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The Principles of the Passivhaus Standard Applied to Rehabilitation. Case Study
No full textThis document describes the interventions carried out in Classroom 4 of the Former Military Hospital of Burgos, currently owned by the University of Burgos and used for teaching purposes. The building was refurbished in 2015 following the principles of the Passivhaus standard, obtaining the EnerPhit + 1 certification after the works. The aim of this research is to check whether the building maintains the same conditions in terms of airtightness and energy efficiency as at the time of the intervention, after six years of teaching use. In order to carry out the comparative analysis, the Blower Door Test is applied, using the fan pressurization method. The results obtained show that, although the air renewal rate is low, airtightness losses are observed, probably as a consequence of actions to house new facilities and equipment
Development of a methodology for the integration of the assessment of indoor environmental quality factors into building information modelling
No full textINTRODUCCIÓN. Las condiciones ambientales interiores pueden afectar significativamente a la salud y el confort de los ocupantes de los edificios. Conseguir unas condiciones interiores aceptables es un factor fundamental en el diseño y gestión de las edificaciones ya que las personas suelen pasar aproximadamente entre el 80-90% de su tiempo en espacios interiores. La calidad ambiental interior (en inglés Indoor Environmental Quality, en adelante IEQ) puede estar influenciada no solo por las condiciones exteriores, sino también por el entorno construido del edificio (sistemas constructivos, sistemas de climatización y refrigeración, materiales, geometría, orientación, etc.), así como por el propio comportamiento de los usuarios. La gestión de la calidad ambiental además supone un reto en los espacios densamente ocupados, como es el caso de los edificios de uso educacional. Considerando que los estudiantes, los profesores y el personal pasan largos períodos del día en estos espacios, unas condiciones deficientes pueden generar insatisfacción e influenciar de forma negativa el aprendizaje y el rendimiento de los estudiantes. De hecho, la pandemia mundial causada por el COVID-19 ha puesto recientemente en el punto de mira los efectos de una deficiente calidad ambiental interior en estos espacios, ya que son entornos de riesgo para la transmisión de virus en el aire, como el virus SARS-CoV-2. Estas circunstancias justifican la necesidad de desarrollar nuevas herramientas para la monitorización, evaluación y gestión de la calidad ambiental interior en los edificios. En el sector de la arquitectura, la ingeniería y la construcción (Architecture, Engineering and Construction, en adelante AEC) están surgiendo nuevas metodologías como el modelado de información de la construcción (Building Information Modelling, en adelante BIM) que puede proporcionar herramientas clave para el desarrollo de metodologías para la gestión de la calidad ambiental en los edificios. DESARROLLO TEÓRICO Y CONCLUSIÓN En este contexto, la presente Memoria de Tesis Doctoral se centra en el desarrollo de una metodología para la integración de la evaluación de los factores de calidad ambiental interiores en la metodología BIM. Para ello, en primer lugar, se realizó un análisis del marco teórico y normativo de la calidad ambiental interior en edificios de alta ocupación, así como de las recomendaciones establecidas por las autoridades sanitarias en materia de protección frente a virus de transmisión aérea. A partir de este análisis se definió una campaña de medición para la caracterización de las estrategias de ventilación natural en edificios educacionales universitarios en el suroeste de Europa (España y Portugal). Durante esta campaña de medición se evaluaron diferentes estrategias de ventilación natural para comprobar si mediante estos sistemas se pueden alcanzar los objetivos de tasas de ventilación marcados por las diferentes normativas pre y post-pandémicas.
