equipment information and other 
basic operations. 
5) Equipment location view 
Display the corresponding location on the map according 
to the device address. 
6) Device running state setting. 
The user sets the internal humidity, temperature and 
power of the device during operation, thus making the device 
in a high efficient state of processing. 
7) Single device monitoring 
Simulates the data sent by the sensor and monitors the 
state of a single device in real time. The state parameters 
include the internal temperature of the device, the internal 
humidity of the equipment and the power of the equipment. 
8) District profile 
Carry out statistical analysis of equipment quantity 
information in the area. 
9) Warning prompt sending 
When the temperature, humidity or power of the device 
exceeds the threshold, the system will send a warning to the 
device owner via text message or the page pop-up box. 
10) Fault information record 
When the device fails, the system records the specific 
fault information. The user needs to modify the status of the 
fault according to the fault. 
11) Assignment of tasks 
The administrator arranges specific tasks through the 
system and pushes them to the executor. 
12) Task management 
The user can update the status of the task in real time 
according to the task. When the task is completed, it can be 
submitted to the administrator for review or continued to be 
pushed to the next executor. Ordinary users manage their 
own tasks, and administrators can manage all tasks. 
IV. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION  
A. Holistic structure 
The system is managed by maven,and the required 
reference packages are placed in the pom.xml.First,we 
deploy the package structure according to the system 
function. 
The functions of each package are as follows. 
 Com.ssm.controller contains the related classes of 
the Spring controller. 
 Com.ssm.entity contains the entity types associated 
with the project. 
 Com.ssm.mapper contains the relevant interface files 
and corresponding XML files for the operation 
database. 
 Com.ssm.service  contains the Service Interface 
associated with Spring. 
 Com.ssm.serviceImpl is the implementation of the 
interface in com.ssm. service. 
 The mybatis package contains the configuration file 
sqlmapconfig.xml for mybatis. 
 Spring packages contains spring-related 
configuration files, including the database 
configuration management file applicationcontext-
dao.xml and view management configuration file 
springmvc.xml and spring security configuration file 
applicationcontent-security.xml. 
 Db.properties is the connection profile for the 
database.。 
 Log4j.properties is the configuration file for the 
output log. 
 Src/main/webapp contains the JSP pages and the 
imported JavaScript files. 
B. Function implementation 
1) Login inplementation 
Input user name and password, the corresponding form 
will be submitted to the information to the spring security 
processing, if the information from Spring security that 
match in the database information , it will be send to the 
corresponding user requests, load the corresponding menu 
resources, access to the system home page url. If it does not 
match to the corresponding information, redirect to the login 
page. Spring security needs to implement this functionality, 
in addition to implementing the corresponding configuration 
in applications-security.xml. 
2) Equipment management information 
User can view the information of the device, add, 
modify, delete, search, and export the required 
information to excel. 
After clicking the location button, the user can view 
the location of the device. The map uses Baidu Map 
interface to realize, click the geographical position button 
and then the location of the device and the device number 
information will be displayed on the map. 
3) Employee management 
User can view the basic information of the employee 
and add, delete or find there information. You can also set 
the users’ role. And you can select the columns you 
want to export to an Excel. The Table uses bootstrap 
Table to dynamically load employee information. 
2018 International Conference on Sensor Network and Computer Engineering (ICSNCE 2018) 
138 
 
4) District profile 
Click the district profile button, the map of the country 
will be displayed, and the depth of the color will be 
directly proportional to the number of devices. This part is 
mainly showing the distribution of the equipment from 
different regions of the country, it uses Echarts to 
implement, and complete the drill down function of 
secondary map, click each province will enter the 
corresponding city’s information interface, each city’s 
information using a scatter diagram showing the number 
of devices. When the mouse is hovering over the 
provinces, the relevant devices amount will be prompted. 
5) LAN monitoring 
User can check the temperature, humidity and power 
of the device, and the warning threshold, and modify or 
delete information of the device. Click on the status 
button to view the real-time state of the device, and the 
real-time state data is simulated using the random number. 
The dynamic line chart is realized by Echarts. 
The temperature, humidity and power data of the 
device will be transmitted to controller in real-time. If any 
abnormal data is found, the device will send SMS 
messages to the equipment manager. SMS prompts use 
the SMS interface provided by the Internet provider. 
6) Task list 
Users can categorize tasks according to the urgency of 
the task, and can delete task information and manage the 
tasks. 
7) Fault log 
When a device fails, the system generates a fault log. 
User can check the fault information of the device and 
solve the state of the fault.  
V. CONCLUSION 
The organic garbage disposal equipment management 
system achieves multiple functions such as the rights 
management, user management, equipment management, 
equipment monitoring, fault management and early warning, 
task management, and provides reference for garbage 
disposal equipment information management. 
The system generally operates normally and smoothly. 
Graphical interactive interface is pleasing to the eye. It can 
respond quickly to various operations like addition, deletion, 
search etc. 
It can effectively improve the management efficiency of 
the equipment, optimize the business process, reduce the 
investment in management, and improve the modern 
management level of the enterprise. 
There are some deficiencies in the system, which need 
further improvement: 
(1) The real-time monitoring part of the equipment uses 
the simulation data. In practice, it needs to receive the data 
sent back by the sensor. The integration will be realized in 
the follow-up work. 
(2) When the number of devices is huge, the query speed 
of the system will be reduced. Optimization of the query 
algorithm is needed to improve the response speed of the 
system. 
(3) The regional general situation only counts the number 
of devices in different regions, and it could analyze more 
factors, such as equipment model, abnormal equipment, etc. 
 
