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Does Internal Audit Create Value?
No full textOver the last few decades various financial scandals have occurred involving large organisations such as Enron and World-Com in the early 2000s, until those scandals academia had not realised its little knowledge about the internal audit function (IAF). After the implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) (2002) in the United States and Bill 198 (2002) in Canada, the IAF quickly gained more visibility and many studies began to explore this new research avenue. Past papers indicate that a strong, independent and competent internal audit could have avoided some scandals by detecting the fraud that was going on in these fraudulent companies. Having this in mind, this research has tried to identify the main challenges faced by an internal audit department and evaluate the main values generated by the IAF. The main objective of this research was to explore the management perception of the internal audit department, to do that a case study with professionals in Brazil from different industries was conducted, the participants of this study were divided between internal auditors and members of management. The study findings suggest that the management perception in relation to the IAF has been changing positively over the years. In most companies analysed, the professionals point out a change in the management consideration of the internal audit suggestions and recommendation, and in some cases the internal audit department is consulted by manager before they make strategic decision
Child Marriage in South Asia: A Case Study on India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
No full textChild marriage is a global phenomenon that severely impacts both the developing and developed world. With emphasis on South Asia, this dissertation aims to address why child marriage remains a prevalent issue, despite being prohibited by international and domestic law. The research was conducted through an analysis of the socio-legal landscape of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. It explored the countries' shared colonial history, as well as its influence on current child marriage laws. The domestic legal framework of each country was also critically analysed to ascertain whether their laws were in line with international standards, as well as to identify legal loopholes, and potential problems with implementation. Thus, this dissertation proposed that numerous factors contribute to the high rates of child marriage in South Asia. These factors include inadequate national legislation, dual systems of law, limited access to justice, poverty, gender inequality, restricted access to education, as well as religious and cultural norms. The effects of these factors are twofold - on one hand the laws that 'prohibit' child marriage in fact enable it to occur with impunity. Moreover, it creates a social landscape that promotes the practice of child marriage and prevents victims from obtaining justice due to poverty driven desperation and harmful social norms. The author proposed that child marriage may only be eradicated if the overall rights of children are protected. Therefore, a strong implementation of child marriage laws coupled with sufficient protection mechanisms, as well as an emphasis on gender equality and education may eventually eliminate the practice
Analysing the Perception of White-collar Gig Employees who chose the Gig Economy Over Conventional Work.
No full textGig Economy has captured a lot of attention in the way things work and how the future of employment looks like with its advancements, it has captured high academic attention with never ending debates of labour regulation, future of work, job quality and impact of technology. But amongst all this, most research is done with the blue-collar sector of the Gig in mind, this paper tries to put some light on the less talked white-collar sector and how the Gig Economy has affected them or the way they work. This paper studies the challenges and perks of working in the gig economy by analysing the perspective of the white-collar employees who are a part of this Economy and who chose the Gig Economy after working on a traditional work for more than five years. The study proposes to look into the Gig Economy sector through the glasses of the white-collar executives to help organisations to understand them and their approach towards work better. This would also help the employees who want to transition towards the gig economy in taking their first steps. This work also envision the possibility of future study of the organisations hiring the Gig workers to understand their perspective or the impact of region and culture on the perspective of the gig worker and their working conditions
Consumers Perception about sharing economy based services in Ireland
No full textThe aim of the research study was to understand the impact of sharing economy based services on consumers’ purchase intention in Ireland. The sharing economy in Ireland focuses on utilising the monetisation and unused assets in such a way that economic efficiency is improved. Behind this, the fundamental aspect in achieving business is sustainability. In order to understand the impact of sharing economy based on consumer purchase intention, quantitative research has been carried out. 150 respondents were identified by non-probability based convenience sampling. The data analysis and findings of the research study contributes to first-hand information about consumers’ perception and the drivers of their perception and use of sharing economy based businesses. Comprehensively, different factors that influence consumer perception about sharing economy based businesses have been presented critically and discussed in literature review. In addition, primary data analysis based on questionnaire survey from consumers highlighted price, convenience, customer service, trustworthiness, and service quality
Challenges impacting the reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions among healthcare professionals: Improving pharmacovigilance in Nigeria.
