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Digital Twins. HBIM information repositories to centralize knowledge and interdisciplinary management of architectural heritage
No full textIt is obvious that the primary document will always be the building itself, but within the field of conservation, restoration or maintenance it is necessary to have a large documentary archive where the interventions are recorded. The older the monument is, the greater the knowledge of the built element must be before any intervention and this requires a lot of time in prior research and which can develop prior studies, in addition to the economic cost that it entails. This is why with the advancement of technology and digital repositories, digital platforms can be created within Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM). This article reflects the experience of an eight-century-old monument, San Juan of Hospital of Valencia (Spain), in which a virtual twin has been made with software and specific web platforms in facility management such as Archibus©, EcoDomus©, Zutec© that allow the integration of information from BIM models and data acquired through sensors. With this work, although it is economically expensive and requires a lot of time for people specialized in the required programs, is improving the efficiency of facility management. and maintenance planning for large buildings and infrastructure. © 2023, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia.. All rights reserved
Evaluación fotogramétrica del estado de degradación de revestimientos decorativos: las yeserías del Patio de las Doncellas (el Real Alcázar de Sevilla)
No full textPrevious studies and documentation about the state of conservation of architectural or decorative elements are crucial for heritage managers, technicians and researchers to succeed in the maintenance and preservation of the heritage. In this sense, hand tracings, digital drawings, or photographs have traditionally been the methods for alteration and sample mapping. In spite of their effectiveness, these methods have some disadvantages, such as the need for more precision in terms of location, dimensions, quantification and types of alterations. By contrast, high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) models allow us to analyse decorative ancient plasterworks with great precision, offering considerable advantages over traditional tools for heritage documentation. To facilitate stakeholders’ work and enhance the quality of data collected, this work proposes the use of photogrammetry as a tool for the documentation of polychromed ancient plasterworks, taking the upper frieze of the access door to the Charles V ceiling room in the Royal Alcazar of Seville as a case of study. Thus, the work methodology applied has shown several advantages over previous methods. On the one hand, it was possible to obtain a 2D planimetry from the 3D model; this is an essential step for those responsible for heritage, especially in reports prior to restoration interventions. On the other hand, the 3D model created enables present alterations identification, the location of fissures and cracks in their three dimensions (opening, length and depth), deformations measurement and control, the quantification of mass or polychrome loss, and the detached elements digital reconstruction. In this way, highprecision digital results are quickly obtained and accessible to all the experts involved in the heritage conservation and maintenance plan. © UPV, SEAV, 201
The effect of fibres and carbonation conditions on the mechanical properties and microstructure of lime/flax composites
No full textFibre and textile-reinforced mortars are increasingly being used for a variety of building applications, including the strengthening of masonry structures. Lime mortars reinforced with sustainable fibres (such as vegetable or cellulosic fibres) may provide an interesting solution. In this paper, a mixture of commercial lime with 20% metakaolin addition was used to produce composites reinforced with non-woven flax fabrics that were cured at different moisture contents (from 0 to 100%) for 7 or 14 days in a CO2 incubator. The composites were characterised to determine their flexural behaviour, carbonation level and microstructure. According to the results, no differences exist in the flexural strength of the composites made in the moisture range of 33%–66%. At 7 days of curing, they attained Modulus of Rupture (MOR) values that exceeded 5.5. MPa. Moreover, it was observed that under high moisture conditions, the permeability of the fibres allows for CO2 access, despite the saturation of the pores of the matrix – allowing a reaction in the vicinity of the fibres –, while under dry conditions, the fibres moisture retention does not permit the carbonation of the matrix in their vicinity, even though complete carbonation takes place after 14 days. © 2023 The Author
From Maps to 3D Models: Reconstructing the Urban Landscape of San Cristóbal de La Laguna in the 16th Century
