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VALUE ADDED FRACTIONATION OF CANARYSEED (Phalaris canariensis L.) STORAGE PROTEINS
Get PDFThe overall goal of this research was to develop an aqueous-based protein fractionation process from canaryseed (Phalaris canariensis L.), an important specialty crop for Canada, for value addition in the food industry. Evaluation of the microstructural features of canaryseed showed that it is composed of a bran, germ (embryo) and a starch-rich (starchy) endosperm, which is a typical characteristic of a cereal grain. The germ covers ~8-12% of the total endosperm area and it is highly concentrated with oil. Except for the germ, oil is distributed in the starchy endosperm and accounts for most of the oil in the whole seed. Presence of oil distributed in the starchy endosperm would be challenging to apply aqueous-based processing techniques for protein fractionation.
The whole (full bran) canaryseed flour was high in oil, ash, fiber, phytic acid and phenolic content than that of white (low bran) flour prepared from roller-milling whereas, they contained 21.3% and 21.4% of protein concentration, respectively, which is not significantly different (p>0.05). Therefore, white flour could be a purer starting material for protein fractionation than whole flour. However, whole-flour showed better oil and water holding, emulsifying capacities, and digestibility in terms of in vitro protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (IV-PDCAAS) compared to that of white-flour whereas, emulsion and foaming stability, and foaming capacity were similar. Both hexane and ethanol were tested as de-oiling solvents for canaryseed, and it was found that linoleic acid and phosphatidylcholine were the major fatty acid and phospholipid extracted by these two solvents. Neither hexane nor ethanol denatured the canaryseed protein (peak denaturation temperature of 107-108°C) and did not cause any negative impact on their techno-functionality and digestibility.
A laboratory-scale-enzyme-assisted-aqueous process was developed to prepare a protein concentrate (>70% protein purity) using yellow-canaryseed-white flour. The same process was successfully adapted for brown canaryseed. However, lower protein purity can be expected depending on the protein content in the white flour if the protein content in the seed is lower due to genetic and environment factors. The aqueous treatment applied for de-oiling reduced the initial oil content (6%) in yellow-seed flour to 1.2%. The enzymatic treatment applied afterward degrade the starch in the flour improving the protein content from 21% to 74.8%. It also increased the oil content from 1.2% to 12.1%, which was higher than anticipated oil content in the final product. Same trend was observed for brown canaryseed processing. The protein concentrates from yellow and brown canaryseed prepared using this aqueous-based method showed a least gelation concentration at 16% (w/w), which is higher than commercial soy protein concentrate (CSPC, 13%), but lower than the commercial vital wheat gluten (CVWG, 19%). At the least gelation concentration, the protein gels from both yellow and brown canaryseed showed significantly lower (p<0.05) strength than that of CSPC even with the presence of mono- and divalent salts. On the other hand, yellow and brown canaryseed protein concentrates showed comparable bread-dough improving properties to CVWG at lower inclusion levels (1-3%). Noticeable differences of gelation properties between yellow and brown canaryseed was not observed.
During the scaling up of the lab process, some modifications to the original aqueous process was performed to address issues related to upstream decanter separation. The modified process reduced the oil content to <1% and degraded ~85% starch to prepare the final protein product. However, proteins were lost into the waste stream due to the modifications, subsequently lowering the protein recovery into the final product. Further investigations on process modifications and optimization are required to prevent protein losses and improve protein recovery.
