Hartpury University Repository

De Martin Silva, Luciana

Dixon, Martin

Jones, R.L.

The Complexities of Moving Theory into Practice: A Case Study of Second Year Sports Coaching Students.

Lesniak, Kirsty

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form 
in Equine Health, copyright © MA Healthcare, after technical editing by the publisher. To access the 
final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.12968/eqhe.2012.1.5.47 
Title: Equine Paediatric Medicine 
Authors: William Bernard and Bonnie S. Barr 
Reviewed by: Kirsty Lesniak MSc 
 
Equine Paediatric Medicine is a new publication aimed at practicing clinicians and students with an 
interest in equine neonatology.  The authors, William Bernard and Bonnie Barr recognise within their 
preface to the book that it is not a text intended for those clinicians who have specialised in 
neonatology or paediatric medicine, but more for the general equine practitioner, or student, as a 
reference guide.  
The book has been organised in to chapters written both by the main authors and by industry 
experts either teaching or practicing within the field of equine paediatric medicine, thus adding to 
the practically applicable information delivered through the book. The books opening chapter 
outlines the procedures undertaken during a physical examination of the foal. This starting chapter 
clearly states the normal visual and non-visual parameter ranges that are expected in a healthy foal 
for a range of post-natal ages. This chapter progresses from discussion of normal parameters, to 
detail on how to physically examine the foal and the indications of abnormal presenting signs that 
may need to be investigated further. Examples of conditions influencing the normal parameters are 
given in brief within this section; however directions to the reader on where to find the more in-
depth information on these conditions within the remainder of the book would have been helpful.  
The majority of the remaining chapters within the book have been organised primarily with regards 
to body systems. Each of these chapters outlines and evaluates a range disorders that could 
potentially affect the foal. For each disorder the text summarises key points of the disease including 
incidence and prevalence, as well as defining the disease and discussing the aetiology, 
pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, clinical diagnosis and management, 
through clearly defined subheadings. Although the book and its chapters contain contributions from 
a range of authors, the format, layout and direction through clear subheadings, has been maintained 
within each chapter, supporting it as being and easy-to-follow reference text. 
The information provided within this book is supported by the inclusion of a comprehensive range of 
drawings, tables, charts, colour photographs, radiographs, ultrasound scans, and endoscopy and 
histology images. These visual illustrations have been used effectively to further the readers 
understanding of parameter variations and diagnosis as well as surgical procedures, technical 
equipment needed and post-mortem findings and really helps to bring the information to life.  
As indicated by the authors, this text is intended to be a reference guide which is reflected by the 
short, yet informative overviews of most of the disorders.  Each chapter of the book does however; 
contain a list of suggested further reading which is a really good inclusion enabling students and 
clinicians clear direction in terms of finding more detail on the aspects under discussion. Equine 
Paediatric Medicine is a really useful addition to the limited range of texts available within this 
subject area and its design and layout enables it to be an effective initial reference to students and 
This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form 
in Equine Health, copyright © MA Healthcare, after technical editing by the publisher. To access the 
final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.12968/eqhe.2012.1.5.47 
general clinicians whilst directing them to specific materials for more detailed and explicit 
information. 


English

Book Review: Equine Paediatric Medicine

Harris, L.

Maplecroft, S.

Mitchell, J.