No full textThe use of 3D visualization technologies offers a unique opportunity to reconstruct historical cities that no longer exist or have been substantially modified. In this paper, we use the oldest preserved map of the city of San Cristóbal de La Laguna, created in 1588 by the engineer Leonardo Torriani, as the basis for its 3D virtual recreation. This map shows the first non-fortified Spanish colonial city whose plan provided a model for the colonial cities in America. These distinct features made San Cristóbal de La Laguna a UNESCO world heritage site. In our work, we present a map-based workflow for 3D reconstruction that balances fidelity to the original map with the integration of other historical sources and the current status of the city. This leads to the development of several 3D models from those distinct sources whose integration provides the 3D reconstruction of the city in the 16th century. The results of this project can be applied to other similar maps that were created in Europe at that time. © 2023 by the authors
Physical-mechanical properties of new recycled materials with additions of padel-tennis ball waste
No full textAround 320 million new padel and tennis balls are used worldwide each year, the game of padel also being known as padel or padel tennis. This level of use of padel-tennis balls is estimated to produce approximately 21,000 metric tons of waste from the balls, which are manufactured with a vulcanized natural rubber core covered with felt. Considering how plaster has been one of the most widely used materials in the construction sector, with excellent aesthetic and mechanical properties for indoor use, this research aims to assess the physical and mechanical properties of new recycled materials with the addition of padel-tennis waste. Several plaster mixtures were made using different residues from balls (felt and rubber), previously crushed, according to different ratios of water to gypsum and percentages. The statistical analysis indicates the representativeness and robustness of the results with a very high adjustment of the calculated models (coefficients of determination R2 greater than 98%). Also, it corroborates that density is a determining factor in the mechanical properties of plasters for the three types of residues studied and it is a key parameter in the design of those construction el-ements that require lightness properties. The results confirmed that the new recycled material complies with the minimum requirements established under the UNE-13279 building standard, and even the flexural strength increases by up to 20% when felt waste is used. Mechanical properties (flexure and compressive) increase more intensely when the surface hardness exceeds the value of 60 units. The water absorption and surface hardness also meet the standards, so the innovative material would be suitable for the manufacture of pre-cast panels, such as suspended ceiling plates or interior cladding walls, as well as any other construction element that is currently made from gypsum, thus optimising sustainability and the circular economy in the construction sector. The new innovative material includes the benefits of secondary raw materials and the problem of padel-tennis waste disposal
UMUSIC Hotel Madrid. Suma de complementarios
No full textLa unión hace la fuerza. Dos edificios que compartían medianera, uno con fachada al Oeste y al Este el otro, con entradas por las calles Paz 11 y Carretas 10, antiguos teatro y hotel y abandonados ambos, se agrupan ahora gracias a una rehabilitación que saca lo mejor de cada uno. El proyecto habla de sinergias, de dos unidades que se complementan y se enriquecen mutuamente, de calidad y singularidad. Entre sus espacios y elementos destacan, a juicio de los arquitectos técnicos Álvaro Duerto y Jesús Castellanos, directores de Ejecución de la Obra, “la fachada principal, el hall de entrada del Albéniz y el alzado de la calle Carretas”, y, en cuanto a su ejecución, “las nuevas cubiertas transitables interiores centrales sobre el techo del teatro”. El proyecto permite actualizar ambos inmuebles de manera que los dos usos se complementan para que convivan, con la mayor interdependencia posible, las 130 habitaciones y suites de lujo con las 898 butacas a dos niveles de la sala, las zonas de restauración con el ocio a gran escala, la calificación BIP (Bien de Interés Patrimonial) con las instalaciones más exigentes
Bioconsolidation of Damaged Construction Calcarenites and Evaluation of the Improvement in Their Petrophysical and Mechanical Properties
No full textBioconsolidation treatment using bacterial carbonatogenesis has been proposed as an environmentally friendly strategy for the efficient preservation of damaged stones, particularly suitable for carbonate stones. The study presented here deals with the evaluation of the performance of this treatment, applied to damaged carbonate stones in two historical buildings in Spain. The methodology applied in this research serves as a reference for future similar studies. Results showed significant improvement in the petrophysical and mechanical properties of the damaged stone following the treatment through the production of calcite and vaterite by the abundant carbonatogenic bacteria inhabiting the stone. These bacteria were able to effectively consolidate weathered areas if an adequate nutritional solution was employed, thereby augmenting the stones resistance, as evidenced by the Drilling Resistance Measurement System (DRMS). FESEM images showed calcified bacteria and calcified exopolymeric substances (EPS) consolidating stone minerals without blocking their pores. In addition to consolidation, this biotreatment improves the stones behavior against water absorption and increases the contact angle of water droplets without significant modifications in the pore size or diminishing vapor permeability. No color changes are observed. Overall, these results show that the application of the nutritional solution (M-3P) for in situ consolidation of different types of porous carbonate building stones is a highly effective conservation method, with no modification of the chemical composition of the treated materials
