Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi di Pavia
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Does the EU Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive protect indigenous peoples’ right to food? Assessment and future prospects
No full textThe paper seeks to assess whether, and to what extent, indigenous peoples’ rights – in particular, their right to adequate food – are protected by the EU Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive 2024/1760, which identifies adverse human rights impacts with reference to a closed set of human rights provisions listed in its Annex. To this end, the paper discusses a number of relevant treaty provisions included in the Annex – in particular, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Convention on the Rights of the Child – in light of the position of the competent UN treaty bodies. It concludes that the Directive already provides a high standard of protection for indigenous peoples, even though it does not make binding references to international instruments specifically enshrining indigenous peoples’ rights. This notwithstanding, it is advisable that EU Member States enlarge the scope ratione materiae of the Directive in the adaptation process, either by specifying that the human rights provisions listed in the Annex are not exhaustive, or by including further human rights instruments in it
Leontopolis, temple of
No full textUnder Ptolemy VI Philometor (180–145 bce), Onias, high priest of the temple of Jerusalem, in exile after the capture of the temple by Antiochus IV Epiphanes in 167 bce, founded a Jewish temple in Egypt. This was the “temple of Leontopolis,” or the “temple of Onias” and the centre of a Jewish military community. It was in the image and likeness of the Jerusalem temple, only smaller: it had an altar and performed sacrifices to God. The king granted permission to build it on the site of an older Egyptian sanctuary to Boubastis. The sources suggest that the Onias temple never became schismatic, although it was originally intended for the replacement of the temple of Jerusalem. Deliberate insertions of the fake-motif of Onias’s murder in Daphne in 170 bce and of the foundation of Leontopolis by his alleged son Onias IV, in Josephus’s Jewish Antiquities and in 2 Maccabees, were attempts to portray Judas Maccabaeus as the legitimate successor of the former high priests, and the temple of Leontopolis as unlawful. Finally, the identification of the site of Leontopolis as Tell el-Yahoudieh is no longer accepted; it is suggested that it was in Heliopolis
Design of Analog Circuits for Analog in Memory Computing based on Phase Change Memories
No full textThe execution of modern AI algorithms on standard Von-Neumann computing architectures implies movement of a huge amount of data between the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and the memory unit, which leads to high energy consumption and speed degradation (i.e., Von-Neumann Bottleneck). For this reason, solutions have been recently proposed that perform computation directly within memory (In-Memory Computing) in order to limit data transfer: this operation is referred to as hardware acceleration. In particular, Analog In-Memory Computing (AIMC) based on Non-Volatile Memories (NVMs) has emerged as a promising strategy to implement hardware acceleration of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). Typically, these systems are crossbar Resistive Switching (RS) memory arrays where the memory cells are located at the intersection points between horizontal metal lines known as Word-Lines (WLs) and vertical metal lines known as Bit-Lines (BLs). This structure, together with Kirchoff’s and Ohm’s laws, are exploited to perform, in the analog domain, Matrix-Vector Multiplications (MVMs), which are the core operation in AI inference. Since MVMs are performed directly within memory and since they are carried out in the analog domain, AIMC systems potentially lead to much greater speed and efficiency with respect to standard Von-Neumann computing architectures. The metric commonly used to evaluate the performance of AIMC systems in terms of speed and efficiency is the TeraOPerations per second over Watt (TOPs/W). In this thesis, a 24 TOPs/W AIMC system based on a 28 nm Phase Change Memory (PCM) developed in cooperation with STMicroelectronics is presented. In particular, the thesis describes in detail the design of analog circuits involved both during the execution of MVMs and during memory writing operations. In this respect, more details are provided regarding the design of the WL Driver circuit and two voltage regulators. For each of these circuits, the target is to satisfy design constraints that ensure the correct operation of the system and the required performance in terms of TOPs/W and program throughput. Finally, measurements are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness and the validity of the presented system
Phenotyping sarcoidosis: a single institution retrospective analysis
