Archivio istituzionale della Ricerca - Bocconi
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AI e sostenibilità, verso una compliance integrata : la valutazione di impatto sui diritti umani tra AI Act e direttiva CSDD
No full textThe Costs of Digital Health Interventions to Improve Immunization Data in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Multicountry Mixed Methods Study
No full textBackground: Digital health interventions, such as electronic immunization registries (eIRs) and electronic logistic management information systems (eLMIS), have the potential to significantly improve immunization data management and vaccine logistics in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite their growing adoption, there is limited evidence of the financial and economic costs associated with their implementation compared to traditional paper-based systems. Objectives: We aimed to measure the costs of implementing eIR and eLMIS systems in LMICs and to estimate their economic costs as compared to the previous paper-based registries. Methods: The study was conducted across four countries—Guinea, Honduras, Rwanda, and Tanzania—which implemented the tools in 2018, 2012, 2019, and 2014, respectively. A combination of primary and secondary data sources was used for the analysis. Retrospective cost data regarding the design, development, and implementation of the tools were directly obtained from implementers and National Immunization Program offices in all countries. Primary survey data were collected to gauge the operational expenses of immunization information systems, both with and without electronic tools, using an activity-based costing approach in 275 facilities. The annual cost of the immunization information system at the national level was then extrapolated and compared to national spending on immunization as a measure of affordability. Costs were reported in 2023 international dollars (I 2.2, 6.4, 6.8, and 44.3 million in Guinea, Honduras, Rwanda, and Tanzania, respectively. Design costs were greatly affected by the degree of customization of the tool, whereas rollout costs were mostly driven by the costs of purchasing hardware and training health workers. Overall, the implementation of the electronic systems was associated with higher costs in Honduras (I399, 95% CI I691), a cost reduction in Tanzania (−I4290 to −I$789) and no significant cost difference in Guinea. The percentage weight of the cost of managing data with the electronic systems over the total national immunization budgets was estimated at 0.7%, 7.7%, 3.3%, and 4.8% for Guinea, Honduras, Rwanda, and Tanzania, respectively. Conclusions: Digital health interventions such as eIR and eLMIS can potentially reduce costs and improve the efficiency of immunization data management and vaccine logistics in LMICs. However, the extent of cost savings depends on how effectively these digital systems replace traditional paper-based methods and the extent of their use in decision-making, especially at the facility level. Careful planning and investment are essential to unlocking the full economic potential of digital health in LMICs
L’art. 97 Cost. come punto di emersione del principio della sostenibilità
No full textIl capitolo esamina i punti di emersione del concetto di sostenibilità nella trama costituzionale
L’organizzazione dei principi del nuovo Codice dei contratti
No full textIl lavoro analizza i principi che disciplinano l'attività contrattuale alla luce del dlgs 36/202
Global sensitivity analyses for test planning with black‐box models for Mars Sample Return
No full textThis work describes sensitivity analyses performed on complex black-box models usedto support experimental test planning under limited resources in the context of theMars Sample Return program, which aims at bringing to Earth rock, regolith, andatmospheric samples from Mars. We develop a systematic workflow that allows the analysts to simultaneously obtain quantitative insights on key drivers of uncertainty,the direction of impact, and the presence of interactions. We apply optimal transport-based global sensitivity measures to tackle the multivariate nature of the output and werely on sensitivity measures that do not require independence between the model inputsfor the univariate output case. On the modeling side, we apply multifidelity techniquesthat leverage low-fidelity models to speed up the calculations and make up for the lim-ited amount of high-fidelity samples, while keeping the latter in the loop for accuracyguarantees. The sensitivity analysis reveals insights useful to understand the model’sbehavior and identify the factors to focus on during testing, in order to maximize theinformational value extracted from these tests and ensure mission success even withlimited resources
Employment and consumption responses to the withdrawal of unemployment benefits
No full textWe study the short- and medium-run employment responses to the withdrawals of two programs that expanded the coverage and generosity of unemployment benefits in the U.S. from March to August 2021. That 18 states withdrew unemployment benefits earlier than other states offers a unique policy setting to investigate transitions out of unemployment by race/ethnicity, implications for the quality of job matches, and the persistence of employment effects. Difference-in-differences estimates using panel data from the U.S. Current Population Survey demonstrate that states’ withdrawals of unemployment benefits increased transitions from unemployment to employment, but with large racial heterogeneity: Black and Asian individuals experienced increases in transitions from unemployment into inactivity as a result of the policy change, while White individuals exiting unemployment generally transitioned into employment. Regarding job quality, the benefit withdrawals increased the take-up of lower-pay routine and manual occupations. One year after the policy change, the positive employment effect of the early benefit withdrawal had disappeared, while the negative effects on job quality outcomes persisted
Value relevance of textual characteristics: evidence from annual reports of U.S. listed firms
No full textThe role of culture in family firms
No full textAlthough family firms are ubiquitous, their prevalence displays major geographic disparities and their performance differs across regions. We review an extensive literature showing that formal institutional factors play a key role in explaining variations in the diffusion of family firms and their performance. We also review a more neglected but rapidly emerging stream of research focusing on culture as a source of these variations. By providing a framework for current theories, findings and methods, we demonstrate how cultural elements such as trust, religion, family values and collectivism provide useful answers to where and why family firms exist, and how well they perform
Limits to political capture: evidence from patent grants, disclosures, and litigation
No full textSubstantial evidence suggests that regulatory agencies in the U.S. can be captured by the politicians who oversee them. We provide novel evidence of a federal agency in which capture is limited: the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Although patent applications from politically connected firms are more likely to be approved despite being of lower ex-post quality, additional analyses suggest these outcomes are not indicative of capture. In particular, the disclosure quality of connected patents' legal claims increases through the review process, narrowing the scope of the patents and constraining the intellectual property rights. Furthermore, connected patents are no more likely than others to be litigated ex-post, suggesting these patent grants are not spurious. Our findings provide insights into how the design of a regulator can limit the benefits that accrue to politically connected firms