Archivio istituzionale della Ricerca - Bocconi
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General perspectives on the Law of Energy Transition in Italy
No full textIl lavoro analizza il tema della transizione energetica in Italia
Aging well in an aging society: Italy at the forefront of global aging and the Age-It Research Program
No full textObjectives: Italy, one of the world’s super-aged societies, faces profound demographic transformations amid relevant regional disparities in sociodemographic trends, institutional structures, and economic conditions. These features make it an ideal laboratory to study both the challenges and opportunities of population aging. This article introduces Age-It, a Research Program designed to leverage Italy’s position at the forefront of global aging to advance transdisciplinary research and inform evidence-based policies and practices on aging.
Methods: Age-It adopts a life course perspective encompassing individual, family, and societal levels. It conceptualizes “aging well” as the outcome of multi-agent, multi-context processes unfolding from early life through old age. Furthermore, Age-It moves beyond a multidisciplinary approach by fostering true cross-fertilization between biomedical, sociodemographic, and technological sciences. Structured as an umbrella initiative, the program brings together multiple interlinked projects that address diverse dimensions of aging through transdisciplinary and collaborative research.
Results: The program addresses key limitations in Italy’s current aging research and policy landscape: fragmented data, disciplinary silos, and weak connections between research and policymaking. By integrating biomedical, technological, and socioeconomic perspectives into structured, theory-driven research centers (Spokes), Age-It provides a coordinated and innovative platform for studying aging.
Discussion: Leveraging Italy’s unique demographic profile and internal heterogeneity, Age-It promotes sustainable aging by harnessing the opportunities embedded in demographic change. The program ranges from the biology of aging to mental and physical health prevention, long-term care, labor market dynamics, and social participation—ultimately aiming to reshape how aging is perceived and managed in aging societies
Banks, Payments and Wallets: Who Will Lead the Future of Digital Transactions?
No full textDigital wallets are a phenomenon that has been growing in our society for some
time and evolving at a fast pace. There are many species of digital wallets; some
of them serve as a secure holder of debit and credit card information, while others
enable users to maintain deposits, complete peer-to-peer transactions, and access
broader financial services, or hold many of these functionalities. Their versatility
is pushing the total number of digital wallet users to increase and leading them to
a great percentage of the global population using them in the near future. The payments
landscape has evolved significantly with the introduction of mobile wallets.
The European Union (EU) has taken steps to recognize that mobile wallets are part
of the payments system, and other jurisdictions are looking to do the same, such
as Australia. They are a dynamic and evolving innovation with important impacts
on banking and financial services. Many players are crowding the market, and this
innovation is becoming more and more transformative; thus, it plays the role of a
facilitative vehicle for several initiatives in the market by moving beyond payments.
This conceptual chapter aims to provide a big picture of this phenomenon, also
highlighting the role banks can play in it by taking a conceptual perspective
La transizione e il diritto amministrativo
No full textL'articolo analizza il tema della transizione accennando anche alla questione della pace positiva
Supplementary videos to 20933 MATHEMATICS FOR AI - PREPARATORY COURSE
No full textThese are videos created to supplement the materials in the online preparatory course, prepared under a specific request of prof. Bruè, teaching the Mathematics for AI course
La competizione nel settore dell’Alta Velocità ferroviaria in Italia: gli attuali limiti infrastrutturali e regolatori e i potenziali benefici socioeconomici derivanti dall’ingresso di un terzo operatore
No full textThe article examines the structural and regulatory barriers that
limit competition in Italy’s high-speed rail market, where network
saturation and the long-standing Trenitalia–Italo duopoly constrain
growth. With SNCF Voyages Italia planning to enter the market in
2027, the paper identifies key infrastructure bottlenecks, compares
Italy’s conditions with the more dynamic developments in
Spain and France, and evaluates the potential impacts of a third
operator. Expected outcomes include lower ticket prices, increased
demand, broader service differentiation, and meaningful environmental
benefits. Using a cost-benefit framework, the study estimates
over €480 million in annual socio-economic gains, showing
how new entrants could improve the efficiency of the high-speed
network and enhance the return on major public investments
Rendicontazione di sostenibilità e partecipanti al mercato finanziario: prospettive e problemi