Comparative Study on the Stiffness of Poly(lactic acid) Reinforced with Untreated and Bleached Hemp Fibers
No full textComposite materials containing natural reinforcement fibers, generally called biocomposites, have attracted the interest of both researchers and manufacturers, but the most environmentally advantageous combinations include a bio-based matrix, as well. With this in mind, a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix was reinforced with natural fibers from hemp, both untreated strands (UHSs) and soda-bleached fibers (SBHFs). The preparation of the subsequent fully bio-sourced, discontinuously reinforced composites involved kinetic mixing, intensive single-screw extrusion, milling, and injection molding. Up to a fiber content of 30 wt%, the tensile modulus increased linearly with the volume fraction of the dispersed phase. Differences between SBHFs (up to 7.6 Gpa) and UHSs (up to 6.9 Gpa) were hardly significant (p = 0.1), but SBHF-reinforced composites displayed higher strain at failure. In any case, for the same fiber load (30 wt%), the Young’s modulus of PLA/hemp biocomposites was greater than that of glass fiber (GF)-reinforced polypropylene (5.7 GPa), albeit lower than that of PLA/GF (9.8 GPa). Considering all the measurements, the contribution of each phase was analyzed by applying the Hirsch model and the Tsai-Pagano model. As a concluding remark, although the intrinsic tensile modulus of SBHFs was lower than that of GF, the efficiency of those natural fibers as reinforcement (according to the rule of mixtures) was found to be higher. © 2023 by the authors
Soil improvement system using resin injections in submerged tunnels
No full textThe world of construction, and in particular the field of underground works, is immersed in a constant state of innovation and development. Numerous new variables are at work in this field, both in the improvement of the properties of materials and construction technology and in the new requirements and demands of users. Throughout history, civil engineering has had to offer support to the needs of comfort, aesthetics, sustainability and worker safety, among others. Of these, the latter is the most important and has become increasingly relevant in recent years. This research aims to offer an integral solution to the tunnelling process, under phreatic surfaces and in geological conditions of low cohesive strength and subjected to high pressures. The intention of this technology is to treat the ground by means of injections applied from inside a TBM to revise and replace the worn tools of its cutting wheel. The proposed solution consists of installing a high-frequency drilling unit in a hydroshield TBM. This new device is analysed to determine whether it offers a solution for the proposed requirements. The results obtained confirm a 15% improvement compared to existing solutions, greater efficiency and speed of execution, while proving to be a safer technique in terms of occupational risk prevention and respect for the environment. © 2023 Publicaciones Dyna Sl. All rights reserved
Study of the hygroscopic properties of environmentally friendly lightened composites through waste recovery
No full textGypsum-plaster is becoming an ideal binder in the valorisation and recovery of waste for designing more sustainable composites. Nevetheless, the main limitation of plaster lies in its susceptibility to the action of water. In this research, a complete study of the hygroscopic properties of a new material has been carried out, in which plaster material has been partially substituted in mass by dissolved expanded polystyrene waste in percentages of 8.8% to 26.5%. Additionally, fibres from end-of-life tyres have been incorporated at 1.2% by mass to improve the strength and durability of the compounds, achieving a total reduction of up to 28% of the original raw materials. The experimental campaign delves into the water performance of this new plaster composites through mercury porosimetry tests, water absorption by capillarity, total water absorption, water vapour permeability, Karsten Tube penetration, water-stove cycles, as well as the analysis of images obtained by scanning electron microscopy. The main results obtained show a reduction of 97.8% in surface water absorption, as well as a decrease of up to 17.44% in water vapour permeability compared to traditional plaster. Moreover, the developed materials exhibit good mechanical behaviour after undergoing several accelerated ageing cycles. This work highlights the potential of the new plaster composites designed to produce a more sustainable alternative to commercial prefabricated boards and panels, especially suitable for use in interior rooms where high resistance to the action of water is required. © 202