434 research outputs found
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Skatteunndragelse. En studie av kommunebeskatning i Tanzania
Get PDFI dette notatet gis en oversikt over økonomisk teori om skatteunndragelse. Relevansen av ulike teoretiske tilnærminger i en u-landskontekst, drøftes. Deretter analyseres hvilke variabler som kan bidra til å forklare den observerte unndragelsen av ulike kommuneskatter i Tanzania
Why people pay taxes. The case of the development levy in Tanzania
Get PDFThis study sheds some light on some of the factors underlying tax compliance in local authorities in Tanzania with the help of original survey data. We use the experience of the poll tax (locally named "development levy" ) as our case. The survey data indicate that tax compliance seems to be positively related to ability to pay, the (perceived) probability of being prosecuted, and the number of tax evaders known personally to the respondent. Severe sanctions, including strict enforcement and harassment of taxpayers, and discontent with what people feel they get in re turn from the government roay increase tax resistance, and, thus contribute to explain the widespread evasion observed
Humanitarian Assistance and Conflict: A-State-of-the-Art Report
Get PDFThe rapid growth of international aid allocated to "complex humanitarian emergencies" has led to parallel calls for preventive action. It is also asked how humanitarian assistance and other forms of international civilian presence can help prevent and mitigate violent conflict.
The key questions raised in the report are:
What do we know about how, and why, humanitarian presence may help prevent or contain conflict? What are the conditions for failure or success? Can humanitarian presence have counterproductive effects and exacerbate conflict? How can unintended consequences be avoided?
The report reviews the relationship between humanitarian assistance and violent conflict. It is basically a "state-of-the-art review, supplemented with data drawn from some classic cases and interviews with Norwegian NGOs.
The report is based on work carried out by Bente Hybertsen and Gro Tjore, research assistants at the Chr. Michelsen Institute, with assistance from Emery Brusset and Bruce Jones, Ph.D. students at the London School of Economics. Astri Suhrke, Senior Researcher at the. Chr. Michelsen Institute was team leader. The report was prepared with financial assistance from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Research and Fisheries Management; the Uneasy Relationship Review of the Zambia-Zimbabwe SADC Fisheries Project
Get PDFThis report is an evaluation of the "Zambia-Zimbabwe SADC Fisheries Project". The project aims to establish effective fisheries management regimes for the various fisheries of Lake Kariba. The project has been funded by Norad and Danida since the end of the 1980s. The report argues that considerable achievements have been reached, paricularly in a better understanding the ecology and the stock dynarncs of Lake Kariba and in building biological competence. Achievements regarding the understanding of the dynarncs of fishing communities and markets and in establishing effective management systems are more limited. The project was designed and has largely worked according to an assumption that good quality research in itself represents a sufficient means to establish effective management systems. The development around the lake demonstrates however, that management is about politics and also requires adequate political decisions. Recommendations are made in order to better integrate research resuIts and policies.
Eyolf Jul-Larsen is a social anthropologist and researcher at CMI.
Florence Bukali da Graça is a rural sociologist based in Maputo.
Jesper Raakjær Nielsen is an economist and researcher at the Institute for Fisheries Management, Hirtshals, Denmark.
