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The dual effects of job design on knowledge hiding: expanding job demands–resources theory to employee rational-choice behaviour
Get PDFHuman resource management (HRM) literature often uses motivational theories to examine how job design motivates employees to manage newly established employee behaviours such as knowledge-hiding. However, the literature finds that whereas job-design characteristics reduce knowledge hiding, others unexpectedly encourage it. By integrating the cost-benefit analysis framework into the job demands–resources (JD–R) theory, we examine how job demands and job resources as two distinct types of job-design characteristics influence the expected costs and benefits of sharing solicited knowledge to affect knowledge hiding differently. In summary, we find that job demands encourage knowledge hiding, whereas job resources lower it. We contribute that job-design characteristics act as job demands or resources to affect knowledge hiding differently. Further, we explain the unexpected findings concerning why and how job-design characteristics – as job demands – encourage knowledge hiding by stimulating the expected costs but do not motivate employees to produce the expected benefits. In addition, by integrating the cost-benefit analysis framework into the JD–R theory, we contribute that job demands and resources affect the cost-benefit analyses, influencing employees’ rational choice behaviour. This integration considerably expands the JD–R theory’s application scope from employee well-being and performance to rational choice behaviours.publishedVersio
The Alpha of Outcasts: Financial Insights from Excluded Companies
Get PDFMasteroppgave(MSc) in Master of Science in Business, Finance - Handelshøyskolen BI, 2024Research from Hoepner and Schopohl (2018) finds that excluding companies from investment portfolios does not significantly impact the performance of major funds, such as the Norwegian Government Pension Fund and the Swedish AP fund. Our study takes a complementary approach, building upon their research. In this thesis, we focus on the exclusion of firms’ financial impact on the excluded firms themselves. We investigate whether companies excluded from portfolios due to Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) concerns offer abnormal returns. The study analyzes 382 excluded companies from developed markets between 2016 and 2023. We construct portfolios to compare their performance against a best-in-class ESG benchmark. The results indicate that excluded companies consistently outperform the comparable ESG portfolio, exhibiting higher cumulative and risk adjusted returns with lower downside risk. Additionally, we investigate the most and least excluded companies in our excluded companies portfolios. The results reveal that the least frequently excluded companies yield significantly higher returns. Finally, as we study the impact of time, we find that the returns of excluded companies do not jointly vary significantly across sub-periods. However, we apply the perspective of economic significance and argue that the portfolios experience variations in returns. We discuss how relevant macroeconomic events might influence these variations
Innovation Through Crisis Journalism and News Media in Transition
Get PDFThis book provides insights into the interplay between crisis, resilience, and innovation within news media. Examining how Norwegian news media adapted and innovated during the Covid-19 pandemic, it offers new knowledge on news organisations’ resilience strategies and their ability to create value for themselves, their audiences, and for the broader society during times of unprecedented uncertainty. Through a diverse array of qualitative and quantitative methods, the research presented uncovers how crises serve as both opportunities for innovation and threats to journalism practices and businesses.
Drawing on perspectives from journalism and media innovation studies, management and organisational research, and innovation theory, the empirical investigation identifies three overarching themes: the crisis as a catalyst for innovation, a critical test of resilience, and an amplifier of value creation. Through several empirical studies, we demonstrate how the Covid-19 pandemic prompted urgency- and ambition-driven innovation in Norwegian news media. This research showcases how organisations rapidly adapted to the crisis using digital tools, and how they introduced new services, amplifying economic and social value creation while navigating challenges to news workers’ well-being.
In conclusion, the theoretical perspectives on crisis, resilience, and innovation shed light on the transformative journey of Norway’s news media during the Covid-19 crisis, offering valuable insights for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers alike.
Mona K. Solvoll is associate professor at the School of Communication, Leadership and Marketing at Kristiania University College, Norway. Ragnhild Kr. Olsen is associate professor at the Department of Journalism and Media Studies at Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway.
The research in the book originates from the “Media Innovation Through the Corona Crisis” project at the BI Norwegian Business School (2020–2021), funded by the Research Council of Norway.publishedVersio
The Unequal Effects of Trade and Automation across Local Labor Markets
Get PDFWe quantify the joint impact of the China shock and automation of labor, across US commuting zones (CZs) in the period 2000–2007. To this end, we employ a multi-sector gravity model of trade with Roy-Fréchet worker heterogeneity across sectors, where labor input can be automated. Automation and increased import competition from China are both sector-specific; they lead to contractions in a sector’s labor demand and a decline in relative income for CZs more specialized in that sector, amplified by a voluntary reduction in hours worked and an increase in frictional unemployment. The estimated model fits well with the aggregate performance of manufacturing subsectors and with the variation across CZs in changes in average income, the hourly wage, hours worked, the employment rate and employment in manufacturing. By itself, the China shock has stronger distributional effects than automation, but its impact on aggregate gains is less than a third of automation’s impact.publishedVersio
Organisasjonskultur og psykologisk trygghet
Get PDFExecutive Master of Management i Samspill og ledelse; anvendt organisasjonspsykologi fra Handelshøyskolen BI, 2024Formålet med oppgaven er å se på kulturen og den psykologiske tryggheten i en organisasjon. Vi valgte en anonymisert IT-bedrift som gjennom de siste årene har vokst vesentlig gjennom flere oppkjøp.
Vi har i all hovedsak benyttet Henning Bangs bok “Organisasjonskultur” (2023) for å belyse teorien rundt organisasjonskultur. I tillegg har vi benyttet Amy Edmondson sin bok “The fearless organization” (2019) som omhandler psykologisk trygghet som teoretisk rammeverk for vår oppgave.