REFERENCES 
[1] Chi Xun,Wang Baojie,Study on Composting Treatment Pattern of 
Rural Living OrganicWaste,Journal of Shandong Agricultural 
University. Natural Science,china,vol.48,pp.749-751,2017 
[2] Hu Shang-qin,Hu Guo,Research on producing the alcohol from the 
organic garbage fermentation,1st International Conference on Energy 
and Environmental Protection (ICEEP 2012),Advanced Materials 
Research   vol. 512,pp. 455-458,2012 
[3] ZHANG Xilin,Study on the Garbage Disposal in Urban Park Based 
on the Circulation Ecoomy Theory,Journal of Anhui Agricultural 
Sciences  vol.35  pp. 817-818,822,2007 
 
 
 


Organic Garbage Disposal Equipment Management System Based on WSN

Jie, Li

Ying, Lu

Junyong, Tang

2018 International Conference on Sensor Network and Computer Engineering (ICSNCE 2018) 
66 
 
Simulation of Self-similarFlowBased on Fractal Gaussian Noise Method 
Li Jie 
School of Computer Science and Engineering 
Xi’an Technological University 
Xi’an, 710032, China 
e-mail: lijiekpt@163.com 
Lu Ying 
School of Computer Science and Engineering 
Xi’an Technological University 
Xi’an, 710032, China 
e-mail: luyingkk@sina.com 
Tang Junyong 
School of Computer Science and Engineering 
Xi’an Technological University 
Xi’an, 710032, China 
e-mail: 83090141@qq.com
 
Abstract—The conventional network traffic flow models are 
mostly based on Poisson model. With the continuous develop-
ment of network services, studies found that the actual net-
work traffic has a long-range dependence (LRD) now and in a 
very long time, which is a kind of self-similarity. In this paper, 
RMD and Fourier algorithm were adopted to simulate and 
analyze a self-similar model of FGN. They generated the ne-
cessary sequence of self-similar traffic. Then the article uses 
R/S method to verify H value of the generated sequence of 
self-similar traffic in order to verify the self-similarity of the 
self-similar traffic sequence. The existence of self-similarity is 
verified by experiments, and the advantage and disadvantage 
of RMD and Fourier algorithm are analyzed. 
Keyword-Self-similarity; Traffic Flow; FGN; R/S 
I. INTRODUCTION 
The study of network traffic flow plays an important 
role in improving network structure, improving network 
performance and improving network security. The tradi-
tional business model is based on the poisson process, 
which is a short-range correlation model. In the 1990 s, 
Leland and others in the literature
[1]
for the first time expli-
citly put forward the network traffic with self-similarity, 
and proves that the self-similarity of network traffic flowis 
network business data flow within a long time both have a 
long self-similarity.After that, the researchers observed and 
analyzed some existing networks, and found that no matter 
how the network topology, number of users and service 
types changed，this self-similarity always exist. Based on 
FBM model, the simulation generation experiment of flow 
sequence was carried out using RMD and Fourier transform 
method respectively, and the self-similar sequences gener-
ated by R/S algorithm were used to verify and analyze the 
results. 
II. DEFINITION OF THE SELF-SIMILAR PROCESS 
OF NETWORK TRAFFIC 
A statistical process of stable covariance is investigated 
X={Xt:t=0,1,2,3...}，the mathematical expectation of the 
process is that μ=E[Xt] is constant, the variance 
σ2=E[(Xt-μ)
2
] is a finite value, the auto correlation function 
r(k)=E[(Xt-μ)(Xt+k-μ)]/σ
2
, k=1,2,3,…,it's only related to k. 
Xt can be understood as the number of network business 
entities that arrive in t unit time. It is assumed that the au-
tocorrelation function of X has the following form
[2]
: 
r(k)~k
-β
,0<β<1,k→∞                          (1) 
For each m =1,2,3,…, make X(m)={Xmt:t=0,1,2,3,…} 
represents a new sequence. X
m
k=1/m(Xkm-m+1+…+Xkm), 
k=1,2,3,… stands for the aggregation of length m. If X(m) 
2018 International Conference on Sensor Network and Computer Engineering (ICSNCE 2018) 
67 
 
also defines a generalized stationary random process, r
(m)
(k) 
represents the auto correlation function of X
(m)
. If for all m, 
there are: 
r
(m)
(k)=r(k)~k
-β
,0<β<1                      (2) 
When k→∞, X is the exact second order self-similar 
process, and it is said that H=1-β/2 is its self-similar para-
meter. 
III. FBM FLOW MODEL AND SIMULATION 
MODELING 
In the network modeling of traffic flow, the parame-
ters of use less as far as possible to the actual require-
ments of the network traffic modeling, another is re-
quired to produce synthetic data sequence to show simi-
lar features and measurement data. In the modeling of 
network traffic flow, it is required to model the traffic 
flow of the actual network with as few parameters as 
possible.In addition, the required synthetic data se-
quences are required to display similar characteristics to 
the measured data. The fractal Brownian motion FBM is 
a kind of convenient traffic model. The model is based 
on the Fractal Gaussian Noise( FGN ) process, which is 
an incremental process ofFGN
[3]
. 
In the simulation experiment, the FBM model is 
modeled and studied by the random mid-point method 
and the discrete Fourier transform method, which results 
in thetraffic flow of the Fractal Gaussian Noise.Moreover, 
the network traffic sequences generated by different al-
gorithms are compared, and their performance is ana-
lyzed. The network traffic sequences generated by dif-
ferent algorithms are compared for different 
self-similarity coefficients, and then analyze their perfor-
mance. 
A. Random Mid-Point Method 
The random mid-point method (RMD method) is 
used to generate simulation sequences by gradual subdi-
vision method.The greatest advantage of this method is 
its rapidity. Algorithm principle: Firstly, itdivides the 
time interval [0,T], and then calculates the arithmetic 
mean of the left and right points，iterates to get the 
midpoint value and addsan offset. Based on matlab si-
mulation platform, RMD algorithm steps are written as 
follows
 [4,5]
 : 
The original business flow data is performed by the 
weighted iteration of the pseudo-random sequence (by 
mathematical algorithm, the random number is calcu-
lated according to the law of random number).The fore-
ground sequence is generated, performance analysis is 
performed on the foreground sequence, and the model 
parameters are constantly adjusted so that the perfor-
mance of the foreground sequence matches the original 
sequence, and finally the practical RMD model is 
formed. 
1） In matlab, randn() in M language is used to generate 
a pseudo-random sequence with mean value of 0 and va-
riance of 1 as the original sequence(G=G(n)(n=1,2,3....2
m
)); 
2） The original sequence is weighted， and the 
weighted coefficient is θi= ,background se-
quence is D(i)=G(n)θ i(i is the number of iterations)； 
3） The number of iterations is m，generates fore-
ground sequence X=X(n)(n=1,2,3,....2m), Let X = 0(0), X 
(2 m) = G (1) 
Whenj=1: 
X(j*2m-i)=X(2m+1-i)/2+ G(2m+1-i)  
When j!=1: 
X(j*2m-i)=(X((j-1)*2m-i)X((j+1)2m-i))/2+G(2m+1-i+(j+1)/2)
， 
this is j=1，3，5，......2i-1 
4） The foreground sequence after iteration is difficult 
to analyze mathematically，and let's do the cosine of it, 
SY=cos(X), The resulting sequence is finally obtained-
SY(n)(n=1,2,3,...2m). 
B. Fourier Transform Method 
Fourier transform method is to obtain the business data 
by Fourier transform of the spectrum of Fractal Gssian-
Noise, which has high accuracy. The basic idea is to pro-
duce a spectrum, and then fast Fourier inversion for this 
2018 International Conference on Sensor Network and Computer Engineering (ICSNCE 2018) 
68 
 