Paul van Zwieten is a biologist based in Wageningen, Holland
Macmod, a macroeconomic model for the Tanzanian economy
Get PDFThis report outlines the structure of a macroeconomic model for the Tanzanian economy. It consists of a core IS-LM/ Mundell-Fleming model, an SS-DD framework for estimating the consumer price inflation and other price indices, and finally a sectoral supply block. The latter is at an early stage of development, due to inadequate data. The report starts with a discussion of some key features of the Tanzanian economy, emphasizing structural weaknesses and recent gains in terms of stabilizing the economy. It continues with the presentation of the model. The workings of the model are demonstrated by a set of scenarios where various policy measures in the face of an exogenous shock are explored. Finally the report presents a study of the agricultural sector
Profitt eller moral? Ein diskusjon om næringslivsinteresser og menneskerettar
Get PDFKoplinga mellom menneskerettar og næringslivsinteresser har for alvor vorten satt på dagsorden dei siste par åra. I stadig sterkare grad vert det stilt krav til bedriftane om at dei ikkje kan forhalda seg passivt til brot på menneskerettane i land dei investerar i. Men korleis veg ein profitt og moral opp mot einannan? Med utgangspunkt i ein analytisk modell for samsvaret mellom aktørar og sanksjonar gjev dette arbeidsnotatet eit oversyn over ulike reaksjonsmønster i samband med grove brot på menneskerettane. Kva er mest effektivt? Dialog og samhandel eller økonomiske sanksjonar? Norske styresmakter sine reaksjonar på grove brot på menneskerettane vert drøfta, og forfattaren tek til slutt opp nokre av dei verdivala internasjonalt engasjerte norske bedrifter står ovanfor. Dette notatet vart skreve som eit paper til konferansen "Handel og menneskerettar" , halde på Chr. Michelsens Institutt hausten 1996
Beyond cultural relativism? Tim Ingold's "ontology of dwelling"
Get PDFTim Ingold has emerged as perhaps the most interesting theoretician of Man-Environment relations. This essay traces the intellectual history of the study of environmental perceptions and Ingolds rejection of the notion that culture "informs" our perception of the environment. Through a critical review of this position the essay considers the strength - and weaknesses - of Ingolds theoretical programme, and analyzes the concept "ontology of dwelling" which signals Ingolds break with a language-centred epistemology and his links to Heidegger's phenomenology
Boikott til hvilken pris? Barns situasjon i Irak og Burundi. Rapport for Redd Barna
Get PDFThis report, commissioned by Save the Children, Norway, discusses the impact of international sanctions on children's situation in Iraq and Burundi.
The report recognises that sanctions raise the ethical question of whether suffering inflicted on vulnerable groups in the target countries is a legitimate mean of exerting pressure on political leaders. The report argues that sanctions should be judged by standards of universal human rights, particularly the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The reviewed cases of Iraq and Burundi demonstrates that the international community should cease to impose comprehensive economic sanctions without obligatory and enforcable humanitarian exemptions and agreed mechanisms for monitoring the impact of sanctions on children and other vulnerable groups
Strategic Dynamic Interaction: The Case of Barents Sea Fisheries
Get PDFThis paper develops a bioeconomic model for two Barents Sea fisheries that attempts to capture the predator-prey relationships between cod and capelin, the two main species in the habitat. The aim is to analyse joint (cooperative) versus separate (non-cooperative) management of this predator-prey system with a view to isolating the efficiency loss due to separate management. Using a game theoretic framework and a multicohort age structured biomodel, we compute joint and separate management equilibrium outcomes of the model, and investigate the effects of changes in economic parameters on the computed results. In this way, we explore the economic consequences of the predator-prey relationships between cod and capelin, and the externalities due to non-cooperation. Results of the study tend to suggest that (i) under current market conditions it is economically optimal to exploit both species (rather than just one of them) under joint management, (ii) in comparison with the separate management outcome, a severe reduction of the capelin fishery is called for under joint management, and (iii) the loss in discounted economic rent resulting from the externalities due to the natural interactions between the species is significant, reaching up to almost a quarter of what is achievable under separate management
Terms of Trade and Economic Growth in a World of Constrained Capital Mobility
Get PDFThis paper focuses on the interaction between world community and capital markets within the framework of an extended neoclassical growth mode!. The model incorporates raw materials as an essential input and captures the observed, but hitherto unexplained impact of terms of trade on economic growth. It is shown that in a world of declining real prices of industrial raw materials, the steady state growth rate is an increasing function of the input ratio raw materials/unskilled labour.
When international capital flows are constrained, the speed of convergence is determined by the same variables