Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
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La giustizia amministrativa nell’occhio del ciclone PNRR: il rito super accelerato ex art. 12-bis, d.lgs. n. 68/2022, tra rischi e opportunità
No full textSommario: 1. Introduzione: l’effettività della tutela come chiave di lettura. – 2. Il contesto: il PNRR e l’interesse
finanziario dell’Unione europea. – 3. Ambito di applicazione e direzione processuale nel rito PNRR: semplificare la complessità? . – 4. Rito PNRR, tutela cautelare e principi fondamentali del diritto europeo. – 5. Disposizioni espresse e occulte del rito PNRR. – 6. Opportunità e disparità nel rito PNRR. – 7. Riflessioni conclusiv
SzCORE: Seizure Community Open‐Source Research Evaluation framework for the validation of electroencephalography‐based automated seizure detection algorithms
No full textThe need for high-quality automated seizure detection algorithms based on electroencephalography (EEG) becomes ever more pressing with the increasing use of ambulatory and long-term EEG monitoring. Heterogeneity in validation methods of these algorithms influences the reported results and makes comprehensive evaluation and comparison challenging. This heterogeneity concerns in particular the choice of datasets, evaluation methodologies, and performance metrics. In this paper, we propose a unified framework designed to establish standardization in the validation of EEG-based seizure detection algorithms. Based on existing guidelines and recommendations, the framework introduces a set of recommendations and standards related to datasets, file formats, EEG data input content, seizure annotation input and output, cross-validation strategies, and performance metrics. We also propose the EEG 10–20 seizure detection benchmark, a machine-learning benchmark based on public datasets converted to a standardized format. This benchmark defines the machine-learning task as well as reporting metrics. We illustrate the use of the benchmark by evaluating a set of existing seizure detection algorithms. The SzCORE (Seizure Community Open-Source Research Evaluation) framework and benchmark are made publicly available along with an open-source software library to facilitate research use, while enabling rigorous evaluation of the clinical significance of the algorithms, fostering a collective effort to more optimally detect seizures to improve the lives of people with epilepsy
Simplifying software compliance: AI technologies in drafting technical documentation for the AI Act
No full textThe European AI Act has introduced specific technical documentation requirements for AI systems. Compliance with them is challenging due to the need for advanced knowledge of both legal and technical aspects, which is rare among software developers and legal professionals. Consequently, small and medium-sized enterprises may face high costs in meeting these requirements. In this study, we explore how contemporary AI technologies, including ChatGPT and an existing compliance tool (DoXpert), can aid software developers in creating technical documentation that complies with the AI Act. We specifically demonstrate how these AI tools can identify gaps in existing documentation according to the provisions of the AI Act. Using open-source high-risk AI systems as case studies, we collaborated with legal experts to evaluate how closely tool-generated assessments align with expert opinions. Findings show partial alignment, important issues with ChatGPT (3.5 and 4), and a moderate (and statistically significant) correlation between DoXpert and expert judgments, according to the Rank Biserial Correlation analysis. Nonetheless, these findings underscore the potential of AI to combine with human analysis and alleviate the compliance burden, supporting the broader goal of fostering responsible and transparent AI development under emerging regulatory frameworks
Excavations at Karkemish IV: The Neo-Assyrian Well in Area C
No full textThis volume reports on the finds from a single well, sealed at the end of the 8th century BC. The types and quality of the assemblages that were discarded help us to reconstruct the furnishings of the Iron III palatial compound, which was found almost devoid of mobile finds. They include administrative tools, such as tokens, weights, seals and sealings; pottery; stone vessels; metal tools and containers; an iron cuirass; and other objects of daily use, such as tools, astragals, and terracotta figurines. In addition, important textual sources from the well are edited here. Finally, bioarchaeological analysis, which informs us about the dietary habits of the elite occupants of the area, complete the picture of this remarkable find
Containment or bad detection? Poor state capacity implications on reported Covid-19 cases