Hancox, K

RESULTS: 
Weight (𝑥=562±73.4) positively correlated with CBW and HBW (P≤0.001) in 
both the left and right hoof and CBW also positively correlated to HBW in both 
limbs (P≤0.001) (figure 2). These results support the concept that as the 
weight of the horse increases, so to do the basic hoof dimension. Height 
(𝑥=161.5±7.2) did not correlate with any of the variables; this suggests that 
the weight of the individual is a more influential variable than height.   
The TA’s demonstrated asymmetry in form in that the right TA was 
significantly greater than left (P≤0.05) (figure 3). Both TA’s positively 
correlated (P≤0.001) to each other suggesting that although there may be a 
corresponding proportional increase in size, the actual shape of the hooves in 
a pair differs through differing TA.  This was supported by the findings that as 
the left TA increased, the left HS of the same foot increased; potentially 
indicating a more upright, but widely splayed hoof. Conversely, as the right TA 
increased the CBW of the same foot increased suggesting a more upright but 
boxy hoof. This difference may also clarify the correlation between right CBW 
and left HBW. Bilateral correlations were also determined between HS and 
HBW (P≤0.001) demonstrating that as the HBW of both hooves increased, so 
too did the HS. 
Contact author:  Kirsty.Lesniak@hartpury.ac.uk 
Centre for Performance in Equestrian Sports 
CONCLUSIONS: 
The significant asymmetries observed between the forefeet of the horses within this study suggest that hoof 
conformation is not symmetrical for the majority of hoses within a population. Furthermore the results indicate a more 
splayed conformation in the left hoof compared to a more upright, boxy conformation of the right hoof. This is 
supported by the significant differences observed in the toe angles of the left and right feet which also imply that there 
may be asymmetries in the distal phalangeal alignment.  
These results propose that weight has a stronger influence on conformational changes on the hoof than the height of 
the horse. From this it could be suggested that additional weight placed on the horse, for example through obesity, can 
have wider implications in terms of compensatory mechanisms and injury than previously considered. These 
asymmetries are likely to have undesirable implications for sustained soundness and the manifestation of pathologies in 
the horse however the positive complexities of such a relationship remain difficult to define.  The working demands of 
the horses within this study were not directionally biased and therefore are not considered influential on the 
asymmetries reported. Laterality may potentially be of influence in these asymmetries, however this was not tested for 
within this study, and to date, the influence of laterality on the hoof conformation of adult horses is an area lacking in 
research. 
REFERENCES: 
Parks, A.H. (2003) Form and Function of the equine digit.  The Veterinary Journal of North America: Equine Practice: Podiatry. 23(12): 285-307 
MacDonald, M.H., Hannegeiter, N., Peroni, J.F. and Merfy, W.E., 2006. The musculoskeletal system. In: Higgins, A.J., and Snyder, J.R., eds. The Equine Manual. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia.  
Dyson, S.J., Murray, R., Blunden, T. and Schramme, M., 2006. Current concepts of navicular disease. Equine Veterinary Education 18 (1): 45-56  
Gill, D.W., 2007, Farriery: the whole horse concept. Nottingham University Press. Nottingham 
Back, W., 2001, The role of the hoof and shoeing. In Back, W. and Clayton, H.M. (eds) Equine Locomotion. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia 
Ellis, J.M. and Hollands, T. (1998) Accuracy of different methods of estimating the weight of horses. Veterinary Record. 143(12): 335-336 
Carroll, C.L. and Huntington, P.J. (1988) Body condition scoring and weight estimation of horses. Equine Veterinary Journal. 20: 41-45 
An investigation in to the asymmetries of the equine hoof & the 
influence of body weight & height on hoof conformation 
                   Leśniak, K., Harris, L., Mapletoft, S., Mitchell, J. & Hancox, K. 
                      University of the West of England, Hartpury College, Gloucester, UK 
METHOD: 
Sixty-four riding school horses of mixed breed, age and gender were selected using convenience sampling. Horses 
needed to be in a regular shoeing routine of between four to six weeks and needed to have been shod within two 
weeks prior to data collection. None of the horses used within the study were known to have had any signs of 
lameness within the previous six months as this would have had implications on the hoof shape and growth.  
Height, weight and fore hoof dimensions (coronet band width (CBW), base of the hoof width (HBW), toe angle (TA) 
and hoof spread (HS = HBW – CBW) were measured. CBW and HBW were measured using Invicta callipers. Lateral 
digital images were taken and the toe angle determined using Dartfish software (figure 1).  The formula 
recommended by Ellis and Hollands (1998) and Carroll and Huntington (1988) was used to calculate weight with the 
chest girth and body length measurement taken using a standard tape measure.  
                       Weight (kg) = Chest girth (cm)2 x Length (cm) 
                                       11877 
Following a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality; TA measurements were compared using a Paired t-test and tests 
for correlations between all variables was undertaken using Pearson’s Product Moment Coefficient. 
  
 
INTRODUCTION: 
The complex equine hoof provides leverage, support and shock absorption for the limb. The ratio of body mass to weight bearing surface is very high in the horse 
yet the hoof is able to cope with the significant concussive stresses it is subjected to (Parks 2003; MacDonald 2006). Research has identified the shape of the 
hoof as a significant contributor to the onset of foot disease and prevalent injuries of the distal limb (Dyson et al, 2006; Gill 2007). As the balance and 
conformation of the hoof dictates the way in which the foot interacts with the ground, hoof shape directly influences the magnitude and direction of the forces 
entering the limb (Back 2001; Parks 2003). In addition, the forces entering the foot also influence the rate of growth within different regions thus creating a 
cyclic pattern and predisposing to injury. As disorders of the equine foot are among the most common causes of lameness, a clearer understanding of factors 
which influence hoof shape could enable better treatment for, or prevention of, some forms of foot-based lameness.  The aim of this investigation was therefore 
to identify whether a relationship exists between body weight and height on hoof conformation.  
  
  
Figure 2: Illustration of the positive correlations identified between weight (kg) and the hoof dimensions  
of left CBW (r=0.439), right CBW (r=0.484), left HBW (r=0.501) and right HBW (r=0.479) 
Figure 1: Lateral digital view of the hoof used to 
determine TA using Dartfish software 
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00 600.00 650.00 700.00 750.00 800.00
H
o
o
f 
D
im
e
n
si
o
n
s 
(c
m
) 
Weight (kg) 
CBW L CBW R HBW L HBW R Linear (CBW L) Linear (CBW R) Linear (HBW L) Linear (HBW R)
50.0
51.0
52.0
53.0
54.0
55.0
56.0
TA left TA right
To
e
 a
n
gl
e
 (
˚)
 
Figure 3: Mean toe angles including SD 


An investigation in to the asymmetries of the equine hoof and the influence of body weight and height on hoof conformation

Lee, Sarah

Hillier, C.

Fletcher, D.

An Ethnographic Study of Organizational Dynamics in Collegiate Sport

Dobson, Andrew

Davies, S.

Seasonal variation in fitness parameters of male collegiate soccer players. International Convention on Science

George, S.

Murphy, Darcy

The effect of four different treatments on the respirable particle content of hay for horses

Birch, Emily

RESULTS: 
The base of the neck angle significantly (P≤0.05) increased for six of the seven dogs between the 7% lower jump (𝑥=210.4°; 
SD±2.25) and 51% higher jump height (𝑥=215.6°; SD±4.90) during the approach phase.  
During the take-off phase, the hock and sacroiliac angles increased (P≤0.05) from the lowest to the highest height, however the 
radio-humeral, scapulohumeral and base of neck skull (P≤0.05) decreased. No statistically significant differences (P≥0.05) were found 
between the take-off distances for the two heights of jumps (figure 3). 
The scapulohumeral joint and the elbow joint angles decreased significantly (P≤0.05) from the lowest (𝑥 =108.16°; SD±6.38; 
𝑥=52.43°; SD±19.55 respectively) to the highest height fence (𝑥 =86.75°; SD±8.99; 𝑥 =37.17°; SD±15.62 respectively) during the 
bascule phase.  None of the angles measured changed significantly between the two heights of fence during the landing or get away 
phases, however landing distance was significantly longer for the higher fence height (P≤0.05). 
Contact author:  Kirsty.Lesniak@hartpury.ac.uk 
Centre for Performance in Equestrian Sports 
CONCLUSIONS: 
The findings demonstrate that an increase in fence height results in 
significant changes to the angulations joints in the forelimb and vertebral 
column; areas already identified in previous agility dog research as the most 
commonly injured.  This indicates that those dogs who are only marginally 
within height requirements, and are to move out of the KC midi and in to the 
KC full height category, are potentially being put at a greater risk of 
developing injuries such as bicipital tenosynovitis or sacroiliac strain. Further 
research is needed to confirm injury location and prevalence in relation to 
the height of the dog and the height category they are competing at. Should 
a relationship be found, it would support findings from the current study and 
add emphasis to the suggestion that fence height categories, where dogs are 
required to jump large fences in comparison to their body size, need to be 
reviewed to support injury prevention. 
REFERENCES: 
Crufts, 2011. History of DFS Crufts http://www.crufts.org.uk (accessed 24/10/11) 
UK Agility, 2004. General Regulations http://ukagility.com  (accessed 24/10/11) 
Kennel Club, 2012b. Agility Measuring http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk   (accessed 22/01/12) 
Kennel Club, 2011. Discussion Item- Introducing a 4th height at kennel club agility shows http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk (accessed 24/10/11) 
O’Canapp, S. O., 2007. The canine stifle. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice. 22 (4) 195-205 
Wernham, B.G.J, Jerram, R.M., Warman, C.G.A., 2008. Bicipital Tenosynovitis in Dogs. CE Compendium http://cp.vetlearn.com (accessed 23/03/12) 
Levy, M., Hall, C., Trentacosta, N., Percival, M., 2009. A preliminary retrospective survey of injuries occurring in dogs participating in canine agility. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics 
and Traumatology 22(4), 321-324 
The influence of fence height on joint angles of agility dogs. 
             Birch, E. & Leśniak, K.  
            University of the West of England, Hartpury College, Gloucester, UK 
METHOD: 
Four German Shorthair Pointers, one Hungarian Visla, one Doberman and one Australian Kelpie all free from injury, including 
musculoskeletal disorders, were used within this study. Markers were attached to the forelimbs (point of shoulder, elbow, 
carpus, and metacarpal pad), the hindlimbs (sacroiliac joint, base of tail, tuber coxae, stifle, tarsus and metatarsal pad) and 
vertebral column (external occipital protuberance, C2, T6, T13) (Gradner et al, 2007; Marsh et al, 2009) and the dogs were 
asked to jump a bar jump, as seen in agility competitions. The jump heights were set specifically for each dog at 7% lower 
and 51% higher than the dog’s height. These percentages were calculated by considering the height of fence in relation to 
body height that dogs that were just out of KC midi height would have to jump.  Dogs between 350 and 430mm at the 
withers are eligible for midi height (400mm) (Kennel Club, 2011); however a dog measuring just 1mm more, at 431mm, 
must jump full height (650mm). For a dog of 431mm in height this is 51% greater than the dog’s height (figure 2). Those 
dogs of 430mm who are at the top of the height category for midi are jumping 7% lower than themselves as the fence height 
is 93% of their height to the withers.  
The fence was placed at the midpoint of the long side of an indoor equine arena with a Prowax surface. Jumping efforts were 
recorded using a JVC GY-HM700U HD camera positioned perpendicularly to fence at a distance of six metres; approach, take-
off, bascule, landing and get away phases of the jump were captures captured. The angles of the spine at the base of the 
skull and the base of the neck, and the carpal, radio-humeral, scapulohumeral, tarsal, stifle, coxofemoral, sacroiliac and 
thoracolumbar joints were determined from still images using Dartfish software. Angles were measured for approach, take-
off, bascule, landing and get away phases for both heights of fence. Take-off and landing distances were also determined 
using Dartfish. Joint angles, take-off distances and landing distances for the two heights were compared using Wilcoxon 
Matched Pairs analysis.   
  
