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Menstruation and menopause as reproductive justice issues:feminist reflections on activism, research, and policy from the global movement’s Scottish hub
No full textThis feminist reflection asserts that menstruation and menopause are elements of reproductive justice that are often overlooked due to menstrual taboos. Drawing on their experiences in Scotland, which has recently been a global hub for menstrual activism, policymaking, and research, the authors identify salient current challenges in menstrual and menopausal justice. They detail how these were met in Scotland and what work remains outstanding, and they summarize recommendations for future policymaking, research, and activism
Emergence of high-mass stars in complex fiber networks (EMERGE) V. from filaments to spheroids:the origin of the hub-filament systems
No full textContext. Identified as parsec-size, gas clumps at the junction of multiple filaments, hub-filament systems (HFS) play a crucial role during the formation of young clusters and high-mass stars. These HFS still appear to be detached from most galactic filaments when compared in the mass–length (M–L) phase space.Aims. We aim to characterize the early evolution of HFS as part of the filamentary description of the interstellar medium (ISM).Methods. Combining previous scaling relations with new analytic calculations, we created a toy model to explore the different physical regimes described by the M–L diagram. Despite its simplicity, our model accurately reproduces several observational properties reported for filaments and HFS, such as their expected typical aspect ratio (A), mean surface density (Σ), and gas accretion rate (ṁ). Moreover, this model naturally explains the different mass and length regimes populated by filaments and HFS, respectively.Results. Our model predicts a dichotomy between filamentary (A ≥ 3) and spheroidal (A < 3) structures connected to the relative importance of their fragmentation, accretion, and collapse timescales. Individual filaments with low accretion rates are dominated by an efficient internal fragmentation. In contrast, the formation of compact HFS at the intersection of filaments triggers a geometric phase-transition, leading to the gravitational collapse of these structures at parsec-scales in ~1–2 Myr. In addition, this process also induces higher accretion rates.<br/
Stabilising nonlinear travelling waves in pipe flow using time-delayed feedback
No full textWe demonstrate the first successful non-invasive stabilisation of nonlinear travelling waves in a straight cylindrical pipe using time-delayed feedback control working in various symmetric subspaces. By using an approximate linear stability analysis and by analysing the frequency-domain effect of the control using transfer functions, we find that solutions with well-separated unstable eigenfrequencies can have narrow windows of stabilising time delays. To mitigate this issue we employ a ‘multiple time-delayed feedback’ approach, where several control terms are included to attenuate a broad range of unstable eigenfrequencies. We implement a gradient descent method to dynamically adjust the gain functions in order to reduce the need for tuning a high-dimensional parameter space. This results in a novel control method where the properties of the target state are not needed in advance, and speculative guesses can result in robust stabilisation. This enables travelling waves to be stabilised from generic turbulent states and unknown travelling waves to be obtained in highly symmetric subspaces
Synthesis Methods and Reporting Tool (SMART) for research syntheses in applied linguistics
No full textThis article presents the Synthesis Methods and Reporting Tool (SMART), a guide on methodological and reporting practices for all types of research synthesis (RS) in applied linguistics. SMART is developed based on published RSs and methodological publications on RS in applied linguistics and RS checklists in other disciplines. To ensure SMART is field-specific, a group of RS specialists in applied linguistics provided input and feedback. SMART is underpinned by four principles (STAR): systematicity, transparency, accessibility, and reflexivity, and comprises three key stages (preparation, method, and reporting); it aims to cover all procedures and practices that need to be considered before, during, and after conducting an RS. A unique feature of SMART is the inclusion of baseline and preferred practices: ‘baseline practices' refer to minimum requirements that an RS needs to meet while ‘preferred practices' provide suggestions that researchers are encouraged to implement. The introduction of SMART provides the applied linguistics community, especially those new to RS, with an easy-to-use tool to guide RS methodologies. While the intention is not to replace other RS tools, SMART is developed to be responsive to the development, standard, and characteristics of RS in applied linguistics
Deep-red to NIR solution-processed OLEDs of donor-decorated quinoxaline-based TADF aggregates