Full text linkThis paper examines the effects of state capacity on the reported Covid-19 infection (and mortality) rate and its policy implications. We analyse two dimensions of state capacity which were critical during the pandemic. The healthcare capacity acted to contain the virus outbreak (an effect we call containment). The information capacity acted to detect contagious yet asymptomatic cases (an effect we call detection). We argue that containment pushes down the reported infection rate. In contrast, detection pushes it up, thus generating a non-linear combined effect that we estimate systematically using Colombian municipality-level as well as country-level data, different data sources, and various empirical strategies. Our findings indicate that the infection (and mortality) rates were likely under-reported, especially in areas with a low state capacity level, due to their poor capabilities to detect the virus. Our study put the emphasis on the many facets of state capacity, each affecting in complex ways our understanding of important phenomena, such as the Covid-19 outbreak
Risultati preliminari sullo studio di sieroprevalenza di salmonella nel suino pesante all’età di macellazione
No full textIl lavoro riporta i risultati preliminari di uno studio della valutazione della prevalenza per
Salmonella nei suini regolarmente macellati, condotto nell’ambito di un progetto di ricerca
dell’Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna. Mediante
test ELISA, è stata valutata la presenza di anticorpi anti-Salmonella in un campione di 30
animali/partita scelti in modo casuale, utilizzando gli stessi campioni di sangue previsti dal
piano della malattia di Aujeszky. I prelievi sono stati effettuati da 67 partite di suini pesanti,
macellati in uno stabilimento dell’Emilia-Romagna, nel 2024. Di queste 67 partite, 45 (67%)
provenivano da allevamenti della Lombardia e 22 da allevamenti dell’Emilia-Romagna. Dei
complessivi 2010 sieri esaminati, 1418 (70,5%; 95%CI: 68,5-72,5) sono risultati positivi
alla ricerca di anticorpi anti-Salmonella. In 66 partite (98,5%) ò stato rilevato almeno un
animale sieropositivo. La prevalenza per partita variava da un minimo di 0% (1 partita) ad
un massimo del 100%. Utilizzando una classicazione arbitraria della condizione sanitaria
basata sui quartili (Q) della distribuzione della prevalenza, il 25% delle partite ha presentato
una prevalenza inferiore al 53,3% (Q1), il Q2 era compreso tra 53,3 e 73,3%, il Q3 tra 73,3
e 96,7%. In 16 partite (23,9%) la prevalenza era del 100%. La prevalenza media è risultata
leggermente più elevata nelle partite provenienti dalla Regione Lombardia (73,6%) rispetto a
quella delle partite provenienti dall’Emilia-Romagna (61,4%). Tale differenza non è risultata
statisticamente signicativa (p>0,05); analogamente, anche la distribuzione delle aziende
all’interno dei quartili non diferiva in modo significativo.This study presents the preliminary results of an assessment of the prevalence of Salmonella in
regularly slaughtered pigs, conducted as part of a research project by the Istituto Zooprofilattico
Sperimentale of Lombardia and of Emilia-Romagna. Using ELISA tests, the presence of
Salmonella antibodies was evaluated in a sample of 30 randomly selected animals per batch,
using the same blood samples collected for the Aujeszky’s disease monitoring plan. The
samples were taken from 67 batches of heavy pigs slaughtered at a facility in Emilia-Romagna in 2024. Of these 67 batches, 45 (67%) came from farms located in Lombardia Region, while
22 came from farms in Emilia-Romagna. Among the 2,010 sera analyzed, 1,418 (70.5%; 95%
CI: 68.5-72.5) tested positive for Salmonella antibodies. At least one seropositive animal was
detected in 66 batches (98.5%). The prevalence per batch ranged from a minimum of 0% (1
batch) to a maximum of 100%. Using an arbitrary classification of health status based on the
quartiles (Q) of the prevalence distribution, 25% of the batches had a prevalence below 53.3%
(Q1), Q2 ranged between 53.3% and 73.3%, and Q3 between 73.3% and 96.7%. In 16 batches
(23.9%), prevalence reached 100%. The average prevalence was slightly higher in batches from
the Lombardy region (73.6%) compared to those from Emilia-Romagna (61.4%). However,
this difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Similarly, the distribution of farms
across quartiles did not differ significantly
A general framework for whiteness-based parameters selection in variational models
No full textIn this work, we extend the residual whiteness principle, originally proposed in (Lanza et al. in Electron Trans Numer Anal 53:329–352 2020) for the selection of a single regularization parameter in variational models for inverse problems under additive white noise corruption, to much broader scenarios. More specifically, we address the problem of estimating multiple parameters for imaging inverse problems subject to both white and non-white but whitenable noise corruptions, thus covering most of the application cases. The proposed parameter selection criterion, referred to as generalized whiteness principle, is formulated as a bilevel optimization problem. To circumvent the non-smoothness of the variational models typically employed in imaging problems—the non-smoothness representing a bottleneck in the bilevel set-up—we propose to adopt a derivative-free minimization algorithm for the solution of the designed bilevel problem. We refer to this novel numerical solution paradigm as bilevel derivative-free approach. Numerical tests highlight both the ability of the proposed generalized whiteness principle to effectively select multiple parameters and the significant advantages, in terms of computational cost, of the bilevel derivative-free numerical solution framework