spectrum. 
Based on matlab simulation platform, the steps of fast 
Fourier inversion conversion are as follows
 [6]
 : 
1) Tectonic sequence {f1,f2,…fn/2}, fi=f（2πj/n，H）
in it, The power spectrum of the FGN process from 2π/n 
to π is respectively corresponding to the corresponding 
frequency. The amplitude of the frequency domain sam-
ple of the self-similar sequence is f . 
2) Hybridization ｛f1｝, a separate exponential random 
variable with a mean of 1 times each {
i
f }, gets the se-
quence { '
i
f }. 
3) Construct a sequence ｛z1，｝. Take the complex 
sequence {z1,z2,…zn/2}, among 2/1)'(
ii
fz 
, the phase of 
zi is randomly distributed between 0～2π. 
4) Solving the complex sequence }',,','{ 2/21 nzzz  ， 
0' 
j
z , j=0  
j
z' = jz , 0<j≤n/2 
j
z' = jnz  , 0<j≤n/2 
jn
z
  
is the complex conjugate of jnz  . 
5) The inverse Fourier transform of { jz' } is obtained, 
and the approximate sample point {xi} of FGN is obtained. 
The focus of this method is the calculation of spectrum. 
That is to say the power spectrum
[5] 
of FGN process is: 
ƒ（ω, H）=A（ω, H）[|ω|-2H-1+B（ω, H）] 
In the formula, 0<H<1,-π<ω<π 
A（ω, H）=2sin(πH)г(2H+1)(1-cosω) 
B（ω, H）=Σ[(2πj+ω)-2H-1+(2πj-ω)-2H-1]j j=1,2,、、、, ∞ 
The main difficulty in calculating power spectrum is the 
infinite sum. Now precise formula hasn’t been found, and 
an approximate formula is used instead. 
B （ ω, H ） ≈B3 （ ω, H ）
=a
d
1+b
d
1+a
d
2+b
d
2+a
d
3+b
d
3+(a
g
3+b
g
3+a
g
4+b
g
4)/8πH 
In the formula, d=-2H-1, g=-2H, ak=2kπ+ω, bk=2kπ-ω 
IV. EXPERIMENT AND ANALYSIS OF 
SELF-SIMILAR SEQUENCES 
A. The Generation of Self-similar Sequence 
When using MATLAB simulation.，RMD algorithm and 
Fourier transform method were used respectively.The 
self-similar sequence with a similar parameter of 0.7,0.8 
and 0.9 was set, and the sequence length was 8192.FIG. 1(a) 
is the result of RMD algorithm when H=0.9, and (b) is the 
result of Fourier transform method when H=0.9. 
 
(a) When H=0.9, RMD Algorithm Generates Results 
 
(b) H=0.9 When Fourier Transform Method Generates Results. 
Figure 1. Self-similar Sequence Generated by RMD Algorithm and 
Fourier Algorithm 
B. The Common Parameter Estimation Method in the 
Process of Self-similarity 
In this paper, R/S method and variance time curve me-
thod are used to test the self-similarity of generation se-
quences. For self- similar time se-
ries },...,,,{ 321 LXXXXX  , calculate the partial 
2018 International Conference on Sensor Network and Computer Engineering (ICSNCE 2018) 
69 
 
sum
1
( )
n
i
i
Y n X

  and variance of the sequence )(nS . Then 
calculate R/S method statistics: 
00
1
( ) ( ( ) ( )) ( ( ) ( ))
( )
max min
t nt n
R t t
n Y t Y n Y t Y n
S S n n n  
 
    
         (3) 
It is known by statistical properties，
)(n
S
R ≈ Hcn . We 
can do the logarithm of both sides: 
nHcn
S
R
loglog)(log 
，
among, clog  is a constant. )(log n
S
R
 
is the vertical axis, 
nlog  is the horizontal axis curve fitting, Because the 
curves of the two curves are linear, the curves can be fitted 
with straight lines. And then the slope of the line is an esti-
mate of the hurst exponent. 
C. Self-similarity Detection of Generating Sequence 
For the random sequences generated by RMD algorithm, 
this paper uses the R/S method to estimate the Hurst para-
meters.In the RMDS algorithm, when H=0.7, 0.8 and 0.9, 
the self-similar parameter H value of the sequence is de-
tected. As shown in fig.2, two dotted lines in the scatter plot 
generated by the test results show a line with a slope of 1 
and a slope of 0.5. There are many scattered points in the 
graph which can be obtained by linear fitting. The slope of 
the line is the hurst parameter, whose value is between 0.5 
and 1, and the specific data is shown in table 1. H specifies 
the theoretical value for the algorithm, and H’ is the detec-
tion of H value.In order to better verify the matching degree 
of the estimated value and the theoretical value, the relative 
error can be used to represent. This：
HHHH )'( 
. 
 
(a) H=0.7    
 
(b) H=0.8 
 
(c)H=0.9 
Figure 2. Scattersof three sample sequencegenerated by R/S 
detectedalgorithm 
TABLE I. TEST RESULTS OF SELFSIMILAR SEQUENCE 
GENERATED BY R/S ALGORITHM(RMD ALGORITHM) 
Sample  Theory H Detection H’ Compatibility(H'-H)/H 
1 0.70 0.7242 0.00 03% 
2 0.80 0.7869 -0.00 01% 
3 0.90 0.8768 -0.00 02% 
2018 International Conference on Sensor Network and Computer Engineering (ICSNCE 2018) 
70 
 
TABLE II. TEST RESULTS OF SELF-SIMILAR SEQUENCE 
GENERATED BY R/S ALGORITHM(FOURIER ALGORITHM) 
Sample Theory H Detection H’ Compatibility(H'-H)/H 
1 0.70 0.7013 0.00002% 
2 0.80 0.8008 0.00001% 
3 0.90 0.8997 -0.000003% 
It can be seen from table I and table II that the obtained 
value is basically matching with the theoretical value of the 
original self-similar flow, and its relative error is small, thus 
proving the correctness of the simulation algorithm.The 
self-similar sequences generated by RMD and Fourier 
transform are compared. We can see that: The RMD algo-
rithm has no complicated functions to participate in the 
calculation, the calculation process is clear, the speed is 
fast, and the self-similar sequence can be generated 
quickly, but the accuracy of the generation sequence of 
Fourier transform method is relatively high. The RMD 
algorithm and Fourier transform method can directly se-
lect the variable values that can affect the self-similar 
characteristics of the generation sequence; However, the 
RMD algorithm generates the sample data sequence 
through the continuous segmentation interval, and the 
generated sequence is within two endpoints. Therefore, it 
is important to choose which endpoint is the endpoint of 
the initial segmentation, which has an influence on the 
self-similar characteristics of the resulting data sequence, 
which will bring instability to the later self-similarity 
parameter estimation. 
V. CONCLUSION 
The self-similarity of network traffic determines the 
behavior characteristics of the network, and only 
self-similar modeling can accurately describe the actual 
situation of the network.Based on FBM model, the flow 
sequence is generated by RMD and Fourier transform me-
thod respectively. This experiment shows that the simula-
tion algorithm is effective. 
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 
This research is supported by the project found of Na-
tional-Local joint Engineering Laboratory of Advance 
Network and Monitoring Control(Grant 
No.GSYSJ2016015). 
This research is supportedby thePre Research Manage-
ment Center(GrantNo.41402020202). 
 
REFERENCES 
[1] Leland W E,aqqu M S,Willinger W,et a1.On theself-similar nature 
of Ethernet traffic(extended version)[J].IEEE/ACM Transactions on 
Networking,1994,(1),P:1-15. 
[2] Lee YH,KassamSA.Generalized median filtering and related 
nonlinear filtering techniques[J].IEEE Transactions on 
Acoustica,Speech,Signal Processing,1985,33(3):672-683． 
[3] Mandelbort B B,Van Ness J.Fractional Brownian motions,factional 
noises and applications[J].1968,10(4):422-437. 
[4] Zhu Xiao-wen, Tan Xian-hai, Chen Baixiu. Research on modeling 
of network traffic based on(MK)-FBM[J]. Railway Computer 
Application, 2009, 18(6): 10-13. 
[5] Li Lin-fengQiu Zheng-ding .An Iterative Method to Estimate Hurst 
Index of Self-similar Network Traffic[J]. Journal of Electronics& 
Information Technology.2006, 28(12):136-158. 
[6] Xu Mingwei, Tong Aijun. Network performance testing based on 
self-similar modeling[J]. Computer Engineering and Applications, 
2002, 38(5): 56-59. 
[7] Fu Lei-yang, Wang Ruchuan, Wang Haiyan, et al. Implementation 
and application of computing self-similar parameter by R/S 
approach to analyze network traffic[J]. Transactions of Nanjing 
University of Aeronautics amp; Astronautics, 2007, 39(3): 358-362. 
[8] Wang Xin. Modeling and prediction of self-similar network traffic 
[D]. Beijing: THU,2003. 
[9] Wang Xifeng, GAO Ling,Zhang Xiaoluan. Analysis and research on 
self-similar network traffic forecast[J]. Computer Technology and 
Development, 2007, 17(11): 42-45. 
 
 
 


Simulation of Self-similarFlowBased on Fractal Gaussian Noise Method

Zhao, Yan

2018 International Conference on Sensor Network and Computer Engineering (ICSNCE 2018) 
121 
 
University Library Internet WeChat Public Account Applicated for Student Values 
Education 
Yan Zhao 
General Education Center 
Xi’an Peihua University 
Xi’an, China 
e-mail: qianyanzhao@yeah.net 
 