No full textIntroduction: Sarcoidosis is a systemic disorder marked by the presence of non-caseating epithelioid cell granulomas. The diagnosis relies on a consistent clinical presentation, histological evidence of non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation in one or more tissue specimens, and the exclusion of other potential etiologies of granulomatous disease. It is a heterogeneous disease with many focal points to be clarified. For instance, finding a relationship between symptom burden, race, gender, HRQoL, and pulmonary function could have therapeutic ramifications, influence clinical practice, and aid in selecting patients for specific clinical studies. Methods: A comprehensive statistical evaluation was conducted using the JMP partitioning algorithm which explores all potential divisions to identify the most predictive variables. Results: With our analysis, we tried to categorize patients from a single Institution respiratory unit to delineate clinical phenotypes in sarcoidosis. Conclusions: Larger studies using appropriate methodology should surely be carried out to address this issue and help clarify the varying contributions of genetics, socioeconomic status, environmental exposures, and other sociodemographic factors to illness severity and phenotypic presentation. Additionally, the application of transcriptomics, interdisciplinary methods, patients' disease perspectives, and the publishing of novel discoveries may contribute to enhanced clinical support and a deeper comprehension of the etiology of illness
"Lo specchio di Platone”: l’Egitto come civiltà della memoria e paradigma dell’immutabilità nei dialoghi platonici
No full textLa riforma della sanità territoriale: luci e ombre dei nuovi modelli organizzativi e assistenziali
No full textIl D.M. n. 77/2022, in attuazione della Missione n. 6, componente 1 del Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza (PNRR) ha operato la riorganizzazione della rete sanitaria territoriale, mediante l’istituzione di “nuovi” presidi – in modo particolare le Case della Comunità – e la codificazione di un approccio di cura centrato sull’individuo, così come inserito nel contesto comunitario. Il presente contributo si propone di illustrare i tratti distintivi della riforma e di verificarne lo stato di attuazione, mettendo in evidenza i profili caratterizzati da maggiore criticità applicativa, primo tra tutti, il raggiungimento dell’equilibrio tra uniformità nazionale e autonomia locale
Emerging properties of the degree distribution in large non-growing networks
No full textThe degree distribution is a key statistical indicator in network theory, often used to understand how information spreads across connected nodes. In this paper, we focus on non-growing networks formed through a rewiring algorithm and develop kinetic Boltzmann-type models to capture the emergence of degree distributions that characterize both preferential attachment networks and random networks. Under a suitable mean-field scaling, these models reduce to a Fokker–Planck-type partial differential equation with an affine diffusion coefficient, that is consistent with a well-established master equation for discrete rewiring processes. We further analyse the convergence to equilibrium for this class of Fokker–Planck equations, demonstrating how different regimes—ranging from exponential to algebraic rates—depend on network parameters. Our results provide a unified framework for modelling degree distributions in non-growing networks and offer insights into the long-time behaviour of such systems
Hybrid Forms of Organising Are Growing and So Are Workers’ Networks. The Emergence of Transnational Alliances
No full textGlobal, regional, and national burden of pulmonary arterial hypertension, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
No full textBackground: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a vascular disease characterised by restricted flow and high pressure through the pulmonary arteries, leading to progressive right heart failure and death. This study reports the global burden of PAH, leveraging all available data and using methodology of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to understand the epidemiology of this under-researched and morbid disease. Methods: Prior to the current effort, the burden of PAH was included in GBD as a non-specific contributor to “other cardiovascular and circulatory disease” burden. In this study, PAH was distinguished as its own cause of death and disability in GBD, producing comparable and consistent estimates of PAH burden. We used epidemiological and vital registry data to estimate the non-fatal and fatal burden of PAH in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021 using standard GBD modelling approaches. We specifically focused on PAH (group 1 pulmonary hypertension), and did not include pulmonary hypertension groups 2–5. Findings: In 2021, there were an estimated 192 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 155 000–236 000) prevalent cases of PAH globally. Of these, 119 000 (95 900–146 000) were in females (62%) and 73 100 (58 900–89 600) in males (38%). The age-standardised prevalence was 2·28 cases per 100 000 population (95% UI 1·85–2·80). Prevalence increased with age such that the highest prevalence was among individuals aged 75–79 years. In 2021, there were 22 000 deaths (18 200–25 400) attributed to PAH globally, with an age-standardised mortality rate of 0·27 deaths from PAH per 100 000 population (0·23–0·32). The burden of disease appears to be improving over time (38·2% improvement in age-standardised years of life lost [YLLs] in 2021 relative to 1990). YLLs attributed to PAH were similar to estimates for conditions such as chronic myeloid leukaemia, multiple sclerosis, and Crohn's disease. Interpretation: PAH is a rare but fatal disease that accounts for a considerable health-associated burden worldwide. PAH is disproportionally diagnosed among females and older adults. Funding: Cardiovascular Medical Research and Education Fund and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation