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A modern roof for the dome of the church of Sales
No full textThe church of Sales de Sueca (Valencia) presents the particularity that in 1919 the fifth dome was built in just a century and a half of existence. During the 20th century various repairs were carried out and recently, after a storm, the dome was in a state of ruin and intervention was urgent. From there, a study and work methodology had to be followed to reach decisive conclusions in a short time, taking into account that the aesthetic finish could be modified and that it had to have patrimonial authorization. Thanks to a complete study with a research in archives, structural calculations, thermal behavior and, above all, the direct study of the constructive artifact, a process has been followed with the final result of the reconstruction of said dome in which its use is fully justified. coverage with green tiles, typical of oxidized copper
Concept Takes Command: A Proposal to Teach and Learn Architectural Graphics with Digital Tools
No full textThis paper presents a reflection on the teaching of architectural graphics using digital tools, drawing from experiences developed in first-year courses within the field of knowledge. The pedagogical approaches aim to furnish students with a robust conceptual foundation that transcends superficial knowledge of software, fostering a profound understanding of the internal operational logics. We describe a didactic experience structured around four content sections concerning representation, 3D modeling, building information modeling via parametric components, and architectural visualization based on digital post-production strategies. The goal is to achieve a conscious and adaptable utilization of digital tools, surpassing the constraints of mere command-based training. We propose a pragmatic approach rooted in computational thinking that prioritizes conceptual understanding over instrumental training, facilitating effective adaptation to successive technological changes and evolutions
Development and characterization of new lightweight waste-based plaster composites for building applications
No full textThe development of new environmentally friendly construction materials that incorporate waste as an alternative to traditional raw materials is becoming increasingly important and necessary for the construction sector. Gypsum plasters composites are characterised by their versatility and wide range of applications in precast construction due to their excellent technical performance and low cost. This research presents a new material that incorporates EPS waste in solution and recycled rubber aggregates as secondary raw materials, partially replacing traditional plaster material. In this way, partial mass substitutions of up to 12.5 % have been achieved compared to the reference composites without additions. The results show how the incorporation of EPS in solution allows a more homogeneous integration of the residue in the plaster composite matrix. Although it is true that the incorporation of both residues has slightly reduced mechanical resistance to bending and compression, reaching minimum values of 3.71 MPa and 5.08 MPa respectively, the results obtained greatly exceed the minimum values required by current regulations. On the other hand, in the study conducted with prefabricated false ceiling plates, it has been observed that the combined effect of both residues allows for greater resistance to simple bending than traditional composites, with a reduction in bulk density and thermal conductivity of up to 30.1 % and 26.5 %, respectively. Thus, this work presents a viable alternative for the development of new plaster composites that are more sustainable, lightweight and conducive to advancing towards the industrialisation of the construction sector
Deep Learning Enhanced Multisensor Data Fusion for Building Assessment Using Multispectral Voxels and Self-Organizing Maps
No full textEfforts in the domain of building studies involve the use of a diverse array of geomatic sensors, some providing invaluable information in the form of three-dimensional point clouds and associated registered properties. However, managing the vast amounts of data generated by these sensors presents significant challenges. To ensure the effective use of multisensor data in the context of cultural heritage preservation, it is imperative that multisensor data fusion methods be designed in such a way as to facilitate informed decision-making by curators and stakeholders. We propose a novel approach to multisensor data fusion using multispectral voxels, which enable the application of deep learning algorithms as the self-organizing maps to identify and exploit the relationships between the different sensor data. Our results indicate that this approach provides a comprehensive view of the building structure and its potential pathologies, and holds great promise for revolutionizing the study of historical buildings and their potential applications in the field of cultural heritage preservation
Development of a 3D Digital Model of End-of-Service-Life Buildings for Improved Demolition Waste Management through Automated Demolition Waste Audit
No full textThis paper presents the development of a 3D digital model of end-of-service-life buildings to facilitate a step change in preparation of pre-demolition protocols that can eliminate problems of inadequate documentation and extensive time spent in preparing pre-demolition audits. The 3D digital model consists of the following four main components: (i) digitization of paper-based drawings and their conversion to CAD; (ii) automated generation of a 3D digital model from CAD; (iii) corrections to the 3D digital model to account for changes in the lifetime of a building; (iv) a sub-model for performing pre-demolition audit. This paper proposes the innovative approaches of incorporating a minimal amount of human intervention to overcome numerous difficulties in automated drawing analysis, application of augmented reality (AR) in corrections to the 3D digital model, and data compatibility for pre-demolition audit. These processes are demonstrated using one building as case study. Using the digital model, a pre-demolition audit can be prepared in minutes rather than the many days required in current practice without a digital model. The accurate quantification of the quantities and locations of different demolition waste materials and products in buildings to be demolished will enable a systematic and quantitative evaluation of potentials of material and product reuse and eliminate contamination of different demolition waste streams (which may contain hazardous waste), which is the main cause of environmental degradation and downcycling of demolition waste materials