Abstract—With the popularization of intelligent mobile phone, 
mobile phone instant messaging application has achieved rapid 
development, at the same time, along with the SNS (Social 
Network Service) development, combined with mobile phone 
instant messaging and SNS has become an important means of 
the current Internet environment for people to communicate, 
in this trend, the university library is constantly looking for 
every kind of platform the expansion of information service. 
WeChat is a public platform for multimedia service platform 
Tencent Inc launched in the WeChat foundation, since August 
2012 officially launched, quickly applied to restaurants, hotels, 
banks and other industries, and achieved good development, 
University library also actively use WeChat public platform, a 
new method to create the information service. In September 4, 
2012, Beihang University  opened a WeChat public platform, 
the first university  library and university  library, China 
also launched WeChat service platform, designed for teachers 
and students to provide more convenient and fast, and various 
information services, among them, China"985" universities, 
public service platform of WeChat has 30 colleges and 
universities the library opened the official certification, the 
"985" university libraries provide public service platform of 
WeChat earlier, in the function of the platform construction 
experience is relatively rich, ahead of other colleges and 
universities in china. Investigation and analysis of the public 
use of the WeChat, and on the construction of college students, 
some university libraries in Xi'an city to carry out the use of 
WeChat, the public number, in order to understand the Xi'an 
City University library with the WeChat platform opened the 
public service teaching situation through research, especially 
the university library using the WeChat public number of 
value education, to some experience through investigation of 
University library in this aspect, also hope to find some 
problems, and put forward the Countermeasures of university 
library with the educational values of college students network 
of new media services. 
Keywords-University Library; WeChat Public Account; 
Values Education 
I. INTRODUCTION 
With China's entry into the new era of mobile Internet, 
WeChat and other new media technologies are developing 
rapidly. Social culture and consciousness show some new 
characteristics of multiple integration and changeable 
conflicts. Values education for college students are 
important. The university library may play an important role 
of university education. University culture and knowledge 
base of the harbor, the cultivation of college student values 
promotion has a natural advantage and responsibility. The 
university library by using new technology and new network 
digital network equipment is for students' value guidance, 
education is in line with the characteristics of practice. 
In this paper, WeChat public platform of University 
library were compared. Some colleges and universities on 
the library of Xi'an city by the WeChat platform launched a 
public account for the status quo and the values education of 
college students using the WeChat public situation of 
investigation and analysis, I hope some experience through 
summing up the University library in this aspect, also hope 
to find some problems in thus, this paper proposes that 
university libraries in the use of new media network services 
in the education of values of college students 
countermeasures. 
Based on a comprehensive survey method, combined 
with questionnaire survey, this paper investigates and 
statistics the opening, accreditation, service function, 
number of tweets, tweets, publicity and promotion mode, 
and the use of WeChat public account of more than 10 
public libraries in Xi'an. 
2018 International Conference on Sensor Network and Computer Engineering (ICSNCE 2018) 
122 
 
II. ANALYSISOF WECHATPUBICACCOUNT OFUNIVERSITY 
LIBRARY IN XI’AN 
A. Xi'an University library WeChat public account 
construction and development status 
By the end of 2017, all the university libraries in Xi'an 
had opened the WeChat public account, including 
Northwestern Polytechnical University library, Shaanxi 
Normal University library and Chang'an University library 
as subscription numbers, and others as service numbers. The 
library of Xi'an Jiao Tong University was opened in July 
2013. It is the first university in Xi'an to open WeChat 
public account. Northwestern Polytechnical University, 
Northwestern University and Xi'an Electronic and Science 
University were launched in March 2015, July and 11, 
accounting for 42.8%. The opening time of Northwest 
Agriculture and Forestry University, Shaanxi Normal 
University and Xi'an Peihua University was in June 2016, 
October and November, accounting for 28.6% of the 
proportion. 
1) Analysis of the service content of the WeChat public 
account in the university library of Xi'an 
According to the author's investigation, the WeChat 
public account in most university libraries provides a custom 
content service. The public library WeChat set custom menu 
options according to their own characteristics, custom 
content retrieval service covers the lending service to 
provide a collection of query, retrieval, borrow, and 
continued (borrow), booking books and other services; 
information push service, including the announcement of the 
news, switching time and other services; reading promotion 
service including the book recommendation, collection, 
distribution, online bookstore, book recommendation; the 
library service, including training room / seat reservation, 
borrowing rules, common problems, card services, contact 
us. Chang'an University library, WeChat public provide 
extension services to the lost and found; WeChat Public 
Library of Northwestern University, the China Institute 
Library will also guide new service in the custom menu, 
easy to understand the use of new library services and 
resources. 
In the library of WeChat public service mode, Xi'an Jiao 
Tong University, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry 
University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 
Northwestern University, 4 university libraries provide 
self-service WeChat public consultation, including 
Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, 
Northwestern Polytechnical University library for the user, 
the system reply all numbers with the keywords, users need 
to reply system provided by the number or keyword library 
related service regulations. The library system of Xi'an Jiao 
Tong University and Northwestern University reverted to 
the way of searching and querying, WeChat binding and 
other contents. The library also provided QQ and telephone 
contact. Xi'an Electronic and Science University library 
provides similar real-time interactive consultation, according 
to user questions to extract keywords, keyword answer 
system based on user consultation, the content of the answer 
is still several digital options or search keywords, only on 
the relatively detailed answer, targeted and relatively higher 
specificity. However, there is a response deviation caused by 
inaccurate keyword extraction, which is still unable to meet 
the user's personalized consultation demand. The WeChat 
public account of the Shaanxi Normal University and the 
Chang'an University library has not provided consulting 
services. The Xi'an Peihua University is more specific to 
push the new book appreciation. 
2) Analysis of the service content of the WeChat public 
account in the university library 
According to the author's investigation, the WeChat 
public account in most university libraries provides a custom 
content service. The public library WeChat set custom menu 
options according to their own characteristics, custom 
content retrieval service covers the lending service to 
provide a collection of query, retrieval, borrow, and 
continued (borrow), booking books and other services; 
information push service, including the announcement of the 
news, switching time and other services; reading promotion 
service including the book recommendation, collection, 
distribution, online bookstore, book recommendation; the 
library service, including training room / seat reservation, 
borrowing rules, common problems, card services, contact 
us. Chang'an University library, WeChat public provide 
2018 International Conference on Sensor Network and Computer Engineering (ICSNCE 2018) 
123 
 