  
 
INTRODUCTION: 
Dog agility is a popular sport in the UK and worldwide (Crufts, 2011). The UK has two governing bodies; The Kennel Club (KC) and United Kingdom Agility (UKA). Both have 
mini, midi and full height categories, but only UKA has a fourth height, standard, which falls between midi and full height (UK Agility 2004; Kennel Club, 2012b). The KC’s 
Agility Liaison Council has previously discussed the introduction of a fourth height but have rejected the concept to date (Kennel Club, 2011). Consequently, dogs measuring 
431mm to the whither would have to jump 650mm under KC regulations but only 500mm under UKA regulations (UK Agility, 2004; Kennel Club, 2012b). Under AKC rules the 
same dog would only have to jump a fence of 400mm (America Kennel Club, 2011); 250mm smaller than that required by the KC. The range of jump heights offered by UKA 
and AKC illustrate that other bodies recognise the need for a more staggered increase in heights, potentially to reduce the risk of injury to dogs within each height category; 
particularly soft tissue injuries to the shoulder and spinal region (O’Canapp 2007; Wernham et al, 2008; Levy et al, 2009).   
The aim of this study was to identify the degree of joint angle change in agility dogs over fences of two different heights, set in relation to their wither height. From this, it 
was aimed that any increase in risk of injury to dogs competing at full height under KC regulations would be identified. This could subsequently be used to support the need 
for the addition of a forth height within the KC regulations.  
  
  
Figure 3: Mean values for joints significantly influenced during the take-off phase by the increase in fence height  
4m 4m 
6m 
Dog Handler 
Camera 
Figure 1: Placement of equipment during data collection 
0
50
100
150
200
250
Hock Sacroiliac Radiohumeral Scapulohumeral Base of skull
A
n
gl
e
 (
˚)
 
7% lower 51% higher
Figure 2: Study subject jumping 51% greater 
than its body height 


The influence of fence height on joint angles of agility dogs

Lawson, H.

