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Curriculum wars and youth political education in the UK and Australia : a narrative review
No full textThis paper discusses the questions at the heart of the tussle between different types of knowledge within curricula that we conceptualise as ‘curriculum wars’. Across the world, we see increasing instances of young people’s radicalization around axes of race, religion, and gender. Viewing these developments side by side throws into question the various local, national, and global issues shaping young people’s political education and action in liberal democracies experiencing ongoing shift away from liberal values. Through a comprehensive narrative review, we provide an overview of key themes that have been explored in recent research on curriculum, youth political education, and democracy in England and Australia. We find that young peoples’ shift away from traditional electoral (big ‘P’) politics focussed on wider socio-economic issues to an individualised (small ‘p’) politics focussed on personal experiences poses serious curricular challenges—around content and modes of political education. Young peoples’ unparalleled access to online information and digital affordances creates further need to include digital and media education within the political education curriculum. This educational challenge could prospectively be met by a curriculum that is collaborative, action-research and activist based. Such a curriculum addresses issues relevant to young people’s lived realities including topics deemed ‘controversial’ for classrooms. Such an approach requires a perspectival shift away from youth as subjects of curricular reform to youth as collaborators and knowledge workers. We argue that critical literacy offers a practical and theoretical scaffold to conceptualise transformative and progressive youth political education and political action by emphasizing the need for socially justice focussed spaces for learning, reflection and action within schools and in communities
Exocentric and egocentric views for biomedical data analytics in virtual environments : a usability study
No full textBiomedical datasets are usually large and complex, containing biological information about a disease. Computational analytics and the interactive visualisation of such data are essential decision-making tools for disease diagnosis and treatment. Oncology data models were observed in a virtual reality environment to analyse gene expression and clinical data from a cohort of cancer patients. The technology enables a new way to view information from the outside in (exocentric view) and the inside out (egocentric view), which is otherwise not possible on ordinary displays. This paper presents a usability study on the exocentric and egocentric views of biomedical data visualisation in virtual reality and their impact on usability on human behaviour and perception. Our study revealed that the performance time was faster in the exocentric view than in the egocentric view. The exocentric view also received higher ease-of-use scores than the egocentric view. However, the influence of usability on time performance was only evident in the egocentric view. The findings of this study could be used to guide future development and refinement of visualisation tools in virtual reality
Approaches to teaching gender and sexuality in undergraduate medical education : a scoping review
No full textIntroduction/Background The health of LGBTQIA+ people require substantial attention in undergraduate medical education. These communities experience significant health disparities and are less likely to access health care due to stigma and discrimination. Despite the importance, gaps exist in teaching LGBTQIA+ topics in medical schools worldwide. This study aims to understand current research describing LGBTQIA+ teaching content and pedagogical approaches in undergraduate medical education worldwide. Methods Arksey and O’Malley’s five stage framework was followed for the scoping review. Database searches of MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE (OVID), CINAHL (EBSCO), ERIC (ProQuest), and SCOPUS between 1 January 2000 and 5th September 2023 was conducted. Of the initially identified 2,393 articles, 59 were included in the review. Results The majority of articles were published in the USA with more than half published between 2020 and 2023. Most teaching activities allocated between one to six hours of teaching time, combining didactic curriculum with approaches such as patient panels, role-plays, case-based scenarios, and group discussions. Learning Objectives mostly fell within the first three levels of Bloom’s taxonomyb: remember, understand and apply. Most teaching focused primarily on terminology, definitions and sexual history taking. More than a third of the included studies focused on transgender health. Discussion Findings illustrate diverse strategies in implementing LGBTQIA+ health curriculum. Despite a recent increase in gender and sexuality teaching, limited time is allocated to these topics, much of which is focused on the first year of medical training. Although foundational knowledge of LGBTQIA+ terminology and definitions of gender, sex, and sexual orientation are important, other critical learning aspects such as students’ reflection of own values, empathetic and non - judgemental patient care remain largely overlooked. The dearth of published literature on LGBTQIA+ teaching from the Asia-Pacific, African and South American contexts raise questions of the uptake of these topics amongst medical schools in these regions
Characteristics of suicide prevention programs implemented for young people in rural areas : a systematic review of the literature