No full textWe report the use of an extended π-conjugated electron-deficient “pyrazino[2,3-g]quinoxaline (PQ)” as a strong, planar acceptor in a donor–acceptor thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter design to achieve deep-red to NIR emission. A pair of multi-donor–acceptor (multi-D–A) emitters, 4DMAC-TPPQ and 4PXZ-TPPQ, using PQ as the strong acceptor and dimethylacridine (DMAC) and phenoxazine (PXZ) as strong donors, respectively, emit at 650 and 762 nm in toluene, which is significantly red-shifted in comparison to the parent compound TPPQ (λPL = 456 nm). Both compounds show aggregation-induced emission enhancement in THF:water mixtures. Both compounds exhibit TADF as doped films in 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP) and as neat films. The emission of the neat film is similar to that in toluene with λPL of 654 and 770 nm for 4DMAC-TPPQ and 4PXZ-TPPQ, respectively. Solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes (SP-OLEDs) of neat 4DMAC-TPPQ showed electroluminescence (λEL) at 685 nm and an EQEmax of 0.3%, while the device with 4PXZ-TPPQ emitted at an λEL of 780 nm and showed an EQEmax of 0.04%. The OLEDs with 4PXZ-TPPQ showed the most red-shifted emission amongst those employing TADF emitters containing a quinoxaline-type acceptor
Predictive policing in Sweden:the case of STATUS
No full textThe chapter examines the impact of the STATUS system, licenced from the private company Qlik, on the implementation of crime policy in Sweden. The Swedish police are placed at the forefront of police science through the early strategic use of computer science and digital tools. Following the integration of various smaller subsystems from the 90s, STATUS was developed in 2005 and has been in operation since 2015, integrating various applications to visualise data on the Swedish police intranet. It supports decision-making at multiple levels by providing a common platform for all police staff. While effective in crime analysis, STATUS lacks advanced predictive capabilities. The system's dual nature supports both bottom-up knowledge production and top-down policies, emphasising interoperability, which enhances methodical policing capabilities but raises security and accountability concerns. The chapter also explores the concept of police science, highlighting how historical developments in Swedish police unification and technological advancements have shaped modern policing. Understanding the genealogy and historical context of these technologies is crucial for comprehending their future implications
Exploiting <i>in situ</i> NMR spectroscopy to understand non-traditional methods for zeolite synthesis
No full textZeolite-formation mechanisms have long been the subject of intensive study, with most work concentrating on hydrothermal mechanisms. However, non-traditional zeolite syntheses that do not rely on hydrothermal crystallisation have provided a number of new routes to interesting and unexpected new materials, but their formation mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we show how simultaneous in situ liquid- and solid-state 29Si NMR spectroscopy can reveal the mechanism of the formation of a zeolite from a layered silicate precursor. The study provides evidence for the species that are intercalated into the layered material and establishes those that are involved in building the inter-layer, zeolitic connections as a function of time during the zeolite formation process
Previous reproductive success informs nest-building decisions
No full textBehavioral outcomes, including foraging efficiency and reproductive success, often improve with age and with repeated breeding attempts. Here we examined the role of previous experience on the nest-building behavior of wild blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus. In particular, we focused on how previous success or failure in rearing nestlings shapes nest-building decisions in subsequent years. We found that previous breeding outcome is important for predicting nest building decisions in blue tits: birds that had previously raised fledglings added insulating material at a similar rate as they had when they built their first nest. Some birds that had been previously unsuccessful changed their rate of adding insulating material and then were more likely to produce fledglings. These responses indicate that at least some of the decisions made by wild nest-building birds are based on their own experience of past breeding seasons
Mapping relative risk to seabirds from offshore wind energy developments in Danish waters
No full textBased on 243 days of aerial Distance Sampling line transect surveys of birds in Danish marine areas over the past 24 years we developed this risk assessment algorithm for birds and offshore wind farm development. The assessment was based on abundance estimates from 17 marine bird species and their susceptibility towards offshore wind farm development. Using habitat, displacement and collision risk layers we classified the Danish marine areas in least and greatest risk of impacts to marine birds
Anomalous δ<sup>15</sup>N values in the Neoarchean associated with an abundant supply of hydrothermal ammonium
No full textUnusually high δ15N values in the Neoarchean sedimentary record in the time period from 2.8 to 2.6 Ga, termed the Nitrogen Isotope Event (NIE), might be explained by aerobic N cycling prior to the Great Oxidation Event (GOE). Here we report strongly positive δ15N values up to +42.5 ‰ in ~2.75 – 2.73 Ga shallow-marine carbonates from Zimbabwe. As the corresponding deeper-marine shales exhibit negative δ15N values that are explained by partial biological uptake from a large ammonium reservoir, we interpret our data to have resulted from hydrothermal upwelling of 15N-rich ammonium into shallow, partially oxic waters, consistent with uranium isotope variations. This work shows that anomalous N isotope signatures at the onset of the NIE temporally correlate with extensive volcanic and hydrothermal activity both locally and globally, which may have stimulated primary production and spurred biological innovation in the lead-up to the GOE