En segundo lugar, se realizó una campaña de medición objetiva/subjetiva donde se evaluaron las condiciones ambientales interiores y la percepción y satisfacción de los estudiantes tras la implantación de los protocolos COVID19. Se evaluaron los edificios ubicados en el campus Fuente Nueva (Granada) y en el campus Azurem (Guimarães) recogiendo un total de 931 encuestas. Los resultados mostraron que, aunque las estrategias de ventilación natural proporcionaban una renovación efectiva del aire, también ocasionaban insatisfacción entre los estudiantes. Entre los principales factores de insatisfacción se encontraban los relacionados con el confort térmico y acústico. Posteriormente, en tercer lugar, a partir de los resultados obtenidos de las campañas anteriores y habiendo identificado las principales causas de insatisfacción, se realizaron ensayos para analizar el impacto de la aplicación de los protocolos de ventilación natural en el ambiente térmico y acústico interior. Por un lado, los resultados mostraron que la estrategia de ventilación natural continua provoca un aumento de entre 6,4 dBA y 12,6 dBA en el nivel de ruido de fondo en las aulas, respecto a un escenario con puertas y ventanas cerradas. Por otro lado, se desarrolló una campaña de medición centrada el análisis de la percepción térmica de los estudiantes durante la estación invernal. Un total de 989 estudiantes participaron en este estudio. Los resultados mostraron que, aunque la concentración de CO2 en el 90% de las aulas evaluadas estaba por debajo del valor recomendado (800 ppm), sólo el 18% de las aulas estaban dentro de la zona de confort térmico definida por la normativa nacional.
Finalmente, se ha propuesto un marco de trabajo basado en la metodología BIM para integrar la evaluación de la IEQ y el riesgo de transmisión de virus en el aire en edificios de enseñanza superior. El marco de trabajo desarrollado implementa los datos obtenidos mediante monitorización de sensores y la programación diaria llevada a cabo en el edificio. El sistema proporciona automáticamente la sensación térmica, acústica y lumínica en función a los datos proporcionados por lo sensores en el aula, de tal manera que se puede evaluar y clasificar el rango de confort de los usuarios (óptimo, aceptable e inaceptable), así como la probabilidad de infección durante cada clase. El marco de trabajo generado en esta Tesis Doctoral se constituye como una nueva herramienta para la gestión de la IEQ y la prevención de la transmisión de virus en el aire en edificios de alta ocupación. La evaluación de la IEQ está basada en la respuesta de los usuarios y los datos obtenidos de la monitorización, por lo que los resultados muestran problemas reales de los ocupantes. Los resultados proporcionan información clave para apoyar el proceso de toma de decisiones para la gestión de la IEQ y el control del riesgo de transmisión de virus en el aire. Su aplicación a largo plazo podría proporcionar datos que apoyen la gestión de las estrategias de ventilación y el rediseño de los protocolos. BIBLIOGRAFÍA CONSULTADA
Aguilar, A. J., María, L., Costa, N., Arezes, P., Martínez-Aires, M. D., & Ruiz, D. P. (2022). Assessment of ventilation rates inside educational buildings in Southwestern Europe: Analysis of implemented strategic measures. Journal of Building Engineering, 51, 104204. De la Hoz¿Torres, M. L., Aguilar, A. J., Costa, N., Arezes, P., Ruiz, D. P., & Martínez¿Aires, M. D. (2022). Reopening higher education buildings in post¿epidemic COVID¿19 scenario: monitoring and assessment of indoor environmental quality after implementing ventilation protocols in Spain and Portugal. Indoor air, 32(5), e13040
Identificació de ciment aluminós amb intel·ligència artificial. L’arquitecte tècnic centaure
No full textEl plantejament que volia fer servir la ubicació de l’edifici per predir la presència de ciment CAC [ENTORN] va necessitar un llistat d’ubicacions i l’etiquetatge de cada ubicació amb el tipus de ciment amb el qual estava construït. La IA no pot esbrinar sense més informació si un edifici ha estat construït amb un material o un altre, per això cal primer ensenyar- la a trobar patrons, a trobar correlacions i indicis. El llistat d’ubicacions etiquetades es va generar amb base al fons propi del meu històric de treballs professionals. Per enriquir el llistat amb les característiques que poden descriure una ubicació, aquelles que podrien, potser, ser les característiques que, de forma individual o combinada, poguessin ajudar a predir la presència de Ciment d’Aluminat de Calci (CAC)), es va generar un sistema que capturava la informació de repositoris oberts. La seu electrònica del Cadastre, Open Data Barcelona, repositoris públics de la Generalitat, l’ICAEN o l’Institut Estadístic, varen ser víctimes d’aquest assalt massiu per obtenir dades. Són sistemes pensats per compartir molta informació mitjançant consultes automatitzades, precisament amb aquest tipus de propòsits d’anàlisis i transparència pública
