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Implementing a parsimonious variable contributing area algorithm for the prairie pothole region in the HYPE modelling framework
Get PDFGlobal Water Futures Core ModellingCanada First Research Excellence FundPeer ReviewedThe North American prairie region is known for its poorly defined drainage system with numerous surface depressions that lead to variable contributing areas for streamflow generation. Current approaches of representing surface depressions are either simplistic or computationally demanding. In this study, a variable contributing area algorithm is implemented in the HYdrological Predictions for the Environment (HYPE) model and evaluated in the Canadian prairies. HYPE's local lake module is replaced with a Hysteretic Depressional Storage (HDS) algorithm to estimate the variable contributing fractions of subbasins. The modified model shows significant improvements in simulating the streamflows of two prairie basins in Saskatchewan, Canada. The modified model can replicate the hysteretic relationships between the water volume and contributing area of the basins. With the inclusion of the HDS algorithm in HYPE, the global HYPE modelling community can now simulate an important hydrological phenomenon, previously unavailable in the model
HUMAN PREMOLAR CROWN SIZES ARE VARIABLE EVEN IN THE SAME MOUTH, WITH LOW TO HIGH POSITIVE CROWN SIZE CORRELATIONS AMONG PREMOLARS AND ALL MOLARS.
Get PDFIntroduction: The Inhibitory Cascade Model (ICM) predicts in mice that a larger permanent first molar (M1) results in a smaller second molar (M2) and even smaller third molar (M3). Building on the ICM, other work in primates reported a Premolar Molar Module (PMM) where sizes of the fourth premolar (P4) and all three molars were highly positively correlated. Counter to the ICM, our lab previously found in contemporary humans that instead of M1 size, only M2 size estimates M3 size. Our lab also identified in humans 13 different molar size ratio patterns instead of only one classic ICM pattern (M1>M2>M3). However, premolar:molar size correlation in contemporary humans is yet to be explored in-depth to help test whether the development of these two classes of teeth influence each other’s sizes. Here I explored variation in premolar size ratio pattern in contemporary humans by testing whether all three mathematically possible patterns (P3=P4, P3>P4, P3M2>M3). I also tested whether absolute sizes and size ratios of earlier initiating teeth estimate sizes and ratios of later initiating teeth.
Material and Methods: Maximum mesiodistal lengths of P3, P4, M1, M2, and M3 crowns were measured from retrospective Cone Beam Computed Tomography scans of 91 dental patients (54 female, 37 male) aged 13-23 years using Horos software.
Results: Using SPSS, a frequency analysis revealed all three premolar size ratio patterns (P3>P4: 49.83%, P3<P4: 34.13%, and P3=P4: 16.04%, n=293 oral quadrants). Also, 57% (n=49) of subjects with data collected from all quadrants showed all three premolar patterns within the same mouth. Pearson correlation test showed that crown sizes of P3 and P4 were positively correlated with a moderate to high magnitude throughout all four quadrants (p<0.001). Crown sizes of P4 and M1 showed moderate correlation in lower jaws and low correlation in upper jaws (p<0.001). Crown sizes of P3 and M1, showed low positive correlation in all four quadrants (p<0.001). Crown sizes of P4 and M2 showed moderate positive correlation in lower jaws, but low positive correlation in upper jaws. P3 and M2 crown size correlation was moderately positive in the upper left quadrant, but low positive in all other quadrants (p<0.001). For P3 and M3, and P4 and M3, correlation was negligible except for the lower right quadrant where the correlation of P3 and M3 was low positive (p<0.001). A linear mixed model analysis (95% confidence level, alpha = 0.05) showed that P3 crown size was significantly and positively predicted by the crown MDLs of P4 and M2. Also, P4 crown MDL was significantly and positively predicted by the crown MDLs of P3 and M2.