extension services to the lost and found; WeChat Public 
Library of Northwestern University, the China Institute 
Library will also guide new service in the custom menu, 
easy to understand the use of new library services and 
resources. 
In the library of WeChat public service mode, Xi'an Jiao 
Tong University, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry 
University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 
Northwestern University, 4 university libraries provide 
self-service WeChat public consultation, including 
Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, 
Northwestern Polytechnical University library for the user, 
the system reply all numbers with the keywords, users need 
to reply system provided by the number or keyword library 
related service regulations. The library system of Xi'an Jiao 
Tong University and Northwestern University reverted to 
the way of searching and querying, WeChat binding and 
other contents. The library also provided QQ and telephone 
contact. Xi'an Electronic and Science University library 
provides similar real-time interactive consultation, according 
to user questions to extract keywords, keyword answer 
system based on user consultation, the content of the answer 
is still several digital options or search keywords, only on 
the relatively detailed answer, targeted and relatively higher 
specificity. However, there is a response deviation caused by 
inaccurate keyword extraction, which is still unable to meet 
the user's personalized consultation demand. The WeChat 
public account of the Shaanxi Normal University and the 
Chang'an University library has not provided consulting 
services. The Xi'an Peihua University is more specific to 
push the new book appreciation. 
B. Analysis use of university library WeChat public 
account in Xi'an  
In 2017 10-12, the author conducted a survey of 10 
colleges in Xi'an City, mainly adopts the simple random 
sampling method, the questionnaire and the use of the public 
library, WeChat exchange students from 10 universities, 
mainly college students basic information, the use of 
WeChat, WeChat, the public library and the public library 
on WeChat push the contents of investigation on College 
Students' values influence. A total of 460 questionnaires, 
448 valid questionnaires, the questionnaire response rate was 
97.39%, analysis of the survey results can be seen the basic 
characteristics of the subjects of this research, the 
professional grade, a relatively balanced ratio of respondents 
mainly to undergraduate students (90.8), the use of WeChat 
for more than a year accounted for 87.5% of the respondents, 
compared with a representative sample. 
According to the survey can be found in the library using 
the WeChat platform, students use the library to understand 
the WeChat public school/library events accounted for 
67.9%, accounted for 60.9% of the educational resources, 
access to bibliography, broaden the vision of college 
students accounted for 37.3% and 36.8% using the library 
WeChat platform, and 20.5% of students choose 
entertainment / send time. More than half of the college 
students used the library WeChat platform to pay attention 
to 68.1%, 67.4% and 62.7% of leisure, education and social 
life respectively. Through the library WeChat platform, 
concerned about current affairs politics, literature education, 
science and technology experiment, the number of college 
students who want to be enlightened is also a few, 
accounting for 43.8%, 40.4% and 32.1% respectively. 
If the Reading Library WeChat platform push on values 
to enhance bibliographies and tweets, 48% of respondents 
choose around here, choose carefully accounted for 10.5%, 
29.2% of respondents said they would see the mood at that 
time, only 3.6 of respondents said they would not read. To 
evaluate the function of WeChat library platform,72% 
person feels it is useful; 17% feels it is just common and 
11% feels it is lack of information, shown as Figure 1. 
.  
Figure 1. Figure.1Evaluate of the function of WeChat platform in 
university library 
2018 International Conference on Sensor Network and Computer Engineering (ICSNCE 2018) 
124 
 
III. SOME ISSUES NEED TO BE SOLVED 
A. The university library is not enough to push the WeChat 
public account.  
“How to get the WeChat public platform information” in 
the school library, the teachers and students to recommend 
the most, accounting for 46%, accounting for 44.2% of the 
school website, the library publicity activities and library 
websites / micro-blog recommended were accounted for 
43.1% and 36.2%, issued a notice on the counselor 
accounted for 13.8%. 
B. The service content of the university library's WeChat 
public is not rich. 
Library's use of public account tweets content is also 
mainly based on database / resource usage instructions, 
lecture announcements and bulletin boards. The publicity of 
values is done more through the aspects of "good books to 
read" and other columns. At present, the WeChat public 
account of the university library is very few in the 
ideological and political education. 
C. The role of the WeChat public in values education is not 
outstanding. 
College students are willing to read and accept the 
library WeChat push bibliography and information; at the 
same time the push type indirect spread of values such as 
education, practice on paper than direct Indoctrination 
Theory on the propaganda more easily lead to college 
students' interest; subject of humor use network language 
more tweets get relatively more praise. 
IV. COUNTERMEASURES OF WECHAT PUBLIC ACCOUNT 
FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS VALUES EDUCATION 
A. Tobuild the public account of the university library 
with the characteristic brand 
Make full use of the advantages of WeChat university 
library, tap their own resources to develop new forms of the 
carrier, the use of written language expression, affinity rich 
content, the integration of existing services and tweets, build 
long-term push has a certain reputation tweets than columns, 
such as to improve the integration of the existing WeChat 
public account in various "recommended read" column, 
launched 1-2 columns, the number of monthly / weekly push 
without too much, with the tweets of high quality, the 
cultivation of College Students' values imperceptibly. 
B. Integrate the existing resources of the WeChat public 
account 
At present, the WeChat public account of the university 
library has very little content to carry out the ideological and 
political education propaganda values. Can fully tap the 
school history, famous expert deeds red resources, the 
integration of the existing school characteristic resources, 
strengthen propaganda guidance will dig out late, the red 
school history, advanced people inside and outside the 
school to fully display the true story, making the core values 
of the mainstream display platform, so that students in the 
true story of people around the infection through the positive 
publicity, enhance the value of deeper understanding. 
C. Set up a professional WeChat operation team to 
improve the quality of service 
The routine work of University library in the guarantee 
of quality of service at the same time, can build up a 
professional operations team in the WeChat Museum, 
invited the expert teachers of Humanities and Social 
Sciences, psychology guidance for students' reading 
psychology, tweets from the form, title, text, content and 
other aspects of design, will Chinese excellent traditional 
culture classics, humanities and Social Sciences classics, 
Chinese characteristic socialism theory system and so on, 
has positive energy culture beneficial things for 
transformation of the values of college students, can attract 
readers in content and form. 
D. Ensure line and line coordination 
In the WeChat online promotion at the same time, the 
relevant line museum activities cannot be a mere formality, 
WeChat promotion is just the first step, the library should be 
more careful to do online follow-up activities, and will 
continue to carry out follow-up posted on the WeChat public 
account, do detailed introduction to launch activities, release 
moments, released a wonderful message the activity, 
knowledge contest, increase the positive ideological and 
political education interest, improve students through the 
activities of attention participation, so that WeChat can 
2018 International Conference on Sensor Network and Computer Engineering (ICSNCE 2018) 
125 
 