Municipalities ecosystem roles in different energy communities
No full textMunicipalities are in a crucial position regarding initiating and implementing energy communities. Existing literature acknowledges their role but focuses on production-based energy cooperatives, and there is a need for a more comprehensive view of potential ecosystem roles. This study uses the ecosystem approach to present an overview of different energy communities and municipalities roles in them. Mostly, the municipalities have a supportive and reactive role, but especially in more complex settings like microgrids, they also can have a proactive ecosystem leadership role in coordinating and facilitating energy communities. © 2023 IEEE
Hbim as a tool for the analysis and conservation of architectural heritage. case study: The rame towers digital twin
No full textThe Rame Tower, located in the municipality of Los Alcazares (Region of Murcia, Spain), is one of the watchtowers post coasts built in the sixteenth century in an attempt to defend the Spanish coast from attacks by Barbary pirates. Although the tower is protected monument as a BIC (Cultural Heritage Asset) is currently in a state of degradation and neglect and passively suffers the flow of time and vandalism. Like most cultural heritage assets, it is characterized by deep irregularities and heterogeneity, due both to the changes in use over the centuries and to the passage of time. In this research, a 3D survey is first realized by combining different techniques and instrumentation in order to obtain a complete cloud of points, both outside and inside. The cloud of points thus obtained serves as the basis for the realization of the HBIM model of the tower. Thanks to the points cloud you can reach a level of development (LOD) such that you can talk about digital twin of the asset. The HBIM model thus obtained will then be used for the realization of a proposal for recovery and reuse and an example of management and maintenance. The aim is to demonstrate how BIM applied to assets is useful both for its recovery and for future management and maintenance. The research also identifies which problems are found in the modeling of discontinuities typical of cultural heritage in the BIM environment and which solutions can be applied. © 2023 International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. All rights reserved
Comparison of Frameworks for the Assessment of Decarbonisation of European National Building Stocks
No full textThe European Union (EU), aware that having an energy efficient building stock is crucial to achieve decarbonisation goals and to improve peoples quality of life, has established a legislative framework made up of Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBDs) and Energy Efficiency Directive (EEDs) to support Member States (MS) governments in boosting energy performance of buildings by offering a broad range of policies and support measures. Since 2014, all EU countries must establish a long-term renovation strategy (LTRS) every three years to support the renovation of their national building stock into a highly energy efficient and decarbonised building stock by 2050, contributing to achieving the Member States energy and climate plans (NECPs) targets. The requirement for EU countries to adopt a LTRS was first set out in the EED (2012/27/EU) and was revised in 2018 EPBD (2018/844/EU). With the aim of facilitating the interpretation of the latter directive by the national governments, Commission Recommendation (EU) 2019/786 was published. In this recommendation a voluntary framework based on progress indicators to assess the decarbonisation of the building stock was proposed. Later, in 2021, a proposal for the recast of the EPBD was launched, and in 2023 it was amended. In these new versions, the LTRs are strengthened towards Building renovation plans (BRP). The plans will include national targets in a more unified and comparable approach, and progress will be measured through a compulsory assessment framework based on indicators, among other issues. In this paper, the assessment frameworks proposed in the Commission Recommendation (EU) 2019/786, the proposal for the EPBD recast (2021 version) and the 2023 amended version of the EPBD recast are compared. Additionally, 2020 Member States LTRSs are analysed, focusing on the indicators that each one proposes to assess the renovation progress in the country. Finally, the level of alignment between the indicators proposed by each national strategy and by the 2023 amended version of the EPBD recast is evaluated, in order to identify best practices among MS to get closer to the future Building renovation plans. © 2023 Carlos Beltrán-Velamazán et al., published by Sciendo
Analysis of building energy performance based on sensor data for building retrofitting