Sextagram: Evaluating an Italian Instagram-Based Health Campaign Against AIDS
Full text linkThe use of social media for disseminating health information to adolescents and young adults has garnered significant ttention, showing promising results. Younger audiences increasingly prefer social media and mobile aggregators for their informative needs, considering these platforms reliable sources, particularly for sexual health and general health topics. This paper discusses the findings of a two-year project conducted in Italy—in collaboration with a group of non-profit organizations—funded by The Ministry of Health, intending to explore social media-based health communication strategies aimed at prevention for individuals aged 18 to 25. The objective was to leverage Instagram to engage young people, enhancing awareness about the risks of STIs and HIV/AIDS and promoting preventive behaviors. By analyzing two contrasting perspectives on health communication methods and the results in terms of engagement metrics and user feedback in the chosen profile, the study provides insights into social approaches for health communication and social representations of sexuality in the digital age, demonstrating risks and advantages of the use of platforms to influence health knowledge among young audiences
Sociomotor Games and Sustainable Development: Students' Perceptions
No full textQuesto studio, che si colloca nell'ambito della Prasseologia motoria, esamina l'impatto educativo e sociale di cinque attività sociomotorie - tre giochi sportivi tradizionali e due sport - realizzate nelle scuole superiori in Svizzera e in Italia. Utilizzando il Differenziale Semantico come strumento di analisi, la ricerca ha valutato le percezioni dei partecipanti sulle loro esperienze durante le attività proposte. I risultati rivelano un'accoglienza generalmente positiva; tuttavia, i giochi tradizionali sono risultati più inclusivi, favorendo l'equità di genere e il benessere generale. Al contrario, gli sport sono risultati più divisivi, spesso perpetuando e rafforzando gli stereotipi di genere. Questi risultati, nioltre, vengono inquadrati nel contesto degli Obiettivi di Sviluppo Sostenibile delle Nazioni Unite, sottolineando il potenziale del gioco motorio al fine di migliorare la consapevolezza rispetto alla sostenibilità sociale e contribuire ad affrontare le future sfide globali.This study, situated within the field of Motor Praxeology, examines the educational and social impacts of five sociomotor activities—three Traditional Sports Games and two Sports—implemented in high schools in Switzerland and Italy. Employing the Semantic Differential as an analytical tool, the research evaluated participants' perceptions of their experiences during the proposed activities. The findings reveal a generally positive reception; however, traditional games emerged as more inclusive, fostering gender equity and overall well-being. In contrast, sports were found to be more divisive, often perpetuating and reinforcing gender stereotypes. These results are framed within the context of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, underscoring the potential of motor play to enhance awareness of social sustainability and contribute to addressing future global challenges
The evolution of adhesive dentistry: From etch-and-rinse to universal bonding systems
Full text linkObjectives: This review aimed at presenting the mechanisms and pitfalls of adhesion to enamel and dentin, advances in the materials science and in the development of strategies to improve hybrid layer (HL) longevity. Methods: Search of the literature was performed on PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science with keywords related to the structure of the dental substrate, HL degradation mechanisms and strategies to contrast them. Results: Albeit the advances in the dental materials’ properties, HL degradation is still a relevant and current issue in adhesive dentistry. However, adhesive materials have become more resistant and less operator sensitive, and good adhesion is currently in the hands of every practitioner. Numerous novel strategies are being developed, able to improve the resistance of adhesive resins to degradation, their ability to infiltrate and chemically bond to dentin, to remove the unbound/residual water within the HL, reinforce the dentin collagen matrix, and inhibit endogenous metalloproteinases. Many of the strategies have turned to nature in search for powerful biomodifying compounds, and for the inspiration as to mimic naturally occurring regenerative processes. Significance: Extensive knowledge on the structure of the dental substrate and the complexity of adhesion to dentin has led to the development of improved formulations of dental adhesives and numerous valid strategies to improve the strength and longevity of the HL. Nevertheless, for many of them the road from bench to chairside still seems long. We encourage practitioners to know their materials well and use the strategies readily available to them