In summary, this research was able to develop an enzyme-assisted aqueous process for canaryseed protein fractionation for value addition despite having a major fraction of oil distributed within the starchy endosperm. This process used canaryseed white flour obtained using roller milling as the starting material for protein fractionation, which is purer in chemical composition compared to whole-seed flour. The developed method can be used for both yellow and brown canaryseed to fractionate protein. Canaryseed protein has high thermal stability and the use of hexane and ethanol as de-oiling solvent does not denature the protein and affect negatively for its techno-functional and nutritional properties. The fractionated protein did not display uniquely improved techno-functional properties compared to commercial soy protein or vital wheat gluten. However, canaryseed protein showed comparable bread-dough-forming properties to that of vital wheat gluten. The enzyme-assisted aqueous process was scaled up using pilot-scale equipment and was able to successfully de-oil white canaryseed flour. However, some process modifications were required to address the issues encountered during scaling up which caused lower protein recovery and purity in the final fractionated product. Further investigations and modifications are required to improve and optimize the scaled-up process for protein recovery
The Impact of Inner Nuclear Membrane Protein Accumulation on Cellular Aging Phenotypes
Get PDFThe premature aging disease Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) is widely
accepted as a model of the aging process. Both HGPS patients and aged non-diseased individuals
have similar phenotypes at the organismal and cellular levels. One such phenotype is the abnormal
formation of the nuclear lamina, one of the components of the nuclear envelope. It has also been
observed that SUN1, an integral inner nuclear membrane protein, is present at higher levels in
HGPS patients. It is theorized that the major cause of abnormal nuclear morphology in HGPS is
the accumulation of progerin, a mutant of the primary protein component of the nuclear lamina
(lamin A). It has also been suggested that the accumulation of SUN1 is a causative factor and that
reducing levels of SUN1 reverses some of the cellular phenotypes of HGPS. To test if SUN1 levels
increase in HGPS and play a causative role in HGPS phenotypes, I performed Western blots for
SUN1 in 3 normal (non-diseased) primary human fibroblast cell lines and compared them to SUN1
levels in 3 cell lines cultured from HGPS patients. In my assays and experiments there was no
indication of increased levels of SUN1 in the HGPS cells examined. SUN1 was overexpressed by
stable transfection in osteosarcoma and primary human fibroblast cell lines and the nuclear
morphology of these cells was examined by immunofluorescence microscopy. The results did not
support the hypothesis that increased SUN1 levels would increase the number of cells exhibiting
abnormal nuclear morphology. The introduction of lamin A/C-∆50 (∆50), a progerin analogue,
into the same fibroblast and osteosarcoma cell lines gave contradicting results for increased levels
of SUN1. Western blot indicated no increase in SUN1 levels in the presence of exogenous progerin
compared to the empty vector control. However, quantification of SUN1 levels by
immunofluorescence did indicate an increase compared to the same controls. Together, these data
demonstrate that SUN1 accumulation alone does not cause abnormal lamina formation in the aging
process
Dogs Have Love Medicine: A Case Study Exploration of the Dog-Human Interface in a Remote Saskatchewan Community
Get PDFMany northern, remote and Indigenous communities in Canada report challenges with care and control of dog health, welfare and populations. Concurrently, these communities typically experience inadequate access to health and welfare services for dogs. To support optimal outcomes at the dog-human interface, we sought to understand the contributors to and determinants of these outcomes by understanding the dog-human relationship and the strengths and opportunities in current approaches to dog care and control in one northern Saskatchewan region.
A team of researchers, service providers, decision makers and community members conducted a decolonizing qualitative case study incorporating Indigenous methodologies. A community-oriented approach was taken to ensure community priorities and empowerment were the focus. Data sources included 20 conversational interviews; 9 reflective journals from high-school students; 9 key informant interviews; and documents including relevant legislation; local dog bylaws; and local humane society records. Collaborative thematic and content analyses were conducted to derive themes. Rigor was maintained through member checking, data triangulation, team reflexivity and generation of usable outcomes for the study community.
Findings reveal multi-dimensional dog-human relationships illustrated by an extended medicine wheel model where each domain (physical, social, emotional and spiritual) represents an element of relational health. The model allows consideration of the needs for a healthy relationship, and the proximal, intermediate and distal determinants of dog care and control. In this region, dog care and control concerns are mediated by inadequate access to resources and support for dog health and welfare. Dog health and welfare engages multiple sectors, and gaps in dog care and control are determined by local, provincial, and holistic or systemic factors.