Restoring History: The Revitalization of a Chapel
No full textThis article describes the main rehabilitation works carried out at the Chapel of S. João do Deserto. During the restoration process, non-structural and structural anomalies were identified. The structural ones were causing cracks in the walls. While the Chapel had undergone several interventions over the years, not all of them had been successful, and some problems persisted to this day. A thorough analysis of the structure's behavior was essential to properly address these issues and prevent future damage. A structural reinforcement was carried out at the level of the roof, in addition to the consolidation of the masonry walls and mortars. To maintain the Chapel's original layout and identity, traditional materials and techniques were used whenever possible
Restoration of the facade of the church of San Pedro Apostol in Agost, Spain
No full textThis work describes the studies and the intervention carried out for the restoration of the facade of San Pedro Apostol in the parish church of Agost. This facade was made at the end of the 18th century in limestone. After an initial inspection and graphic survey of the facade, the lesions, their origin, and the solution to them were identified by using advanced restoration techniques. The stone elements damaged or destroyed by the passage of time are composed of calcite, dolomite and silica, with plaster joints, and have been reconstructed either through the use of new elements or, for the most part, through systems of recovery of the initial volume with the use of a light core of polystyrene, lime mortars, expanded clay, fiberglass and carbon together with infiltrations of resins in the disintegrated areas. After a delicated intervention process using innovative techniques, the facade was completed in June 2023
Evaluation of geotechnical, mineralogical and environmental properties of clayey soil stabilized with different industrial by-products: A comparative study
No full textThe utilisation of soil stabilization techniques employing binders like lime or cement enables the use of soils that are classified as disposable, thereby reducing the need for landfills and the consumption of natural resources. However, the production of lime and cement results in significant CO2 emissions. Therefore, the application of industrial by-products (IBP) for stabilizing expansive soils presents an opportunity to minimise the use of traditional binders. This study investigates the geotechnical, mechanical, mineralogical, and environmental properties of four IBP (biomass bottom ash, biomass fly ash, steel slag, and mixed recycled aggregate) combined with a silica-based nanomaterial for road layer applications. The technical feasibility of the use of IBP was demonstrated, especially in combination with nanomaterials, allowing a 66 % reduction in the percentage of added lime, obtaining significant improvements with minimal plasticity and swelling index and bearing capacity CBR values higher than 25 %, applying BBA, BFA and SS. An environmental assessment of leachate analysis was performance, showing an immobilization of heavy metals that makes the application of IBP feasible. In addition, a life cycle analysis study showed the environmental benefits of applying IBP, such as a 50 % reduction in CO2 emissions due to the reduction of lime, resulting from the use of these materials, thus promoting more sustainable economic models
CFD simulation study and experimental analysis of indoor air stratification in an unventilated classroom: A case study in Spain
No full textHealth problems and respiratory diseases are associated with poor indoor air ventilation. We investigated the air quality inside a classroom-laboratory where no ventilation is provided. The case of study, consisting of an internal enclosure, is located at the Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación (ETSEM) of Madrid (Spain). The high height favours air stratification which is analysed in terms of temperature and CO2 spatial distribution. Temperature, air humidity, atmospheric pressure and CO2 concentration measurements were taken in time at three different height locations. A CFD numerical model was established to analyse air quality. Flow circulation is derived by solving full 3D Navier – Stokes governing equations, coupled with the thermal problem. The diffusion problem of the CO2 produced by the inner occupants is then derived from the kinematics solution. Three scenarios were taken into account: occupants seated (1), standing (2), half seated, half standing (3). Results clearly show the air stratification as a result of density gradient, which is in turn determined by temperature difference between the occupants and the surrounding air. Temperature prediction maximum relative error is contained to 3.5 %. As expected, CO2 concentration increases over time, reaching maximum values depending on the configuration considered and height location
Properties of Cement-Based Materials Incorporating Ground-Recycled Diatom
No full textThis research investigates the use of recycled diatomaceous earth (diatomite) from the wine, beer, and oil industries as supplementary cementitious materials in cement-based mixtures. This study aims to reduce embodied energy and promote circular economy practices by incorporating these industrial by-products. The research evaluates the compressive strength, durability, and pozzolanic activity of the mixtures over 7, 28, and 90 days of hydration. The results demonstrate that uncalcined diatoms from wine and oil showed lower compressive strength than natural diatomite, whereas calcination at 500 °C significantly improved performance. Beer diatoms exhibited the lowest mechanical strength because of the organic matter content in their composition. The incorporation of quicklime failed to induce pozzolanic activity in uncalcined diatoms; however, calcination at 500 °C led to improved long-term performance, highlighting the importance of heat treatment for activating diatoms’ pozzolanic properties. This study concludes that recycled diatoms, particularly when calcined, have potential as sustainable cementitious materials