No full textThe introduction of the concept of pharmaceutical care as well as integration of ICT-based techniques into the practice of community pharmacy has reshaped the professional job functions of modern day community pharmacists as attention is being given in continuum to patient-oriented services. Consequently, issues such as medication error, undue waiting time, prescription problems to mention a few are being effectively addressed and managed courtesy of ICT-based techniques such as e-prescription, telecare, barcode scanning to etc. usage in the work station of community pharmacists. These techniques among others have also been observed and reported to reduce the workload of community pharmacists which in turn create more time to offer patient-focused services. The present study explored the use of ICT-based techniques as well as the level of professionalism pharmacists in the practice of community pharmacy in Nigeria. Community pharmacy is one of the facilities in the Nigerian primary health sector rendering health services to patients of which majority are financially constrained and not covered by health insurance. The study was modelled on qualitative research pedagogy and specifically conducted in the selected locality of Eti-Osa LGA, Lagos state Nigeria. Fifteen (15) licensed and practicing community pharmacists were sourced for the exploratory research study using purposive and snowballing sampling techniques and seven (7) were successfully engaged with 10 pre-drafted questions through semi-structured interview that averaged 37.5 minutes on mobile phone conversation. Each of the interview sessions was audiotaped, transcribed, coded and subjected to thematic data analysis. Five key themes were identified based on respondents’ opinions and it was found that community pharmacists in study’s locale are aware of the use of ICT-based techniques such as Health Information Technology, Electronic Prescription and Telecare services in their line of duty as seen in the developed world but their use in the Nigerian environment is inexistent. This study unraveled the factors including poor infrastructural facilities, lack of technical skills, financial constraints, poor public reception as the major bottlenecks behind the nonexistent of these ICTbased techniques in the professional workstation of of community pharmacist in Nigeria. Consequently, this paper proffered measures to bring about the existence of these techniques as respondents welcomed the idea of their introduction and felt it would enhance their professional job functions. Interestingly, the present work also established a theorized concept of “Professional Marginalization” and “Professional Exclusion” as engaged community pharmacists overtly stated that they had no well-defined place in the Nigerian public health system owing to the fact that they enjoyed little or no “professional rapport” with other health professionals when it comes to patients’ health issues. Non-existence of ICT-based techniques was said to contributed to this and respondents thus call for a way to be involved by integrating ICT-based techniques explored here along with others seen in the advanced world in their work station. Respondents felt that their professional stance can be redefined with ICT-based technique. The research thus conclusively calls for future research to the done in staking claim for the theorized concept of professional marginalization and professional exclusion established here
A Study of the Effect of Robotic Process Automation on the Role of the Accountant and the Finance Professional from the Perspective of the Postgraduate in Accounting and Finance in the Irish Job Market.
No full textThe aim of this dissertation is to explore the competencies required to work with robotic process automation in the Irish job market (RPA). RPA is software that has been a trendy topic in the accounting/financial sector due to its ability to perform repetitive and rule-based processes with high efficiency and efficacy. This research work was based on a literature review and interviews made with two groups of professionals: postgraduates in accounting and finance based in Ireland and, experienced professionals in the accounting industry. The findings underscore that there is a foreseen change in the competencies required in the Irish job market (e.g. programming, mastered analytical thinking, SQL query, IT knowledge) for accounting and finance professionals; however, it is not here yet. The main conclusion to be formed from this work is that regardless of the stage that RPA adoption is in the Irish job market, professionals must prepare themselves to achieve a high level in technological, human, and any other competencies that are perceived as fundamental to remain relevant and build a sustainable and successful career in the RPA era
Sustainability in the Fresh Produce Sector in Ireland: Do Organisations Believe that this can Create a Competitive Advantage?
No full textThe purpose of this dissertation is to gain an understanding of sustainability in the fresh produce sector in Ireland, and to ascertain if the use of sustainability can provide a competitive advantage for those in the industry. In terms of the research for this dissertation the approach was very much interpretivist in terms of the primary data collection. Data was gathered through a number of semi structured interviews, questions of which were generated from the existing literature on the subject. The research looked to identify if there is a relationship between the sustainability and competitive advantage. The research also looked to ascertain greater understanding of the sustainability methods that are used in the fresh produce industry. Limitations to the research are evident as this is not a full study of the fresh produce sector in Ireland, due to those interviewed coming from a growing and farming element of the supply chain primarily. Due to the Covid 19 pandemic this led to restrictions on access to interviewees on a one to one basis thus also restricted access to data. Due to these limitations, recommendations for further research are provided in the conclusion
A comparative assessment of current and future pharmacovigilance in developed and developing countries - A case study of Ireland and Nigeria