Challenges at the dog-human interface require local, regional and systemic capacity-building. Balanced relational health can be achieved by attending to factors that bolster each domain. The needs of dogs must be met at individual and community levels to ensure dog health and welfare, and this will require creative changes to practice and policy. Holistic influences on outcomes between dogs and humans draw attention to sociopolitical contexts and stakeholder approaches, providing opportunities for improved relational health overall
SUBMERGED FERMENTATION BIOCONVERSION OF AIR-CLASSIFIED STARCH-RICH PULSE FLOURS TO PROTEIN-RICH PRODUCTS
Get PDFPulse starch is a low-value, often underutilized co-product of the pulse industry. This research focuses on the submerged fermentation of starch-rich pulse fractions by generally recognized as safe (GRAS) microbes that result in production of microbial biomass enriched in crude protein, converting low-value starch to higher-value microbial protein. Accordingly, starch-rich pulse fractions of yellow field pea, yellow lentil and faba bean flours were fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum or Aspergillus oryzae applied as single- and multi-strain cultures. The fermentation process converted starch into microbial protein, increasing protein levels in fermented flour. The protein content of starch-rich yellow pea, yellow lentil and faba bean flours increased from 7.8% to 10.2%, 16.5% to 18.5% and 14.5% to 16.4% respectively. However, the increase in protein content was not sufficient to make the fermented substrates reach the targeted level of >45% protein. This was likely due to the shortage of nitrogen as starch-rich flours have 80% or above carbohydrate. The addition of inexpensive, commonly available nitrogen compounds was tested to increase protein. The starch-rich flours were supplemented with ammonium sulphate, ammonium phosphate or urea at varying concentrations (15 g/L – 35 g/L) over the fermentation time course to aid in de novo microbial protein synthesis. It was found that nitrogen supplementation aided microbial growth during fermentation and resulted in higher protein yield than when no additional nitrogen was added. Supplementation of urea at 35 g/L resulted in highest protein yield in all three pulse flours, resulting in final protein levels above 45%. The protein-rich fermented substrates were then further analyzed for proximate composition including starch, ash, lipid and moisture contents and in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD). It was found that as the protein content increased, the starch and lipid levels in the fermented substrates decreased. The overall protein digestibility of substrates fermented by L. plantarum was also improved and significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to A. oryzae and L. plantarum-A. oryzae co-culture fermented samples. Overall, this research highlights that fermentation by GRAS microbes for single cell protein (SCP) production is a highly efficient method to increase value of under-utilized starch-rich by-products in the pulse industry, as SCP can be used as an alternative for conventional food and feed
The In Vitro Pharmacology of Cannabidivarin (CBDV)
Get PDFCannabis and the family of cannabinoids were first popularized due to the psychoactive profile elicited by a major cannabinoid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). In recent decades, the rejuvenation and rapid increase in popularity of cannabinoid research arose due to another major cannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), and its therapeutic potential in inflammation, neurological disorders, and many other diseases. However, to standardize the medical and recreational use of Cannabis, the lesser-known cannabinoids including cannabidivarin (CBDV) also require pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) evaluations. While CBD and CBDV are similar in structure and other aspects, such as therapeutic potential as an anti-epileptic and anti-inflammatory agent, a complete understanding of the pharmacological profile for CBDV is lacking. The aim of this thesis was to perform PK and PD evaluations of CBDV utilizing various in vitro methods for two purposes: 1) to support current and future literature, and 2) to present alternatives to animal and human testing.
First, the plasma protein binding characteristics of CBDV in human pooled plasma was studied using a three-solvent extraction protocol, allowing for the prediction of the unbound fraction as well as the binding fractions of CBDV to various plasma proteins. Next, the metabolic stability of CBDV was assessed via the substrate depletion method and the linear extrapolation stability assay with human liver microsomes to determine in vitro intrinsic clearance. Intestinal permeability was determined via a Transwell® system comprised of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell (Caco-2), a model of the intestinal epithelium; however, due to lack of CBDV detection in the receiver compartments of the Transwell®, limitations of the current gold-star method were examined instead. In terms of PD assessment, human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were cultured and used to grow brain organoids, which are multi-cellular and self-organizing three-dimensional aggregates capable of mimicking the human brain. The brain organoids exposed to an inflammatory stimulus were used for the preliminary screening of anti-inflammatory potential of CBDV. These studies revealed that plasma protein binding of CBDV was determined to be not clinically significant due to the highly unbound fraction (> 20%); however, CBDV is a high clearance drug due to its high unbound intrinsic clearance value (> 100.0 µL/min/mg). Brain organoids, in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, revealed potential anti-inflammatory effects with CBDV treatment.