No full textAlla luce delle drastiche misure di semplificazione della Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) e dei quadri normativi correlati, prefigurate nell’iniziativa c.d. Omnibus I della Commissione europea, il contributo esamina le potenziali lacune informative conseguenti, che potrebbero compromettere l'effettività del Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR) e dell’intera architettura europea in materia di finanza sostenibile, aumentando la dipendenza degli partecipanti ai mercati finanziari da dati e rating ESG di natura commerciale. Esso evidenzia inoltre le implicazioni dell’esclusione delle PMI, in particolare di quelle quotate, dall'obblighi di reporting, dell'affidamento della Commissione sul reporting volontario e della persistenza del principio cardine della doppia materialità, che rende più complessa l’armonizzazione con gli standard internazionali come gli IFRS S1/S2
Le scelte di sviluppo di soluzioni di intelligenza artificiale nelle aziende sanitarie italiane
No full textIl capitolo 15 analizza le scelte strategiche e organizzative adottate da un insieme di quattro aziende sanitarie italiane nello sviluppo interno di soluzioni
di intelligenza artificiale (AI), con l’obiettivo di comprendere il razionale della
scelta, le modalità di sviluppo e le implicazioni del dilemma make or buy sui
singoli prodotti. Per rispondere alla domanda di ricerca, lo studio adotta un
approccio qualitativo attraverso casi di studio multipli. I casi includono quattro
IRCCS (tre privati: Humanitas Research Hospital, Policlinico Gemelli, Ospedale San Raffaele, e uno pubblico: Policlinico Sant’Orsola-Malpighi) attraverso interviste semi-strutturate a key informant e analisi documentale di fonti secondarie. L’analisi mostra che le modalità di sviluppo dell’AI variano in base a storia, natura istituzionale e cultura organizzativa. Si distinguono tre modelli: (i) strutture accentrate che gestiscono l’intero ciclo di innovazione, (ii)
modelli ibridi con unità dedicate alla valorizzazione dell’innovazione, e (iii)
configurazioni integrate con università e funzioni interne. La scelta tra make e
buy non segue una logica binaria ma si configura come un continuum: l’acquisto è preferito per soluzioni certificate che agiscono su attività a elevata standardizzazione, mentre lo sviluppo interno è adottato per applicazioni ad alta
complessità o specificità rispetto al contesto o in presenza di elevati vincoli di
privacy. Fattori abilitanti comuni sono la disponibilità di risorse computazionali, competenze tecniche e manageriali, governance dei dati e approcci multidisciplinari e bottom-up. Tuttavia, persistono criticità legate alla difficoltà di
attrarre talenti e alla frammentazione istituzionale, soprattutto per le aziende
pubbliche. Per il management e i policymaker, il capitolo richiama l’importanza di una governance multilivello che coordini le scelte di adozione e che si occupi degli investimenti necessari a garantire la sostenibilità e scalabilità delle singole iniziative e delle politiche necessarie a dotare le aziende delle risorse
umane e infrastrutturali necessarie a gestire l’innovazione
Bilinear Sequence Regression: A Model for Learning from Long Sequences of High-Dimensional Tokens
No full textModern AI systems have achieved remarkable results by learning from long sequences of complex inputs like natural language or biological data. Yet, the theoretical understanding of how neural networks learn from such structured data remains limited. In this work, we introduce a simplified but powerful model to study this learning process from first principles. The model—bilinear sequence regression (BSR)—captures some of the core features of advanced architectures like transformers while remaining analytically solvable.
The BSR model defines outputs as structured functions of sequences of high-dimensional vectors, enabling precise analysis of learning behavior. Using techniques from statistical physics and probabilistic inference, we determine the optimal prediction accuracy in the “thermodynamic limit,” where both the sequence length and token dimension become large. This analysis uncovers a sharp phase transition in learning: There exists a threshold in data volume below which learning fails and above which it suddenly becomes successful. We also analyze gradient descent learning dynamics and provide numerical evidence that a variant of this algorithm can reach the optimal performance predicted by our theory.
BSR provides a rigorous and flexible framework for understanding how neural networks learn from sequential data. It offers insight into why architectures like transformers perform so well and helps to identify the fundamental conditions under which they succeed or fail
Excel for students of economics and finance
No full textThe book explores the logic and features of Excel, starting with the basics and gradually moving to more advanced topics, including the most important mathematical, statistical, financial, lookup and reference, date and time functions, and more. Other features such as data analysis tools (Goal Seek, Solver, Scenario Manager), pivot tables, and macros are also covered.
While the book is designed to be a valuable resource for students of all majors, its practical approach and gradual progression make it suitable for anyone who wants to acquire adequate skills in using Excel for both academic and professional purposes