Conclusion: Variation in premolar size ratio patterns was similar to variability previously reported in molars. Study outcomes supported the PMM findings and reported significant low to high positive crown size correlations among premolars and all molars
A Team’s Journey into the Depths : Collecting deep groundwater samples in the American Southwest
Get PDFCanada First Research Excellence FundNon-Peer ReviewedResearchers strengthen a collaborative working relationship through challenging fieldwork
HIGH DEOXYNIVALENOL AND ERGOT ALKALOID LEVELS IN WHEAT GRAIN AND THEIR EFFECTS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, RUMEN PARAMETERS, AND HEALTH STATUS OF FEEDLOT CATTLE
Get PDFThe objective of this study was to assess the impacts of a mixture of deoxynivalenol (DON) and ergot alkaloids (EA) in a wheat-based finishing diet on rumen function, blood parameters, incidence of liver abscesses, growth performance, and carcass traits of feedlot cattle. Forty Angus crossbred beef steers (450 ± 6.0 kg; 8 ruminally cannulated) were blocked by body weight and randomly, allocated to 1 of 4 treatments; control-low (CON-L; 0 mg/kg), control-high (CON-H: 0 mg/kg), mycotoxin-low (MYC-L; 5.0 mg/kg DON, 2.1 mg/kg EA), and mycotoxin-high (MYC-H: 10 mg/kg DON, 4.1 mg/kg EA) and housed in individual pens over a 112 d finishing trial. Wheat screenings were added to the CON diets to ensure a chemical composition profile that was like the mycotoxin diets (CON-L had 31% and CON-H had 63% of the diet as wheat screenings on a DM basis). Diets (DM basis) consisted of 83% wheat-based concentrate, 12% barley silage, and 5% supplement. Ruminal and blood samples were collected at the beginning of the trial, and every 28 days thereafter, and ruminal pH was measured for 7 d using indwelling loggers by inserting a week before sampling for each period. Data collected was analyzed using SAS software. Total volatile fatty acid concentration was lower (P = 0.03) for MYC steers as compared to CON steers. The CON steers experienced a longer duration with ruminal pH < 5.2 as compared to MYC steers, as well as higher (P < 0.001) AUC (pH × min and pH × min/kg DM) for both pH <6.0 and <5.6. Platelet count was lower for MYC steers (P < 0.001), as were liver parameters including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), globulin, and blood urea nitrogen concentration (P ≤ 0.008); whereas the A:G (albumin:globulin ratio) was higher (P < 0.001) when compared to CON steers. Lymphocyte count and glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx) were elevated (P ≤ 0.003) in MYC steers when compared to CON steers. Intake of DM, starch, CP, NDF, and ADF were lower (P < 0.001) for MYC steers compared to the CON steers. Despite a lower intake, DM, crude protein (CP), and starch digestibility were higher (P ≤ 0.002) in MYC steers when compared to CON steers. Final body weight, ADG, G:F, and NEg were lower (P < 0.001) for MYC steers than CON steers. Hot carcass weight and backfat thickness were also lower (P < 0.001) in MYC steers, but saleable and lean meat yield were greater (P ≤ 0.007) compared to CON steers. The incidence of liver abscesses was not affected by the inclusion of mycotoxins in the diet. Results suggest that a mixture of mycotoxins impacted the immune status, growth performance, and carcass traits of feedlot steers, even at limits currently deemed safe (MYC-L) by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA). Therefore, CFIA guidelines may require further review to include additional recommendations for mycotoxin mixtures, particularly when a mixture of DON and EA is present in the diet
Heavy-Light and Doubly-Strange Diquark Spectrum from QCD Laplace Sum-Rules and Diagrammatic Renormalization Methods
Get PDFIn addition to the conventional and bound states of quarks , exotic hadrons, such as the four-quark and the five-quark bound states, can be constructed by assuming colour confinement in strong interactions. In particular, one of the possible internal structure for a four-quark state is the tetraquark , where diquarks and antidiquarks are bound due to the colour force. In this thesis, heavy-light , where (charm, bottom) and (up, down, strange), and doubly-strange diquarks are examined using QCD Laplace sum-rules. The diquark two-point correlation function is renormalized using diagrammatic renormalization methods for QCD correlation functions that are developed and compared to the conventional renormalization method. It is shown that the mixing of composite operators induced by the conventional renormalization approach is avoided by the diagrammatic renormalization method. The strange quark condensate parameter , where , is shown to have an important role on the and diquark mass splitting
Spatiotemporal Variation in Driving Factors of Vegetation Dynamics in the Yellow River Delta Estuarine Wetlands from 2000 to 2020
Get PDF© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (grant number ZR2022QD118) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 42201312 and 32271678)Peer ReviewedPrevious studies of vegetation dynamics in the Yellow River Delta (YRD) predominantly relied on sparse time series or coarse-resolution images, which not only overlooked the rapid and spatially heterogeneous changes, but also limited our understanding of driving mechanisms. Here, employing spatiotemporal data fusion methods, we constructed a novel fused enhanced vegetation index (EVI) dataset with a high spatiotemporal resolution (30-meter and 8-day resolution) for the YRD from 2000 to 2020, and we analyzed the vegetation variations and their driving factors within and outside the YRD Nation Natural Reserve (YRDNRR). The fused EVI effectively captured spatiotemporal vegetation dynamics. Notably, within the YRDNRR core area, the fused EVI showed no significant trend before 2010, while a significant increase emerged post-2010, with an annual growth of 7%, the invasion of Spartina alterniflora explained 78% of this EVI increment. In the YRDNRR experimental area, the fused EVI exhibited a distinct interannual trend, which was characterized by an initial increase (2000–2006, p 0.05); the dynamics of the fused EVI were mainly affected by the spring runoff (R2 = 0.71), while in years with lower runoff, it was also affected by the spring precipitation (R2 = 0.70). Outside of the protected area, the fused EVI demonstrated a substantial increase from 2000 to 2010 due to agricultural land expansion and human management practices, followed by stabilization post-2010. These findings enhance our comprehension of intricate vegetation dynamics in the YRD, holding significant relevance in terms of wetland preservation and management
IDENTIFICATION OF DEEPER ROOTING 1 (DRO1) RELATED GENES ASSOCIATED WITH ROOT GRAVITROPISM IN ARABIDOPSIS BY WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, MAPPING AND CLONING OF SUPPRESSOR MUTATIONS OF DRO1
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Assessing hydrological sensitivity to future climate change in the Canadian southern boreal forest
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Learning Effectively from Medical Imaging Datasets
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Lysine-lysine‒based enzymatically cleavable linkers for antibody-drug conjugates
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