Our data suggests these studies are valuable assets capable of determining in vitro human PK parameters of CBDV, which are currently understudied and unreported, as is its role in the inflammatory response. This thesis provides the groundwork for future studies and demonstrates that in vitro models could be a useful tool to compare with traditional in vivo methods
Burden of Back Pain among Postpartum Women In Canada: A Mixed Methods Study of The Prevalence, Risk Factors, Comorbidities and Lived-Experiences
Get PDFGlobally, back pain (BP) is considered a serious public health problem and is of particular concern among parous women. It is estimated that at least half of all pregnant women experience some type of BP during pregnancy, and a substantial number of these women may continue to have unresolved BP after childbirth or develop new symptoms postpartum that can persist for several months and even years after childbirth. When left unmitigated, persistent BP postpartum carries several short and long-term ramifications for affected women, their families, and the society, including resulting in chronic pain later in life. In Canada, chronic BP remains an ongoing and costly public health concern. It is possible that persistent BP postpartum contributes to this burden. However, BP occurring in the postpartum population is relatively underexamined and understudied within the Canadian back pain landscape. Importantly, there appears to be no known nationally representative studies on persistent BP postpartum, and no studies exist that explore in depth women’s experiences of living with persistent BP after childbirth, using qualitative methods. This paucity of information for such a large susceptible subpopulation necessitated undertaking this research. Furthermore, gaining information on the breadth and depth of the burden of BP in the Canadian postnatal population is crucial to provide a basis for developing tailored healthcare services and policies that can better meet women’s needs relating to BP management and optimize maternity care both during and after pregnancy. This can in the long run contribute to reducing the chronic back pain burden in Canada.
Using a convergent parallel mixed-methods research design, which entailed parallel analysis of nationally representative secondary quantitative data, as well as primary qualitative semi-structured interviews, this thesis examined the burden of persistent BP among postpartum mothers in Canada, covering aspects of disease burden relating to prevalence, risk factors, associated comorbidities, and lived- experiences, in order to uncover the impact on women’s postnatal health and wellbeing.
The key findings of the studies presented in this thesis work are as follows:
Back pain is considerably prevalent among postpartum mothers in Canada. More than a third of mothers in Canada experienced some degree of problematic back pain up to three months after childbirth; 24% considered their BP to be somewhat problematic, while for 12% of mothers, BP was perceived to be a great deal of a problem. When examined at 5-14 months after childbirth, almost half (46%) of the mothers reporting some degree of problematic BP in the early postnatal months continued to have ongoing or persistent BP symptoms.
A range of biopsychosocial factors were identified to be associated with an increased risk of having worse problematic BP during the first 3 months postpartum (i.e. younger maternal age; immigrant status; underweight or obese pre-pregnancy BMI; vaginal birth; lower self-rated health; higher perceived stress, higher number of stressful life events; inadequate social support after childbirth; history of violent abuse; pre-pregnancy depression; province of residence; lower educational attainment; lower household income; and having perceived inadequate information about BP during pregnancy), and persistence of BP up to 5-14 months postpartum (i.e. maternal age + degree of problematic BP in early postpartum, immigrant status, having other pain conditions, poorer self-rated health, inadequate social support postpartum, and history of violent abuse).
Both BP degree during the first three months postpartum and duration up to 5-14 months postpartum are associated with higher risk of reporting comorbid urinary incontinence (UI) and postpartum depression (PPD), in which women reporting the worse categories of BP (greatly problematic, and persistent duration) showed the highest probability of the outcomes (PPD and persistent UI). In addition to BP, a range of biopsychosocial factors were also associated with reporting PPD and UI at 5-14 months postpartum.