achieve promotion effectively, improve college students' 
values. 
V. CONCLUSION 
In conclusion, the current Shaanxi university library is 
developing the library's traditional business on the platform 
of WeChat public. Meanwhile, it has opened various uses of 
WeChat public number, such as publicizing good books, 
communication between teachers and students, and values 
education for college students. From the current application 
and development situation, the overall service situation is 
optimistic, but based on the University library in the school 
environment and humanistic values of college students in the 
cultivation of special status, and the current WeChat is still 
in continuous development, technology also change rapidly, 
more powerful, so that university library should adapt to the 
development trend of the times, change under the new media 
environment of the service concept, make full use of 
WeChat to improve its service, strengthen the propaganda, 
improve the content, enhance students' sense of identity for 
the school, improve the school connotation and visibility, the 
public library, WeChat really serve in the mainstream 
platform of values education. 
 
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University Library Internet WeChat Public Account Applicated for Student Values Education

RASOOL, MUHAMMAD HIDAYAT

RAFIQ, AHSAN

NAWAZ, MUHAMMAD ZEESHAN

SHAFIQUE, MUHAMMAD

SAQALEIN, MUHAMMAD

Sero-epidemiology and Risk Factor Analysis of Measles Among Children in Pakistan

STEFANIUK, ELŻBIETA M.

The Usefulness of Chromogenic Media for Qualitative and Semi-Quantitative Diagnostic of Urinary Tract Infections

Reiersen, Angela M.

1 
 
Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology 
Vol. 6(1):1-3 (2018) DOI 10.21307/sjcapp-2018-007 
 
Editorial  
 
 
 
 
Occurrence of psychotic symptoms during treatment of ADHD  
with methylphenidate: Clinical significance and the need for  
further research 
 
Angela M. Reiersen 
 
 
 
 
In this issue of SJCAPP, Ramstad and colleagues 
review the evidence for psychotic symptoms as an 
adverse effect of methylphenidate treatment in 
children and adolescents with Attention-
Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (1). Their 
article summarizes relevant results from two 
Cochrane systematic reviews on methylphenidate 
treatment for ADHD, which are published elsewhere 
(2,3). Based on detailed review of existing studies, 
Ramstad and colleagues report there is not adequate 
evidence to conclude whether or not 
methylphenidate is associated with treatment-
emergent psychotic symptoms, but available 
information suggests psychotic symptoms may occur 
in 1.1 to 2.5 percent of those being treated with 
methylphenidate, so clinicians should be alert to the 
possibility that psychotic symptoms may sometimes 
occur during treatment with methylphenidate.  
Ramstad and colleagues include description of 
randomized as well as non-randomized studies. One 
key part of the review is description of a meta-
analysis including nine placebo-controlled trials. 
Only 10 of 654 methylphenidate-treated patients and 
1 of 508 placebo-treated patients developed 
psychotic symptoms, so the occurrence of psychotic 
symptoms seems to be quite rare, at least during 
short-term treatment with methylphenidate. In the 
meta-analysis, the overall risk ratio for occurrence of 
psychotic symptoms during methylphenidate 
treatment versus placebo is 2.07, with a 95% 
confidence interval of 0.58-7.35. So, while the risk of 
psychotic symptoms in patients taking 
methylphenidate is estimated to be approximately 
double the risk for those taking placebo, the 
confidence interval is quite wide, the association is 
not statistically significant, and no clear conclusion 
can be drawn. Reported results of trial sequential 
analysis suggest the meta-analysis is substantially 
underpowered, so the lack of statistical significance 
cannot be interpreted as absence of risk for psychotic 
symptoms during methylphenidate treatment. 
Ramstad and colleagues also note a number of 
problems with the existing studies, such as high risk 
of bias, potential for confounding factors, and issues 
regarding methods of assessing psychotic symptoms. 
Although no clear conclusions are possible from 
existing studies, there is a signal suggesting the need 
to be alert for possible psychotic symptoms as a side 
effect of methylphenidate, and the problems with 
existing studies suggest a need for further study using 
improved methods and larger sample sizes. One 
important unanswered question is whether 
subgroups of individuals with ADHD are more or 
less susceptible to developing psychotic symptoms as 
a side effect. In addition to acute treatment-emergent 
risk for psychotic symptoms, the long-term effect of 
stimulant use on risk for future psychosis is also 
unclear.  
The review by Ramstad and colleagues has some 
important clinical implications. As there is some 
suggestion that methylphenidate may rarely result in 
psychotic symptoms, it is reasonable and appropriate 
to reduce or stop stimulant medication if psychotic 
symptoms arise during treatment with 
methylphenidate or other stimulant medications. It 
may sometimes be reasonable to re-challenge the 
patient with a stimulant in the future if the stimulant 
previously seemed to have a substantial overall 
benefit and if the psychotic symptoms were mild or 
unclear and did not result in dangerous behavior. 
Extreme caution should be used with any re-
challenge in a patient who developed clear psychotic 
symptoms soon after starting or increasing a 
stimulant medication, especially if delusional thinking 
was involved. Depending on the content of the 
delusions, such thinking may in some cases result in 
illogical and dangerous behavior. Symptoms such as 
vague hallucinations with full insight, with absence of 
2 
 
