Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
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Italian validation of the SMA independence scale–upper limb module
No full textSpinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a progressive disorder caused by SMN1 mutations. While therapies have changed its course, current motor scales often miss aspects. This study aimed to validate the Italian SMA Independence Scale (SMAIS-ULM) for reliability, applicability, and expansion across diverse SMA phenotypes. Patients with genetically confirmed 5qSMA were recruited from 12 Italian centers. Analyses included Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs) for test–retest reliability, the Kruskal–Wallis for group comparisons, and the Spearman correlations with functional measures. Ceiling/floor effects were defined as ≥ 85% of a group reaching the maximum or minimum score. The study analyzed 472 completed questionnaires: 263 from caregivers (mean age 26.4 ± 17.6; 29 SMA I, 123 SMA II, 104 SMA III, 7 presymptomatic) and 209 from patients (mean age 33.1 ± 16.4; 3 SMA I, 101 SMA II, 104 SMA III; 1 SMA IV), including 195 matched caregiver-patient pairs. ICC was conducted in 29 caregivers and 31 patients; values ranged from 0.97 to 1.00. SMAIS-ULM scores differed by SMA type, with SMA III/presymptomatic subjects scoring higher than SMA I/II (p < 0.001) and walkers scoring higher than sitters/non-sitters (p < 0.001). Floor effects were found in 18.9% of non-sitters and 50% of walkers, with comparable patterns in patient responses. Strong correlations with functional measures were found, with no significant differences between caregiver and patient reports. Conclusion: The findings confirm the reliability and validity of the SMAIS-ULM as an effective tool for measuring functional independence in individuals with SMA, both from the caregiver and patient perspectives
Continuo e discreto nel sub-standard: alcune osservazioni sull’italiano popolare oggi
No full textQuesto contributo è dedicato alla discussione della possibilità di individuare
o meno varietà distinte nell’area del sub-standard. In una porzione dell’architettura
dell’italiano contemporaneo fortemente caratterizzata da fenomeni
di continuità si verifica se alcuni tratti linguistici selezionati si comportino
in maniera omogenea o se presentino differenze tali da permettere
l’individuazione dell’italiano popolare. Grazie alla disponibilità di corpora
di recente pubblicazione, la discussione sarà condotta attraverso una analisi
empirica di dati linguistici. Nel §1, si introduce l’area del sub-standard,
con particolare attenzione all’italiano popolare, e si presentano gli obiettivi
della ricerca. Il §2 è dedicato ai dati e ai metodi mentre nel §3 si discutono i
risultati dell’analisi. Nel §4, si traggono alcune conclusioni generali
Erec: un exemplum per i giovani aristocratici
No full textSolo pochi testi didattici Germanici composti intorno alla metà del XII secolo sono giunti fino a noi, per lo più in frammenti. Questi testi – Rittersitte, Der heimliche Bote e Tugendlehre – sono considerati pietre miliari nello sviluppo della letteratura pedagogica. Si rivolgono, più o meno esplicitamente, alla giovane élite del loro tempo.
Questo articolo esamina queste opere poco conosciute e ne identifica gli insegnamenti fondamentali, sostenendo che un romanzo arturiano come l'Erec di Hartmann von Aue è profondamente plasmato dallo stesso scopo educativo. L'Erec emerge quindi sia come un manuale per la gioventù aristocratica sia come una narrazione avvincente, fungendo da squisito esempio di letteratura ispirata al motto latino prodesse et delectare ("istruire e dilettare"). Nonostante le incertezze che circondano le fonti di Hartmann, le innovazioni da lui introdotte nell’ipotesto – in particolare Erec et Enide di Chrétien de Troyes – e la sua enfasi su temi chiave, come l’importanza della reputazione e della pietà cristiana, collocano Erec tra le opere seminali che riflettono lo spirito e il contesto ideologico del suo tempo con notevole delicatezza ed eleganza.Only a few German didactic texts composed around the middle of the twelfth
century have come down to us, mostly in fragments. These texts – Rittersitte,
Der heimliche Bote, and Tugendlehre – are regarded as key stepping stones in
the development of educational literature. They address, more or less explicitly,
the young elite of their time, equipping them with the values of a morally
exemplary life or offering guidance on how to act in specific situations.