No full textThe thesis objectives are to compare and evaluate the factors about reporting Adverse Drug Reactions in the developed and developing countries among healthcare professionals (Medical doctors and Pharmacists) using Ireland and Nigeria as a case study. Which a questionnaire survey and phone interviews for quantitative and qualitative analysis are carried out respectively within the two regions (Ireland and Nigeria). The challenges faced by medical professionals concerning ADR reporting are achieved based on their knowledge and awareness to determine an effective recommendation to help improve both regions using the comparison results and works of literature gathered. From the author results and analysis, both groups of healthcare professionals from the two regions were compared to determine their opinion in respect to observation and reporting of ADRs under the categories of under-reporting, ADR reporting methods, regulations and guidelines pertaining ADR report in both Ireland and Nigeria as HPRA and NAFDAC are the regulatory body responsible for handling submitted ADR reports. An Overall total of 122 respondents from both Nigeria and Ireland are received which consists of 47 respondents from Ireland (12 medical doctors and 43 pharmacists) and 75 respondents from Nigeria (32 medical doctors and 43 pharmacists) showing a response rate of 60.0% and 87.5% from 20 and 45 medical doctors and pharmacist from Ireland and response rate of 71.1% and 95.5% out of 45 respondents respectively from both medical doctors and pharmacist from Nigeria. Surprisingly, 98.0% of the correspondents which consist of 12 medical doctors and 35 pharmacists from Ireland responded to knowing how to report ADRs to compare to 71.0% from Nigeria which is quite above average consisting of 26 medical doctors and 27 pharmacists responded to knowing how ADRs is being reported. However, it shows that pharmacists had better knowledge, awareness, understanding, and experience over the medical doctors regarding ADRs reporting. However, 92.0% and 96.0% of respondents of both groups from Nigeria and Ireland respectively opted to ADR reporting being made compulsory as a professional obligation towards achieving and improving pharmacovigilance. Furthermore, the challenges affecting ADR reporting in Nigeria are associated with the inaccessibility of ADR report forms when needed, complex reporting processes while too busy and lack of time remained the most common challenging factor among this too regions. The least common challenges reported at both regions are level of clinical trial knowledge, a concern that ADR report mighty is wrong among, fear of legal liabilities, and fear of exposure to legal liabilities from patient or drug manufacturer. Finally, after proper comparison and recommendation from both sides from the country it shows the need for better improvement in awareness among healthcare professionals in Nigeria been the country with the highest level of challenges compare to their counterpart healthcare professionals and this could be achieved by organizing pharmacovigilance conferences, continuous education programs included in their professional courses and training to improve knowledge of ADR reporting. Establishment of ADR departments in healthcare institutions headed by ADR specialists and offering professional recognition rather than financial rewards are the sustainable recommendation to put in practice in both regions to further improve the practice of ADR reporting in Nigeria and Ireland. To wrap it up, the need for the regulatory bodies from the developing countries to work in hand with the developed countries to better improves awareness, knowledge, and improvement towards ADRs reporting system
The Impact of Instagram on Nigerian Youths
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Yousefi, N. et al. (2018). Social Network Analysis: An Example of Fusion Between Quantitative and Qualitative Methods. Journal of Mixed Methods Research. 155868981880406. 10.1177/1558689818804060. APPENDICESSocial media has become an important facet of Nigerian society. As we spend significant amounts of time using it, social media has penetrated the patterns of communication among Nigerian youth. Instagram is regarded as an image based machine. It has gained prominence among the youth. However, amidst the frequent usage of Instagram, literature remains disjointed regarding the impact of Instagram as a platform. The Literature Review discussed the various conceptual clarifications in the aspect of social media, Instagram, well-being, self-esteem, Nigeria youth and the accompanying theories of the main variables of the study. Instagram is widely used among youths compared with other media, reasons for such was disclosed during the course of elaborating more on the theory of the study. Qualitative and quantitative survey method was adopted for the dissertation due to the correlation of the methods in line with the purpose of the study. The major attribute of both research methods are in its ability in providing complex textual descriptions of how people perceive a given research phenomenon from human perspectives, which is relevant to the study. This dissertation investigates the various ways Instagram has been able to affect the selfesteem and well-being of Nigerian Youths from users‘ perspective with a self-administered online questionnaire. The second source of research is in the form of interview with two influencers of Instagram platforms to gather relevant information from experts‘ perspective. The findings show that the effect of Instagram on the youth well-being and self-esteem can be linked directly to the level of exposure and dependence on the platform. It was found that Instagram has become prevalent among social media users due to its features. Throughout the research, the impact of Instagram on Youths self-esteem and well-being is considered
An Analysis of Loopholes in the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain, and Methods for Improving Control of Counterfeit Drugs in Nigeria
No full textIn Nigeria, the term counterfeit drug refers to drugs that have outlived their shelf life, mislabeled drugs, drugs kept under inappropriate temperatures, and drugs produced under unfavorable conditions. The supply of counterfeit drugs is an issue of great concern for the government, regulatory bodies, and industry professionals in Nigeria. Though policies and guidelines exist to control the supply, a significant amount of operating results have not been achieved yet. In Nigeria, the drug supply system needs to be carefully managed to safeguard the flow of genuine drugs throughout the supply chain. A high level of monitoring and evaluation must be enforced at all levels of the supply chain to ensure the activities of counterfeit drug peddlers are reduced as much as possible. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the current challenges which facilitate the loopholes in the pharmaceutical supply chain in Nigeria and propose methods that can reduce how counterfeit drugs enter the supply chain. This research aims to interact with distributors and pharmacists because they are directly involved in the supply chain and are important contact points before a drug reaches consumers. Response Rate: A total of 20 people were scheduled to be interviewed, 10 distributors, and 10 pharmacists. A total of 13 participants responded to the interview, 7 pharmacists and 6 distributors with two responding via text, recording a response rate of 65% The survey was distributed to a total of 370 participants. 70 pharmacists and 300 consumers. A total of 55 pharmacists responded to the survey and a total of 202 consumers responded to the survey giving a total of 257 responses. Hence, recording a response rate of 69.45%. The loopholes facilitating the infiltration of counterfeit drugs are that the number of unqualified workers in the supply chain is greater than the number of qualified workers, the presence of open markets, and poor implementation of laws. To control the supply of counterfeit drugs more consumer awareness needs to be done and industry experts need to familiarize themselves with more anti-counterfeit technologies and to exercise greater care in sourcing drugs