RESULTS: 
For the majority of variables measured, the dimensions of the contralateral pairings 
correlated (Table 1), as would be expected; as such, as the left side increased in 
size so did the right side. An exception to this was the TA within the LL group. In 
addition, the intra-limb measurements of MC3W and CMC measurements, which 
would be expected to correlate, were not observed to within the RL group.  These 
results illustrate the lack of an expected proportional change in dimensional within 
these variables.  Within the RL group, both limbs exhibited positive correlations 
between CMC and, HB and HT (P≤0.05). Despite the observed TA correlation within 
the RL group, a significant difference in TA, with the right TA being significantly 
larger (P≤0.01) than the left was identified (Figure 2). This finding indicates that 
although dimensions change proportionally, an asymmetry of this paired trait exists. 
HS was noted to correlate with HB with both limbs of both laterality groups; 
however the correlation between HS and HT was only observed within the RL group. 
These results again indicate a difference in the proportional hoof growth between 
the LL and RL groups.  
Within the LL group, right CMC was significantly greater (P≤0.001) than left and 
right CMC correlated with left MC3W (P≤0.05). This analysis signifies that for the 
left lateralised group the length of the third metacarpal was greater on the right 
and, as this limb increased in length within the population, the width of the left third 
metacarpal also increased. LL may therefore be an influencing factor in asymmetry 
occurrence. CMC in the RL group positively correlated with HB and HT in both limbs 
(P≤0.05). The only correlations that were observed within the LL group only were 
inter, and intra-limb correlations between HS and elbow height (P≤0.05), indicating 
that as the length of the limb increases, so does the HS. 
Contact author:  Kirsty.Lesniak@hartpury.ac.uk 
Centre for Performance in Equestrian Sports 
CONCLUSIONS: 
The differences between the LL and RL groups indicate conformational differences 
depending on the lateralisation of the horse. This indicates that the repeated 
stressed placed on the preferred protracted limb differ from those placed down the 
retracted within a grazing stance. The skeletal asymmetries are fixed following the 
physeal closure in the young horse and therefore the only structures that can 
continue to respond to the asymmetrical forces are the hooves. The asymmetries of 
the hoof are therefore considered to reflect the compensatory growth and 
dimensional changes that these asymmetric forces generate.   
The correlation between right CMC with the left MC3W (P≤0.05) and the 
significantly longer right CMC (P≤0.001) in the LL group reflect asymmetries 
identified in Thoroughbred racehorses (Watson et al, 2003; Davies and Watson, 
2005). Asymmetries reported in racehorses are proposed to support performance on 
counter-clockwise tracks and therefore have potential biomechanical influences. The 
cause is suggested to be, in-part through selective breeding for speed and 
performance and therefore the inadvertent selection for this phenotype. However, 
the comparable finding in this study also suggest that laterality may be an influence 
and that LL is preferred within the wider horse population, predisposing limb 
asymmetry, including that of the hoof. 
REFERENCES: 
Manning, J.T. & Ockenden, L. ,1994 Fluctuating Asymmetry in Racehorses. Nature. 370 (21): 185-186 
McDonald, K. & Dumbell, L. ,2008. The Relationship Between Fluctuating Asymmetry & Performance in 
Event Horses In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Equine Locomotion, Cabourg, 
Normandy :60  
van Heel, M.C.V., Kroekenstoel, A. M., van Dierendonck, M.C., van Weeren, P. R. &  Back W. 2006. Uneven 
feet in a foal may develop as a consequence of lateral grazing behaviour induced by conformational traits. 
Equine Veterinary Journal 38 (7): 591-596 
McGreevy, P.D. & Rogers, L.G. (2004) Motor & sensory laterality in thoroughbred horses. Applied Animal 
Behavioural Science 92 (4): 337 - 352 
Yetkin, Y., 2002 Physical properties of the cerebral hemispheres & paw preferences in mongrel cats: Sex-
related differences. International Journal of Neuroscience 112 (3): 239-262 
Murphy, J., Sutherland, A. & Arkins, S., 2005. Idiosyncratic motor laterality in the horse. Applied Animal 
Behaviour Science. 91: 297-310  
Corbetta, D., Williams, J., Snapp-Childs, W., 2006. Plasticity in the development of handedness: Evidence 
from normal development &early asymmetric brain injury. Developmental Psychobiology. 48 (6): 460-471  
Watson, K. M., Stitson, D.J. & Davies, H.M.S. (2003) Third Metacarpal bone length & skeletal asymmetry in 
the Thoroughbred Racehorse. Equine Veterinary Journal.  35 (7): 712-714 
Davies, H.M.S. & Watson, K.M. (2005) Third metacarpal bone laterality asymmetry & midshaft dimensions 
in Thoroughbred racehorses. Australian Veterinary Journal 83 (4): 224 - 226 
Associations between limb lateralisation & hoof & limb 
asymmetries in adult horses             
Leśniak, K., Lawson. H. and Mitchell, J.  
            University of the West of England, Hartpury College, Gloucester, UK 
METHOD: 
Preference tests were performed on 54 sound horses by recording the protracted limb during stance and forage from a bucket 
following their un-restrained advance from five meters away; similar to the method described by van Heel et al (2006).  Each 
horse undertook ten repetitions of the preference test and were subsequently split in to three groups; left lateralised (LL) (22), 
right lateralised (RL) (24) and ambidextrous (8) groups according to their laterality indices  (LI) 
                                                                            LI=   (LL - RL)     x100) 
                                                                                    (LL + RL)   
Whilst stood squarely on a firm, level surface, measurements of the widths of the top (HT) and base (HB) of the hoof were taken 
for each of the horses using callipers. Hoof spread (HS) was then calculated (HS = HB-HT). Lateral view digital photographs were 
taken and toe angle (TA) determined using Dartfish software. Height of the elbow and carpometacarpal joint from the ground 
(CMC), and width of the proximal region of third metacarpal (MC3W) were measured. Following a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for 
normality; measurements from LL and RL groups were compared against their contralateral pair (paired t-test), and against the 
same trait within the opposite lateralised group (unpaired t-test).  Parametric correlation analyses were undertaken between the 
variables within each group 
INTRODUCTION: 
Conformation of the horse has a large influence on the athletic performance and the prevalence of injury. Prevalence of conformational asymmetries has been noted amongst 
different species (Manning and Ockenden 1994) and studies have demonstrated a link between asymmetry incidence and subsequent, comparatively lower performance levels 
(Manning and Ockenden, 1994; McDonald and Dumbell, 2007). Development of asymmetries has been linked to genetic and environmental factors (Wilson and Manning 1996) 
as well as lateralised behaviour (van Heel et al 2006). Lateralisation occurs both at population and individual levels, and results in subjects showing a use preference for a 
specific side (McGreevy and Rogers, 2005). Cerebral hemisphere differences, genetics and environmental factors are all thought to affect the development of lateralisation and 
handedness (Yetkin, 2002; Murphy et al, 2005; Corbetta et al, 2006) however it is an area of research which is not fully understood. Laterality produces dominant sides, which 
can result in tissue hypertrophy through increased usage and therefore potentially influence performance. Lateralised grazing behaviour is recognised in horses, and linked to 
hoof asymmetries in foals where both the hoof and limb dimensions could be considered variable. Little evidence links lateralised behaviour to hooves and distal limb 
asymmetries of adult horses where skeletal dimensions are fixed, however hoof conformation is still an adaptable anatomic parameter.  
  