This paper examines these little-known works and identifies the fundamental
teachings they convey, arguing that an Arthurian romance such as Hartmann
von Aue’s Erec is profoundly shaped by the same educational purpose. Erec
thus emerges as both a handbook for aristocratic youth and an engaging
narrative, serving as an exquisite exemplum of literature inspired by the Latin
motto prodesse et delectare (“to instruct and to delight”).
Despite the uncertainties surrounding Hartmann’s sources, the innovations
he introduced to the hypotext – namely Chrétien de Troyes’ Erec et Enide
– and his emphasis on key themes, such as the importance of reputation and
Christian piety, place Erec among the seminal works that reflect the spirit and
ideological background of its time with notable delicacy and elegance
Value of the 6 min walk test in detecting cardiopulmonary involvement in patients with systemic sclerosis
No full textObjectives Cardiopulmonary involvement (CPI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in systemic sclerosis (SSc). The 6 min walk test (6MWT) is widely used to assess functional capacity, but its ability to detect incident CPI remains uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the determinants and trajectory of 6MWT parameters over time and its diagnostic utility in identifying incident CPI in SSc. Methods Two large prospective SSc cohorts were analysed. Multivariable regression identified factors associated with baseline 6MWT parameters. Longitudinal changes were assessed using linear mixed models, and diagnostic accuracy for incident CPI was evaluated using predefined thresholds for a decline in 6 min walking distance (6MWD) (≥33 m) and oxygen desaturation (<95%). Results Patients with CPI walked 89 m less than those without (95% CI-116 to 61) and exercise-induced desaturation was more frequent in CPI (OR 17.0, 95% CI 8.7 to 33). Over time, 6MWD increased slightly by 3.0 m per year (95% CI 1.7 to 4.3). Linear mixed model analysis showed an independent association of 6MWD (-33 m, 95% CI-45 to 21) and occurrence of exercise-induced desaturation (OR 15, 95% CI 8.5 to 30) in patients with CPI. A ≥33 m decline in 6MWD had 34.7% sensitivity and 79% specificity for detecting incident CPI, while new desaturation had 10.6% sensitivity and 92.6% specificity. Conclusion 6MWT parameters are associated with CPI in SSc. A stable 6MWD and absence of desaturation may help rule out CPI, but their low sensitivity suggests that 6MWT alone is insufficient for screening and should be complemented by additional diagnostic modalities
Between Paternal Power and Prerogative: The Reformatory Origins of Protection in the British Empire (1788–1888)
No full textIn the nineteenth century, protective departments for the ‘treatment’ of groups of colonised subjects – portrayed as vulnerable and disorderly yet reformable – were installed across the British Empire. Building on recent scholarly investigations of the interpenetration of the ‘internal’ and ‘external’ registers of Protectorates, this research penetrates their innermost loci – refuges and schools for endangered and dangerous youths – and adopts them as a lens to observe protective rule in general. To do so, it embarks on a retrospective journey by juxtaposing some of the activities of the Singapore Protectorate of Chinese, opened in 1877, with those of both the Aboriginal Protectorates, established across colonial Australia from the late 1830s, and the first London reformatory, opened in 1788. By interpreting the London reformatory as an early example of a domestic protective station, the article postulates that some key functions of the colonial Protectorates were first attempted within the context of the rehabilitation of British young offenders. By interrogating the history of ‘internal’ protection as contributing to both the history of sovereignty and the history of familial relations, this analysis considers ‘reclamation’ and ‘paternal power’ as integral notions to the legal and conceptual foundations of British imperial protective rule
Epicuro, Lucrezio e la scienza moderna e contemporanea
No full textIl saggio illustra l'importanza della fisica epicurea nella scienza moderna moderna e contemporane
Unlocking the Hidden Impact of Parents’ Sociocultural Level on Childhood Adaptive Behavior