No full textThe current building stock is responsible for a large part of the final energy consumption in Europe and most of it presents the greatest potential for energy savings. One of the most important steps in the retrofitting process is to understand its pre-retrofitting stage energy performance, and the building energy simulation (BES) models can play a significant role in that sense. In this paper, a building case study has been monitored during a whole year. A methodology has been developed specifically for the pre-processing procedure of the building monitored data. Then, based on the available detailed building drawings, building operational data and the data sets obtained after data calibration, a first approach of a BES model is carried out. In addition, some window samples have been tested in the Laboratory of Building Quality Control of the Basque Government to measure their thermal transmittance. These samples will be introduced in the BES model in future works, to evaluate the reduction in heating demand after the windows replacement. A sensibility analysis of the recorded data justifies their good quality. In consequence, the accumulated heating energy supplied by the boiler reaches a value of 44.05 MWh in the monitored year and the total electric energy consumption is 16.71 MWh. © (2023) by ECOS 2023 All rights reserved
Drawing, Scripting, Prompting. A Critical Approach from Architectural Graphics
No full textIn recent years, architecture has undergone a significant transformation with the introduction of digital tools and techniques. Three prominent techniques in this context are drawing, scripting, and prompting, offering architects novel approaches to the design process. Drawing remains a vital tool for idea exploration and design development. Conversely, scripting and prompting are digital methods that enable a more algorithmic and data-driven design approach. This paper explores the intersection of these techniques and their potential to enhance the design process. By using them together, architects can foster creativity, efficiency, and innovation while allowing more time for conceptual development. The paper analyzes the framework posed by these techniques, including the impact of new digital technologies like generative and algorithmic design, and artificial intelligence. The potential of scripting to automate graphic tasks, such as parametric design and generative drawing, is addressed. Furthermore, the paper delves into the new frontier of prompting and its application in architectural graphics, outlining the competencies architects need to effectively utilize this technology. In conclusion, this paper critically evaluates the current state of architectural graphics, exploring the fusion of traditional and digital methods, and how new technologies can transform the design process. © 2023, UID Unione Italiana Disegno. All rights reserved
Simplified automatic prediction of the level of damage to similar buildings affected by river flood in a specific area
No full textFlooding due to overflowing rivers affects the construction elements of many buildings. Although significant progress has been made in predicting this damage, there is still a need to continue studying this issue. For this reason, the main goal of this research focuses on finding out if, based on a small dataset of cases of a given area, it is possible to predict at least three degrees of affectation in buildings, considering only three environmental factors (minimum distance from the river, unevenness and possible water communication). To meet this goal, the methodological approach followed considers scientific literature review and collection and analysis of a small dataset from 101 buildings that have been affected by floods in the Guadalquivir River basin (Andalusia. Spain). After analyzing this data, algorithms based on machine learning (ML) are applied to predict the degree of affection. The results, analysis and conclusions indicate that, if the study focuses on a specific area and similar buildings, using a correlation matrix and ML algorithms such as the "Decision Tree" with cross-validation, around 90% can be achieved in the "Recall" and "Precision" of "High-Level-Affection" class, and an “Accuracy” around 80% in general. © 202
Thermophysical Study on the Mixing Properties of Mixtures Comprising 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol, Butan-1-ol, Butan-2-ol, and Propan-1-ol
No full textExcess enthalpy (HE), dynamic and kinematic viscosities (η, υ), density (ρ), and refractive index (nD) of mixtures comprising 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol, butan-1-ol, butan-2-ol, and propan-1-ol are presented at p = 0.1 MPa and at T = 298.15 and 313.15 K. Deviations in refractive index (ΔnD) is generated from experimental data of refractive index. Experimental data of ρ for all binary mixtures are predicted using the PC-SAFT (Perturbed Chain-Statistical Associating Fluid) EoS. Furthermore, HE and ΔnD are adjusted using the Redlich-Kister equation. However, the correlation of measured data of HE is performed by using the UNIQUAC and NRTL models. © 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society