Vi har gjennomført seks intervjuer med ansatte i IT-organisasjonen. Vi har brukt semi-strukturerte dybdeintervju for å undersøke om vi kan finne ut hva som kjennetegner organisasjonskulturen i denne IT-organisasjonen. Våre funn fra intervjuene kan tyde på at organisasjonen kjennetegnes ved at de ansatte opplever å bli møtte med respekt og at de opplever autonomi i sin arbeidshverdag. Det har videre vist seg at organisasjonen kjennetegnes av noen konflikter, spesielt mellom ulike subkulturer. Når det gjelder den psykologiske tryggheten i organisasjonen kan det tyde på at det er psykologisk trygghet i de fleste grupper, selv om dette kontinuerlig må jobbes med.
Basert på våre funn og relevant teori har vi kommet med videre råd til organisasjonen om hvordan kulturen kan styrkes ytterligere. Vi tror organisasjonen vil ha nytte av å se på den psykologiske tryggheten, særlig opp mot HR og hvordan HR-teamet oppfattes. Vi ser også at organisasjonen kjennetegnes av svake kommunikasjonslinjer og møtekultur
Increasing importance and new behaviors, a new era for retail investors, how does their performance measure up?
Get PDFMasteroppgave(MSc) in Master of Science in Business, Finance - Handelshøyskolen BI, 2024This study examines the performance of the Robinhood (RH) consensus portfolio from 2018 to 2020. It refutes Welch's (2022) analysis that the consensus RH portfolios performed well, by showing its last months' influence on alpha’s abnormal return. This study reveals that while RH investors leaned towards trading volumes higher than the 12-month average, this alone does not explain their abnormal returns. I argue that the portfolio performance is mostly explained by the onset of the Covid-19. I defend that RH users largely benefited from increasing engagement during this period, intensifying holdings following major market shifts, notably during the 33% drop of March 2020. I conjecture that this, along with investing in stocks that see high absolute returns positively contributed to the portfolio performance post-2020
Infant care transfers: simulating neonatal infant pathways and transfers across a neonatal network
Get PDFNeonatal care for preterm and sick babies is organised into local areas around the United Kingdom, called Operational Delivery Networks. These networks coordinate between providers to ensure babies have the required care, close to home. There are three types of Neonatal Units offering distinct levels of needs-based care. The networks need to ensure that each unit operates at optimal cot levels, and the best quality care is provided. The possible impact of any changes to a network’s configuration on transfers and infant care, must be considered before any changes are implemented. Our simulation model reflects the infant pathways within a network allowing users to evaluate a variety of possible changes within the network. The model builds on previous literature by incorporating the ability to move an existing infant from a unit to release capacity as well as moving new arrivals between units. We also consider the potential environmental impact of the additional travel for parents visiting infants who have been transferred. We demonstrate how the model can be applied with a case network within which approximately 60,000 babies are born annually, a tenth of whom requiring some Neonatal Care. Of these infants, approximately 12% are transferred to another unit.publishedVersio
Simulating Virtual Organizations for Research: A Comparative Empirical Evaluation of Text-Based, Video, and Virtual Reality Video Vignettes
Get PDFDue to recent technological developments, vignette studies that have traditionally been done in text or video formats can now be done in immersive formats using virtual reality—but are such virtual reality video vignettes superior to traditional vignettes? To address this question, we examine participants’ experiences within a fictitious organization by comparing their responses to a relevant and particularly sensitive organizational phenomenon presented either through written text, a video recording, or a virtual reality experience. The results indicate that participants prefer more immersive methods, and that these increase their attention to critical study details. Moreover, this augments the effect sizes of several measured employee reactions—particularly those with high emotional content—suggesting that virtual reality technology offers a promising avenue for developing ecologically valid vignette studies to measure employee affect. To facilitate and expediate the use of virtual reality video vignettes in organizational research, we provide organizational scholars with a step-by-step instructional guide to develop immersive vignette studies.publishedVersio
School Entry Detection of Struggling Readers using Gameplay Data and Machine Learning
Get PDFIntroduction: Current methods for reading difficulty risk detection at school entry remain error-prone. We present a novel approach utilizing machine learning analysis of data from GraphoGame, a fun and pedagogical literacy app.
Methods: The app was played in class daily for 10 min by 1,676 Norwegian first graders, over a 5-week period during the first months of schooling, generating rich process data. Models were trained on the process data combined with results from the end-of-year national screening test.
Results: The best machine learning models correctly identified 75% of the students at risk for developing reading difficulties.
Discussion: The present study is among the first to investigate the potential of predicting emerging learning difficulties using machine learning on game process data.publishedVersio
Suspension Analysis and Selective Continuation-Passing Style for Universal Probabilistic Programming Languages
No full textUniversal probabilistic programming languages (PPLs) make it relatively easy to encode and automatically solve statistical inference problems. To solve inference problems, PPL implementations often apply Monte Carlo inference algorithms that rely on execution suspension. State-of-the-art solutions enable execution suspension either through (i) continuation-passing style (CPS) transformations or (ii) efficient, but comparatively complex, low-level solutions that are often not available in high-level languages. CPS transformations introduce overhead due to unnecessary closure allocations—a problem the PPL community has generally overlooked. To reduce overhead, we develop a new efficient selective CPS approach for PPLs. Specifically, we design a novel static suspension analysis technique that determines parts of programs that require suspension, given a particular inference algorithm. The analysis allows selectively CPS transforming the program only where necessary. We formally prove the correctness of the analysis and implement the analysis and transformation in the Miking CorePPL compiler. We evaluate the implementation for a large number of Monte Carlo inference algorithms on real-world models from phylogenetics, epidemiology, and topic modeling. The evaluation results demonstrate significant improvements across all models and inference algorithms.publishedVersio