No full textAdaptive behavior comprises conceptual, social, and practical skills that individuals learn and express in their daily lives. Understanding the contextual factors that influence the development of adaptive behavior is crucial for the well-being of children. Using path analysis, we cross-sectionally examined the relations between Vineland-II adaptive behavior of Italian girls (n = 156) and boys (n = 149) aged 3–14 and parental sociocultural dimensions (socioeconomic status, cultural capital, social capital) with attended school year as a moderator. Mothers’ sociocultural level showed numerous and generally positive relations with their children’s adaptive behavior, whereas fathers’ sociocultural level exhibited fewer and more mixed relations. Furthermore, school year attended had direct negative effects on adaptive behavior and generally moderated in a positive or mixed way the relationships between parents’ sociocultural level and daughters’ and sons’ adaptive behavior, respectively. Policymakers should be aware of the relations between parental sociocultural level and their offspring’s adaptive behavior
Sound Caption for Immersive Experience
No full textThis paper explores the role of sound as a tool for communication and accessibility in experiencing cultural heritage in VR. Through experimental studies conducted over six years, we analyze various immersive technologies, including CAVE and Oculus, to understand the impact of the auditory dimension on the user experience. Following a theoretical contextualization and an exploratory journey through various cultural themes, we delve into the analysis of a specific immersive environment and the compositional process of a “sound caption” specifically designed for a virtual context. We present and analyze the data collected to measure the level of engagement generated by this sonic implementation
Lezioni di diritto canonico. Quinta edizione. Ristampa aggiornata al settembre 2025 a cura di Geraldina Boni e Paolo Cavana
No full textPer l'intensa attività normativa del legislatore supremo della Chiesa si è reso necessario un aggiornamento del manuale, adottato come libro di testo in diverse Università italiane. Per illustrare le riforme intervenute durante il pontificato di Francesco (2013-2025), numerose sono state le integrazioni e i completamenti apportati alla struttura originaria.Canon Law Lessons, Fifth updated edition. Because of the intense law-making activity of the supreme legislator of the Church, it was necessary to update the handbook, which is used as a reference text in various Italian universities. Many additions and revisions were added to the original structure of the work in order to describe the newly introduced reforms during the pontificate of Francis (2013-2025)
Perturb, Attend, Detect, and Localize (PADL): Robust Proactive Image Defense
No full textImage manipulation detection has gained significant attention due to the rise of Generative Models (GMs). Passive detection methods often overfit to specific GMs, limiting their effectiveness. Recently, proactive approaches have been introduced to overcome this limitation. However, these methods suffer from two vulnerabilities: i) the manipulation detector is not robust to noise and hence can be easily fooled; ii) they rely on fixed perturbations for image protection, which offers an exploit for malicious attackers, enabling them to evade detection. To overcome these issues, we propose PADL, a novel solution that is able to create image-specific perturbations for protecting images. PADL’s key objective is to provide a secure and adaptive protection mechanism that ensures the authenticity of images by detecting and localizing manipulations, drastically reducing the possibility of reverse engineering. The method consists of two key components: an encoder, which conditions a learnable perturbation on the input image to ensure uniqueness and robustness against attacks, and a decoder, which extracts the perturbation and leverages it for manipulation detection and localization. PADL can detect manipulation of a protected image and pinpoint regions that have undergone alterations. Unlike previous proactive defenses that rely on a finite set of perturbations, PADL’s tailored protection significantly reduces the risk of reverse engineering. Although being trained only on images of faces manipulated with STGAN, PADL generalizes to a range of unseen models with diverse architectural designs, such as StarGANv2, CycleGAN, BlendGAN, DiffAE, StableDiffusion, and StableDiffusionXL and also to unseen data domains. Finally, we propose a novel evaluation protocol that fairly assesses localization performance in relation to detection accuracy, providing a better reflection of real-world scenarios. Future research will aim to extend PADL to work on more challenging scenarios, including video content protection and high-resolution images, ensuring its effectiveness across diverse media formats and real-world applications. The source code will be publicly released