  
Figure 1: Equipment set-up for preference testing 
Figure 1: Mean and SD of the measured variables for the left and right limbs of the LL, RL and ambidextrous groups   
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
L R L R L R L R L R L R L R
Toe Angle (˚) Hoof top (cm) Hoof base (cm) Hoof spread (cm) MC3 Width (cm) Elbow Height (cm) MC3 Length (cm)
Right lateralised Left lateralised Ambidextrous
Toe Angle Hoof top Hoof base Hoof spread MCIII Width Elbow Height MCIII Length 
L R L R L R L R L R L R L R 
Toe Angle 
L   P≤0.001                         
R                             
Hoof top 
L       P≤0.001 P≤0.001 P≤0.001   P≤0.05         P≤0.05 P≤0.05 
R         P≤0.001 P≤0.001   P≤0.05         P≤0.05 P≤0.05 
Hoof 
base 
L           P≤0.001 P≤0.001 P≤0.001         P≤0.05 P≤0.05 
R             
P≤0.001 
P≤0.01 P≤0.001         P≤0.05 P≤0.05 
Hoof 
spread 
L               P≤0.001     P≤0.05 P≤0.05     
R                     P≤0.05 P≤0.05     
MCIII 
Width 
L                   P≤0.001     P≤0.05 P≤0.05 
R                         P≤0.01 P≤0.01 
Elbow 
Height 
L                       P≤0.001 P≤0.01 P≤0.01 
R                         
P≤0.01 
P≤0.001 P≤0.01 
MCIII 
Length 
L                           
P≤0.001 
 
R                             
5m 
Horse 
Bucket 
containing 
carrots Observer 
Table 1: Significant correlations  identified between variables: LL only, RL only, both groups 


Associations between limb lateralisation and hoof and limb asymmetries in adult horses

Douglas, Jenni

Peters , Derek

Price , Mike

Anthropometric and fitness characteristics of female Novice, Intermediate and Advanced level Event riders

Greenhalgh, Andrew

Sinclair, Jonathan

Protheroe, Laurence

Chockalingam, Nachiappan

Predicting Impact Shock Magnitude: Which Ground Reaction Force Variable Should We Use?

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