No full textBackground: For young living in rural areas around the world, suicide is a leading cause of death, stressing the need to understand characteristics of programs aiming to impact suicide and related behaviours. Aim: A systematic literature review aimed to synthesise the evidence and explore characteristics of programs seeking to impact suicidal behaviours (rates, attempts, ideation) for young people in rural areas. Method: Data sources: Electronic databases EMBASE, Medline, PsycINFO and Scopus. Study eligibility criteria, participants, and interventions: Studies measuring suicide-related outcomes (rates, attempts, ideation) for youth (people aged 12–25 years) in rural areas worldwide, published 1 January 2000 to 6 June 2023. Study appraisal and synthesis: Data were thematically analysed, exploring intervention characteristics. Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool assessed study quality. Results: Eleven (11) studies met the selection criteria. Studies impacting suicides and attempts were often multiple strategies, multi-layered, combining universal, selective, and indicated programs, implemented across systems and settings, including public-health psychoeducation, referral mechanisms, crisis lines, postvention, peer support, outreach, means restriction, mindfulness, and gatekeeper training. Psychoeducation and mindfulness contributed to decreased suicidal ideation. Community-level partners were central to efforts, including working groups, networks, Indigenous people, people with lived experience, volunteers, and peers. Conclusions: Varied programs have capacity to reduce suicide rates and related behaviours among young people in rural areas, with communities and schools as crucial settings. Programs implemented across levels show promise at reducing the number of young people who end their lives by suicide or attempt to do so, demonstrating a need for program evaluations and continued, long-term outcome monitoring
Athletic injury research : frameworks, models and the need for causal knowledge
No full textWithin applied sports science and medicine research, many challenges hinder the establishment and detailed understanding of athletic injury causality as well as the development and implementation of appropriate athletic injury prevention strategies. Applied research efforts are faced with a lack of variable control, while the capacity to compensate for this lack of control through the application of randomised controlled trials is often confronted by a number of obstacles relating to ethical or practical constraints. Such difficulties have led to a large reliance upon observational research to guide applied practice in this area. However, the reliance upon observational research, in conjunction with the general absence of supporting causal inference tools and structures, has hindered both the acquisition of causal knowledge in relation to athletic injury and the development of appropriate injury prevention strategies. Indeed, much of athletic injury research functions on a (causal) model-blind observational approach primarily driven by the existence and availability of various technologies and data, with little regard for how these technologies and their associated metrics can conceptually relate to athletic injury causality and mechanisms. In this article, a potential solution to these issues is proposed and a new model for investigating athletic injury aetiology and mechanisms, and for developing and evaluating injury prevention strategies, is presented. This solution is centred on the construction and utilisation of various causal diagrams, such as frameworks, models and causal directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), to help guide athletic injury research and prevention efforts. This approach will alleviate many of the challenges facing athletic injury research by facilitating the investigation of specific causal links, mechanisms and assumptions with appropriate scientific methods, aiding the translation of lab-based research into the applied sporting world, and guiding causal inferences from applied research efforts by establishing appropriate supporting causal structures. Further, this approach will also help guide the development and adoption of both relevant metrics (and technologies) and injury prevention strategies, as well as encourage the construction of appropriate theoretical and conceptual foundations prior to the commencement of applied injury research studies. This will help minimise the risk of resource wastage, data fishing, p-hacking and hypothesising after the results are known (HARK-ing) in athletic injury research
Doc Martin and comedy, with an Hegelian twist
No full textBuffalo Pictures’ long-running television series Doc Martin (ITV, 2004–22) has recently concluded, eighteen years since production began. Filmed every second year – excepting COVID interruption – in idyllic Cornwall, the show begins with exceptional but irascible London vascular surgeon, Martin Ellingham (Martin Clunes), moving into the fictional fishing village of Portwenn as local GP. This show, with its 79 episodes, weaves together situation comedy, medical mystery, drama and idiosyncratic romance. In this article I want to explore layers of comedy in this long-running ‘dramedy’ by heuristically deploying the comedy theory taught by Hegel in his Lectures on Aesthetics. By reference to the ‘three forms of comic action’ found in Hegel’s lectures – the comedies of ‘coincidence’, ‘reduction’ and ‘negation’, to adopt Mark Roche’s terminology – I aim to show how this television serial uses humour to raise questions about what is existentially meaningful within human experience; test the usefulness of Hegel’s ideas on comedy for analysis of contemporary forms of media such as television and film; and contribute to literature on the nature of comedy in television serials, particularly those that utilise situation comedy
Containment: Technologies of Holding, Filtering, Leaking
