Archivio istituzionale della Ricerca - Bocconi
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Digital transformation in healthcare : challenges and opportunities in policy and management
No full textLa Legge Capitali attraverso la "cost-benefit analysis": punti nodali e valutazioni sulle tecniche di regolamentazione
No full textCome noto, il 12 marzo 2024 è stata pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale la c.d. Legge Capitali, una riforma organica delle disposizioni in materia di mercati dei capitali e di società di capitali applicabili agli emittenti quotati o che intendono quotarsi. La Legge Capitali introduce una serie di novità volte a favorire l’accesso delle imprese al capitale di rischio, a semplificare e razionalizzare la disciplina degli emittenti, ad incentivare la partecipazione degli azionisti e a rafforzare la tutela degli investitori.
Il presente studio si prefigge di analizzarne gli effetti sul mercato italiano dei capitali e sulla competitività delle società quotate, applicando metodi di analisi economico-normativa. Gli strumenti principali utilizzati in questo processo includono l’analisi dell’impatto regolamentare, l’analisi costi-efficacia, nonché l’analisi costi-benefici o cost benefit analysis (in breve, anche CBA
Blue-haired, misandriche, rabiata: Tracing the Connotation of `Feminist(s)' Across Time, Languages and Domains
No full textLa Corte costituzionale come giudice della Convenzione europea dei diritti umani
No full textLa Corte costituzionale svolge un ruolo fondamentale nel garantire, all’interno del nostro ordinamento, l’effettività e l’applicazione dei principi sanciti dalla Convenzione europea dei diritti dell’uomo, così come interpretati dalla Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo. Meno chiaro è, tuttavia, se la Corte costituzionale sia anche competente a interpretare autonomamente le disposizioni della Convenzione, in particolare nei casi in cui la Corte di Strasburgo non si sia ancora pronunciata oppure abbia riconosciuto agli Stati contraenti un margine di apprezzamento nel regolare una determinata materia. Il presente contributo affronta tale questione, sostenendo che alcuni recenti sviluppi della giurisprudenza costituzionale, in cui la Corte ha esercitato questo potere interpretativo, risultano pienamente coerenti con la logica complessiva del sistema convenzionale
De-Globalization and fragmentation
No full textDe-globalization is defined in opposition to globalization. Globalization is the growing cross-country integration of the markets for goods, services, capital, and labor. Conversely, de-globalization is a process of diminishing integration, characterized by rising barriers to international trade, investment, and migration, as well as declining cross-border flows.
Fragmentation entails the turning away from the cooperative approach embedded in the World Trade Organization–centered multilateral trading system, toward more local and bloc-based trade and unilateral policies. It is characterized by increased trade restrictions and deviations from commitments to international agreements. De-globalization and fragmentation are closely related yet distinct concepts. In fact, while fragmentation can contribute in principle to de-globalization by partitioning the global economy into specific regional or geopolitical blocs, it may also lead to rising economic integration within blocs. The net effect of fragmentation on cross-border integration at the global level is therefore not obvious ex ante. Fragmentation may not necessarily lead to de-globalization, but it may still change the shape of the global economy.
Global data on trade, investment, and migration flows since the 1970s show a slowdown—but not a reversal—of globalization beginning with the Great Financial Crisis of 2007–2008. In particular, (a) the global trade-to-GDP ratio leveled off after three decades of strong expansion; (b) the ratio of net foreign direct investment (FDI) to GDP fell to nearly zero; and (c) the growth in the share of migrants over the global population declined by roughly half. Taken together, these dynamics point more toward a process of “slowbalization” than outright de-globalization.
Evidence of fragmentation in the global economy has become particularly visible since the outbreak of the war in Ukraine in February 2022. From that point onward, trade growth within the so-called West bloc—including the European Union, the United States, and other aligned countries—and within the rival East bloc—including China, Russia, and other aligned countries—has significantly outpaced trade growth between the two blocs. Fragmentation has taken the form of a reconfiguration of trade patterns along geopolitical lines, while there is no evidence of a regionalization of trade along a purely geographical dimension. Similar fragmentation dynamics are also evident in FDI flows.
Several factors are driving slowbalization and fragmentation. Some are structural, such as the natural slowdown in global value chain expansion after decades of rapid growth. Others are related to a sequence of shocks that hit the global economy in the early 21st century: the Great Financial Crisis, the Brexit referendum, the 2016 election of Donald Trump (triggering a U.S.–China trade war and other protectionist measures), the Covid-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine, and mounting geopolitical tensions in the Middle East and Asia.
The protectionist and isolationist shift underlying slowbalization and fragmentation reinforces a political backlash against globalization that began in advanced democracies in the early 1990s. This backlash is rooted in the distributional consequences of structural economic changes, chiefly globalization and technological progress. In particular, it is linked to rising inequalities that fuel political discontent and support for antiglobalization parties and candidates. The political sustainability of globalization is tightly related to successful attempts at reducing economic inequalities and making structural changes more inclusive
Conversations on Restorative Justice. A Talk with Marta Cartabia
No full textThe article presents an in-depth conversation with Marta Cartabia on the meaning, scope, and development of restorative justice within contemporary legal systems. It explores the relationship between restorative practices and conventional criminal law, emphasizing their complementarity rather than opposition. Drawing on the Italian experience and recent legislative reforms, the discussion highlights restorative justice as a cultural and institutional transformation rooted in constitutional principles, social responsibility, and the human need for healing after crim
Is AI the perfect doctor? : artificial intelligence's global impact on the legal and policy boundaries in healthcare
No full textA comparison of income inequality in the Roman and Chinese Han empires
No full textThe emergence of vast territorial empires is a recurring development in the history of human civilization. Their ability to extract resources from their subjects, and to redistribute them, also increases the potential of higher levels of economic inequality. Here we explore how imperial structures contributed to set the level of inequality in two ancient empires, the Roman Empire ca. 165 CE and the Chinese Han Empire ca. 2 CE. We estimate the overall levels of imperial inequality as the combination of inequality between and within regions. We find that the Han Empire was, overall, more unequal and extractive than the Roman Empire. Other empires, however, were even more extractive, as shown by a comparison with the Aztec Empire ca. 1492. We argue that higher inequality increased the potential for political instability and the collapse of empires
A global sensitivity analysis framework for guiding the design improvement of new concepts of small modular reactors
No full textSmall Modular Reactors (SMRs) are new concepts of Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) whose safety assessment
typically cannot rely on design-specific operational experience and field data. Assessing their safety requires a
careful combination of engineering expertise, and of physical (laboratory) and virtual (simulation) experiments.
Modeling the system response accurately, in consideration of the engineering design and physical aspects of
SMRs requires computationally burdensome computer models. Although interpretable, it is difficult to consis-tently identify the most important inputs and provide safety margins, especially for high-dimensional correlated
inputs and outputs. To address these issues, we propose a Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) framework that
combines recently introduced global sensitivity indices based on Optimal Transport (OT) with a graphical
visualization tool based on CUmulative SUm of NOrmalized Reordered Output (CUSUNORO). The OT-based
indices allow us to identify the most important inputs, whereas the graphical representation of the latter en-ables us to identify the safety critical ranges of these inputs. The proposed framework is applied to a demon-strative case study concerning Small Modular Dual Fluid Reactors (SMDFRs), a new SMR concept. The numerical
experiments show how the approach can help interpreting the simulation results and suggesting design im-provements to keep operational settings away from the Critical failure Region (CR)