Semi-structured interviews with 11 postpartum women with BP revealed that persistent BP carries substantial negative impacts for affected mothers, making life more difficult during pregnancy and postpartum from physical, psychological, and social perspectives. Coping effectively with BP is a continuous process learned over time, in which being able to receive needed support from loved ones, and the ability to elicit self-management strategies enabled mothers to better cope with pain. However, saddled with the numerous responsibilities, many mothers may have no option but to push through the pain and/ or forgo care in order to keep up with their maternal, home, school or work demands. Unfortunately, there seems to be a lack of adequate support for mothers dealing with persistent BP postpartum from maternity care providers. Overall, the mothers experienced unmet healthcare needs regarding their persistent BP complaints postpartum, and their postpartum care in general (in terms of quality and duration of care), as well as several practical barriers in accessing needed care. Specifically, the mothers highlighted a ‘normalization’ and/or lack of acknowledgement of BP among care providers, inadequate referral to appropriate services, and financial constraints as the main barriers to seeking and/or receiving needed care. As a result, the mothers call for greater support from healthcare providers, in terms of better education about BP and adequate referral to available services to better manage BP both during and after pregnancy. They also advocated for more holistic postpartum care, involving the provision of affordable routine individualized physiotherapy, as well as better societal attitudes and support for women with BP during pregnancy and beyond.
The final take-home message from this thesis is that persistent BP after childbirth, represents a considerable burden among postpartum mothers in Canada, and measures to address this ongoing burden calls for concerted efforts from clinical, policy and societal perspectives, as well as a coordinated holistic maternity care system that incorporates a biopsychosocial approach, deployed within a multidisciplinary care model. Furthermore, it is imperative to improve awareness and acknowledgement of BP among health care providers (HCPs) and potential mothers, promote effective referral to relevant services, and ensure affordability of available services in order to minimize barriers to early diagnosis and management of BP, prevent delayed care seeking, improve uptake of needed services and reduce individual suffering. These measures can in turn mitigate the prevalence of chronic BP and ultimately enhance the health and quality of life of women during pregnancy, postpartum and beyond
Patron Client Relationships and Co-operative Development in Rural China
Get PDFAgricultural co-operatives in China have developed rapidly since the Farmers’ Specialized Co-operative (FSC) law came into force in 2007. Still, Chinese co-operatives have been criticized because a small group of core members dominates the co-operative movement by initiating and controlling the co-operatives. However, with more co-operatives initiated and more farmers joining co-operatives, combined with significant government support for co-operatives, core members’ control over co-operatives appears acceptable to various stakeholders including government, co-operative core members, and ordinary farmer members. While the FSC law specifies that co-operatives should be controlled democratically, the question is why farmers and the government are willing to accept an institutional structure that provides more influence to these key members.
Using qualitative field studies and theoretical modelling, this dissertation explores the Chinese co-operative model taking into consideration the Chinese rural context such as the heterogeneity in holding and accessing resources, the social relationship among stakeholders, and the mutual-supportive social norms within rural communities. The co-operatives originate from both member heterogeneity in accessing economic resources and member homogeneity in relations, norms, and cultural perceptions. This dissertation suggests that the patron-client relationship is more appropriate in describing internal relationships in some co-operatives in China. The patron-client framework is consistent with features of co-operation in rural China in terms of resource heterogeneity and resource sharing, trust-building and reciprocation, as well as the power disparity between core members and ordinary members.
This dissertation suggests that rural China has a unique co-operative model and development path. The Chinese co-operative does not and may not resemble co-operatives observed in the West. This does not make Chinese co-operatives somehow inferior — it simply means that many of the ideas that have been used to discuss co-operatives do not apply to the Chinese case
Factors Influencing the Perception and Management of Chronic Pain for Immigrant Women in Saskatchewan: An Exploratory Qualitative Study
Get PDFIntroduction: Chronic pain is a complex concept affected by biological, physiological, psychological, environmental, and social factors. Research has found that immigrant women are a vulnerable group because they are likely to experience higher pain intensity than non-immigrants and immigrant men due to gender roles. However, there is little qualitative research about how immigrant women perceive and manage chronic pain and the factors that aggravate their pain. An understanding of how immigrant women experience and manage their chronic pain is, therefore, important for improving healthcare outcomes for this patient group.
Purpose: The study aims to explore immigrant women's experiences with chronic pain in Saskatchewan, Canada. The following objectives guiding the study are to 1) describe the perception of chronic pain among immigrant women in Saskatchewan’s context, 2) identify factors that aggravate the immigrant women’s experiences of chronic pain, and 3) explore the overall management of chronic pain among immigrant women in Saskatchewan’s context.
Methodology: Exploratory qualitative study design was used to explore the factors influencing the perception and management of chronic pain among immigrant women in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with 15 participants recruited using a purposive theoretical sampling strategy. The research followed the six phases of thematic analysis.
Findings: A total of 15 participants from China, Egypt, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nigeria were interviewed in this study. All but one experienced chronic pain before immigrating to Canada. More than half of the participants reported chronic pain in multiple areas of their bodies. The study yielded three major themes: 1) culturally-shaped perception of chronic pain, 2) immigration-related experiences of chronic pain, 3) strategies for managing chronic pain, and 4) healthcare utilization for chronic pain. Participants report different perceptions of chronic pain, regarding how they verbalize and understand chronic pain. Most of our participants reported worsened chronic pain after immigrating to Canada and post-immigration experiences, including changes in socioeconomic status and the weather conditions, were responsible for aggravating the pain. To control their pain, participants used self-management, including adjusting lifestyles (behavioural, dietary, and psychological changes) and seeking help from social support. When self-management failed, they sought healthcare services both in their home countries and in Canada.
Discussion： Immigrant perceptions and perspectives of chronic pain, informed by sociocultural factors, can impact how participants make sense of their chronic pain and further impact their choice of interventions to address chronic pain. Participants experience economic stress, associated with working in physically exhausting jobs and change in weather conditions, which increase chronic pain sensitivity. Hence, it undermined their ability to cope with chronic pain. Self-management strategies were the first option to control minor pain because they are less expensive. When these strategies failed, they sought medical care to manage the pain. However, the multiple barriers they experienced such as language and cultural differences between providers and the participants, made their care experience ineffective, leading to disappointment, frustration, helplessness, and mistrust of the Canadian healthcare system.
Conclusion: Our study findings indicate how immigrant women from diverse cultural groups perceive and manage chronic pain differently. They experienced underutilization of healthcare care in Canada. Two challenges arose during the virtual data collection: the impact of COVID-19 on the conduction of qualitative research and the virtual recruitment challenge of participant diversification. The study findings provide some implications for policymakers, researchers, immigrant-serving organizations and healthcare providers about the complexity of chronic pain recognition and management among immigrant women
Characterizing SCO2 protein interactions as a basis of redox signalling in mitochondria
No full textThe abstract of this item is unavailable due to an embargo
“I FEEL LIKE I NEED TO GO BACK TO MY VILLAGE, BUT WHERE’S MY VILLAGE?” A PHOTOVOICE EXPLORATION OF THE EXPERIENCES OF HARM REDUCTION FROM COMMUNITY YOUTH IN SASKATOON, SASKATCHEWAN
Get PDFBackground: While a singular, conclusive definition of harm reduction does not exist, the vast majority of harm reduction literature focuses on the historical roots of harm reduction, specifically related to substance use. Harm reduction is ultimately about meeting people where they are at in their health journey and supporting them in their path toward well-being. This health journey could look different for everyone, indicating the necessity for a range of supports such as nutrition, housing, hygiene, health care, health education, counselors, and cultural support. However, what is often missing from discussions about harm reduction are the perspectives of youth.
Objective: The present study explored youth experiences of harm reduction from the perspective of urban Community Youth in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. The present study examined the supports and barriers these youth encounter in taking up harm reduction for themselves or to support their loved ones (e.g., friends, family members, significant others).
Methods: This community-based, phenomenological study was conducted in collaboration with Chokecherry Studios, The Students Commission of Canada, and a Youth Advisory Committee. Using a snowball sampling strategy, four youth between the ages of 18-23 who live in Saskatoon were recruited. Participants captured photographs that represented their experiences with seeking harm reduction for themselves or their loved ones and participated in either two group or one-on-one interviews to discuss their experiences concerning the photographs.
Results: Results indicate five superordinate themes best accounted for participant interpretations of their experiences: (Supports) Seeking Support, Meeting Basic Needs, and Harms Reducing Harms; (Barriers) Community Disconnection and Stigma. Together, these themes represent how Community Youth were supported and impeded in their uptake of harm reduction.
Discussion: Implications of findings contribute to a wider understanding of harm reduction, acknowledging the historical basis that substance use has in harm reduction, while moving towards a wider, more comprehensive understanding of how harm, harm reduction, and harm reduction uptake are experienced by Community Youth in their everyday lives