No full textContainers are ubiquitous and inescapable. From handbags to houses, barrels to databases, captivating gameworlds to the “bag of stars” that Ursula Le Guin calls the universe, containers furnish infrastructures for living and action while extending our capacities for managing things across space and time. They not only give shape to our lifeworlds: they form and transform our bodies and being. The chapters in Containment: Technologies of Holding, Filtering, Leaking traverse technologies, bodies, ontologies and imaginaries, reflecting on what different container technologies, containment strategies, and container metaphors tell us about ourselves and how we relate to our worlds. With common reference to Zoë Sofia’s (2000) foundational essay on container technologies, contributors draw on media and cultural studies, social history, architecture, and postdualistic approaches in philosophy and social science to explore liminalities of containment both as and beyond holding
Machine condition monitoring for defect detection in fused deposition modelling process : a review
No full textAdditive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing (3DP), refers to manufacturing technologies that build up the desired geometries by adding materials layer by layer. Common meltable and fusible materials such as polymers, metals, and ceramics could be used in 3DP processes. During decades of development, products made by 3DP can now achieve stringent industrial standards at comparable costs compared to those traditionally manufactured. Improving 3DP technologies is required to make them more competitive and acceptable than their counterparts. However, achieving this is challenging since the quality of printing products is still heavily dependent on many cost-driven factors. Inadequate quality, impaired functionality, and reduced service life are three main consequences of 3DP’s failures. To effectively detect and mitigate defects and failures of 3DP products, machine condition monitoring (MCM) technologies have been used to monitor 3D printing processes. With the help of those dedicated algorithms, it could also prevent failures from occurrence by alerting operators to take appropriate actions accordingly. This study systematically reviews the MCM technologies used in a typical 3DP process—the fused deposition modelling (FDM), identifying their advantages and disadvantages. The mentioned MCM technologies include but are not limited to traditional MCM (sensors only), aided with analytical and artificial intelligence (AI) tools. The MCM techniques focus on the defects of the 3DP process. The detection and identification of those defects are investigated. Furthermore, research trends on developing MCM technologies, including challenges and opportunities, are identified for improving the FDM process. This review highlights the developed methodologies of MCM that are applied to FDM processes to detect and identify abnormalities such as defects and failures. The evaluations of defects are elaborated to deepen the comprehension of the essence of the defects, including their cause, severity, and effect. A detailed deliberation about identifying the critical components for the successful application of 3DP MCM systems was done. Finally, this review indicates the technical barriers that need to be overcome to enhance the performance of monitoring, detection, and prediction by MCM and associated technologies
Measuring embodied carbon of buildings : a review of methodologies and benchmarking towards net zero
No full textAs the world strives towards achieving Net Zero emissions, reducing the carbon footprint of buildings has become a crucial consideration in sustainable development. This research aims to review the current methodologies for measuring embodied carbon of buildings and explore benchmarking strategies towards achieving Net Zero. The literature review covers various methodologies for measuring embodied carbon, including life cycle assessment (LCA) and Whole Building LCA. It also examines the limitations of these methodologies, such as the lack of standardisation and difficulty in measuring embodied carbon for complex building systems. The report highlights the importance of benchmarking embodied carbon, which involves comparing the embodied carbon of a building to a standard industry average. This study also explores the strategies that can be used to reduce embodied carbon in buildings, including material substitution, design optimization, and construction waste reduction. The study emphasizes the need for a holistic approach to reducing embodied carbon based on considering the entire life cycle of building materials and components. It highlights the potential benefits of implementing circular economy principles in reducing embodied carbon, as exemplified by material reuse and recycling. The study concludes that measuring embodied carbon is essential for achieving Net Zero emissions in the building industry. However, there is a need for standardisation and more robust methodologies to measure the embodied carbon of complex building systems. The study recommends the use of benchmarking as a strategy to incentivize the building industry to reduce embodied carbon. The report emphasises the importance of a holistic approach to reducing embodied carbon considering the potential benefits of implementing circular economy principles
[In Press] Triplinones A−H : anti-inflammatory arylalkenyl α,β-unsaturated-δlactones isolated from the leaves of Australian rainforest plant Cryptocarya triplinervis (Lauraceae)
No full textOur ongoing exploration of Australian rainforest plants for the biodiscovery of anti-inflammatory agents led to the isolation and structural elucidation of eight new arylalkenyl α,β-unsaturated-δ-lactones, triplinones A−H (1−8), from the leaves of the Australian rainforest plant Cryptocarya triplinervis B. Hyland (Lauraceae). The chemical structures of these compounds were established by NMR spectroscopic data analysis, while their relative and absolute configurations were established using a combination of Mosher ester analysis utilizing both Riguera’s and Kishi’s methods, ECD experiments, and X-ray crystallography analysis. Compounds 1−8 exhibited good inhibitory activities toward nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon (IFN)-γ induced RAW 264.7 macrophages, in particular compounds 1−3 and 5, with IC50 values of 7.3 ± 0.5, 6.0 ± 0.3, 5.6 ± 0.3, and 5.4 ± 2.5 μM, respectively