command auditory hallucinations, and no delusional 
ideas regarding the origin of the hallucinations may 
not be as problematic, but these milder psychotic-like 
symptoms are also of concern since it is unclear 
whether allowing such symptoms to continue might 
result in worsening of psychotic symptoms over time 
or other adverse long-term effects.  If psychotic 
symptoms recur with re-challenge, stimulant 
medication may need to be entirely avoided for that 
particular patient. If medication treatment for 
ADHD is indicated but stimulants cannot be 
tolerated without concerning side effects, non-
stimulant ADHD medications can be considered 
(such as guanfacine, clonidine, or atomoxetine). For 
those who cannot tolerate or have poor response to 
multiple ADHD medications, non-pharmacological 
interventions such as behavioral therapies and 
appropriate educational accommodations become 
particularly important. 
In future studies of the relationship between 
stimulant medication and psychosis, a number of 
additional factors need be considered. Although 
most children with ADHD will not develop 
psychotic symptoms or a clear psychotic disorder 
(whether or not they take stimulants), there is 
evidence that ADHD itself may increase the risk for 
psychotic symptoms and even a diagnosis of 
schizophrenia. Difficulties with attention and related 
aspects of cognition can occur as precursors to 
schizophrenia (4). ADHD and other forms of 
psychopathology occur at increased rates in children 
of parents who have schizophrenia spectrum 
disorders (5). Twin and family studies suggest 
substantial genetic overlap between ADHD and 
other psychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia 
(6,7). In one large study, it was determined that 
among patients with schizophrenia and other forms 
of psychosis, treatment with stimulant medication 
was associated with earlier onset of psychosis (8). 
While this could be due to stimulant medication 
causing earlier onset of psychotic symptoms, it could 
also be that the presence of ADHD itself (which 
leads to stimulant treatment) is more directly 
associated with earlier onset of psychosis.  
One growing area of relevant research is the 
pharmacogenetic study of medication responses and 
side effects. A recent review found evidence that 
variants in several genes are associated with 
methylphenidate treatment response in children with 
ADHD (9). Given the rarity of psychotic symptoms 
as a stimulant side effect, very large sample sizes and 
detailed, careful assessment of psychotic-like 
symptoms may be needed to determine whether 
particular genetic variants increase the risk for 
psychotic symptoms in patients treated with 
stimulants for ADHD. One could hypothesize that 
individuals with genetic risk for schizophrenia or 
bipolar disorder might be particularly susceptible, so 
genetic variants that increase risk for these disorders 
may be particularly important to study.  
The following types of future studies may help to 
clarify the relationship between stimulant 
medications and development of psychotic 
symptoms: 1) Large randomized, controlled 
stimulant medication trials including detailed 
assessment of psychotic-like symptoms—from mild 
perceptual disturbances to clear delusional 
thinking—perhaps also including genetic data for 
secondary pharmacogenetic analysis, 2) Randomized, 
controlled stimulant medication trials for ADHD 
symptoms in children with known personal (based 
on genetic tests) or family (based on family history) 
genetic risk for psychosis. Such studies could help 
determine whether stimulants increase (or perhaps 
even decrease) the risk for developing psychosis in 
those who have known genetic risk. These studies 
could perhaps be of much smaller size since the 
incidence of psychotic-like symptoms should be 
higher in those with known genetic risk (whether 
they are taking medication or placebo). Ideally, such 
studies should include long-term follow-up 
considering the average age of psychosis onset in the 
population. 3) Large population-based studies 
investigating the risk for developing schizophrenia or 
psychotic symptoms in ADHD-affected individuals 
who receive stimulants vs. other ADHD treatments 
or no medication. There may be high potential for 
confounding in such studies because individuals with 
more severe ADHD symptoms may have increased 
risk for both schizophrenia and treatment of ADHD 
using medication, but such studies may still provide 
useful information. Despite inherent limitations, 
existing insurance claims and national registry 
databases may be useful for this type of study. 
In conclusion, Ramstad and colleagues report a 
very thorough review of the existing evidence 
regarding psychotic symptoms as an adverse effect of 
methylphenidate. Although the amount and quality 
of existing data does not allow any strong 
conclusions to be drawn regarding the association of 
methylphenidate with treatment-emergent psychotic 
symptoms, clinicians should be alert to the possibility 
that stimulant medications may in rare cases lead to 
psychotic symptoms, and further research is needed 
in order to clarify this possible risk. 
 
Disclosure  
Dr. Reiersen has received grant or research support from 
the National Institutes of Health, the McDonnell Center 
for Systems Neuroscience, and the McDonnell Center for 
Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. She has received 
travel support from the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric 
Department, Region Zealand (a hospital in Denmark). Dr. 
Reiersen does not have any financial relationships with 
commercial industry.  
3 
 
 
 
References 
 
1. Ramstad E, Storebø OJ, Gerner T, Krogh HB, Holmskov M, 
Magnusson FL, et al. Hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms 
in response to methylphenidate in children and adolescents with 
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a Cochrane systematic 
review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Scand J Child 
and Adolesc Psychiatr and Psychol 2018;6:52-71. 
  
2. Storebø OJ, Ramstad E, Krogh HB, Nilausen TD, Skoog M, 
Holmskov M, et al. Methyphenidate for children and adolescents 
with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Cochrane 
Database Syst Rev 2015;1:CD009885. 
 
3. Storebø OJ, Pedersen N, Ramstad E, Kielsholm MI, Nielsen SS, 
Krogh HB et al. Methylpheidate for attention deficit hyperactivity 
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possible adverse events in non-randomised studies. Cochrane 
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4. Reichenberg A, Caspi A, Harrington H, Houts R, Keefe RSE, 
Murray R, et al. Static and dynamic cognitive deficits in childhood 
preceding adult schizophrenia: A 30-year study.  Am J Psychiatry 
2010; 167:160-9. 
 
5. Ellersgaard D, Plessen KJ, Richardt JR, Spang KS, Hemanger N, 
Burton BK, et al. Psychopathology in 7-year-old children with 
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bipolar disorder – The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study – VIA 
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6. Larsson H, Rydén E, Boman M, Långström N, Lichtenstein P, 
Landén M. Risk of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in relatives of 
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7. Nivard MG, Gage SH, Hottenga JJ, van Beijsterveldt CEM, 
Abdellaoui A, Bartels M, et al. Genetic overlap between 
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8. Moran LV, Masters GA, Pingali S, Cohen BM, Liebson E, 
Rajarethinam RP, et al. Prescription stimulant use is associated with 
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9. Myer NM, Boland JR, Faraone SV. Pharmacogentics predictors of 
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Dec 12 [Epub ahead of print]. 
https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.234  
 


Occurrence of psychotic symptoms during treatment of ADHD with methylphenidate: Clinical significance and the need for further research

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