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Graphs on groups
No full textThe prototype for the graphs defined here is the commuting graph of a group, whose vertices are the group elements, two vertices being joined if they commute. A number of related graphs have been defined recently, including the power graph, generating graph, and independence graph.My purpose is to survey these graphs together, and indicate how they can be used to define old and new classes of groups, to characterise the groups by properties of the graphs, and in some cases to find beautiful and interesting graphs defined by groups.<br/
Enhancing diagnostic accuracy of ophthalmological conditions with complex prompts in GPT-4:comparative analysis of global and low- and middle-income country (LMIC)–specific pathologies
No full textBackground: The global incidence of blindness has continued to increase, despite the enactment of a Global Eye Health Action Plan by the World Health Assembly. This can be attributed, in part, to an aging population, but also to the limited diagnostic resources within low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The advent of generative artificial intelligence (AI) within health care could pose a novel solution to combating the prevalence of blindness globally. Objective: The objectives of this study are to quantify the effect the addition of a complex prompt has on the diagnostic accuracy of a commercially available LLM, and to assess whether such LLMs are better or worse at diagnosing conditions that are more prevalent in LMICs. Methods: Ten clinical vignettes representing globally and LMIC-prevalent ophthalmological conditions were presented to GPT-4‐0125-preview using simple and complex prompts. Diagnostic performance metrics, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV), were calculated. Statistical comparison between prompts was conducted using a chi-square test of independence. Results: The complex prompt achieved a higher diagnostic accuracy (90.1%) compared to the simple prompt (60.4%), with a statistically significant difference (χ2=428.86; P<.001). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were consistently improved for most conditions with the complex prompt. The simple prompt struggled with LMIC-prevalent conditions, diagnosing only 1 of 5 accurately, while the complex prompt successfully diagnosed 4 of 5. Conclusions: The study established that overall, the inclusion of a complex prompt positively affected the diagnostic accuracy of GPT-4‐0125-preview, particularly for LMIC-prevalent conditions. This highlights the potential for LLMs, when appropriately tailored, to support clinicians in diverse health care settings. Future research should explore the generalizability of these findings across other models and specialties.</p
Rethinking the history of microbiology:new actors, geographies, places of knowledge, and ecologies
No full textIn this introduction, we first paint a panorama of the historiography of microbiology from the end of the nineteenth century until today, spanning from Pasteurian hagiographies, institutional histories, STS-informed analyses to critical research on the emergence of microbiology in an age of global empires. We then suggest three possibilities for historians and anthropologists to rethink the past and present of microbiology: 1) by centralizing the focus of their analyses on geographies and actors outside of the realm of the Pasteur Institute and of the Pasteurians; 2) by studying places of knowledge beyond the laboratory and their interactions with the laboratory; and 3) by researching the past and present of complex ecologies that go beyond sole interactions between humans and pathogenic microbes. These three ways of recentralizing the history of microbiology are not unprecedented nor were they firstly enacted in this collection. On the contrary, this collection builds on a growing stream of innovative research and widens current avenues of research, helping thus to rethink the history of microbiology in a more global and inclusive way
Between you and me and the bedpost:gossip and the social life of the British armed forces in the First World War
No full textDo chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>) mentally represent collaboration?:Action-learning and communication in a partnered task
No full textNon-human primates engage in complex collective behaviours, but existing research does not paint a clear picture of what individuals cognitively represent when they act together. This study investigates chimpanzees’ capacity for co-representation. If individuals represent others’ actions as they relate to their own during a collaborative task, they should more easily learn to reproduce that action when their roles are switched. In a between-subjects design, we trained ten chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) on a sequential task, in which the first action is performed by either a human partner or a non-social object, and the second action is performed by the subject. We then imposed a breakdown in the action sequence, in which subjects could perform both actions themselves, but received no help from the experimenter or object. We measured subjects’ success in reproducing the first action in the sequence, as well as their attempts to recruit the experimenter’s help using requesting gestures. We found no overall difference in subjects’ ability to perform the first action in the sequence, but we observed significant qualitative differences in their solutions: individuals in the partnered condition replicated the experimenter’s action, while those in the non-social condition achieved the same end using alternative methods. This difference in solution style could indicate that only those chimpanzees in the partnered condition mentally represented the experimenter’s action during the collaborative task. We caution, however, that given the small number of subjects who solved the task, this result could also be driven by individual differences. We also found that subjects consistently produced communicative gestures toward the experimenter, but were more likely to do so after exhausting all actions they could take alone. We suggest that these patterns of behaviour highlight a number of key empirical considerations for the study of coordination in non-human primates
An ethics of duty in the absence of hope:bereaved family activism in the aftermath of the Sewol ferry disaster
No full textFamilies bereaved by the Sewol Ferry Disaster, who have been campaigning for truth, accountability, and memorialisation in South Korea since 2014, are not driven by hope. While they widely acknowledge their activism to be effectively thwarted by conditions that exceed them, the bereaved of Sewol continue to populate the everyday with a ceaseless flow of actions, however minute they may seem in the grand scheme of things. I suggest that the concept of duty refines and supplements our understanding of activism that continues in spite of hopeless circumstances. In conversation with the anthropology of hope, I propose an understanding of activist projects not defined exclusively by teleology but also by infinitude
The Trump effect on EU-Russia relations:disruption as an opportunity? The end of Pax Americana focuses minds, but does not establish a new order
No full textDonald J. Trump's return to the White House has focused the minds of European leaders who are seeking to accelerate Europe's diversification of energy supplies away from Russia. So far, this has not lead to a radical overhaul to what Europe's future relationship with Russia might or should be. Russia and the EU both remain entrenched in their own positions, just like they were during the Biden administration. As regards Europe, two initiative are gaining momentum (Readiness 2030 e a post-Brexit reset with the UK), whereas Russia keeps staying the course in its grinding war on Ukraine, convinced as it is that it will outlive both Ukraine's desire and capability to fight and western resolve
Non-Markovian effects in long-range polariton-mediated energy transfer
No full textIntramolecular energy transfer driven by near-field effects plays an important role in applications ranging from biophysics and chemistry to nano-optics and quantum communications. Advances in strong light–matter coupling in molecular systems have opened new possibilities to control energy transfer. In particular, long-distance energy transfer between molecules has been reported as the result of their mutual coupling to cavity photon modes and the formation of hybrid polariton states. In addition to strong coupling to light, molecular systems also show strong interactions between electronic and vibrational modes. The latter can act as a reservoir for energy to facilitate off-resonant transitions and, therefore, energy relaxation between polaritonic states at different energies. However, the non-Markovian nature of these modes makes it challenging to accurately simulate these effects. Here, we capture them via process tensor matrix product operator methods to describe exactly the vibrational environment of the molecules combined with a mean-field treatment of the light–matter interaction. In particular, we study the emission dynamics of a system consisting of two spatially separated layers of different species of molecules coupled to a common photon mode and show that the strength of coupling to the vibrational bath plays a crucial role in governing the dynamics of the energy of the emitted light; at strong vibrational coupling, this dynamics shows strongly non-Markovian effects, eventually leading to polaron formation. Our results shed light on polaritonic long-range energy transfer and provide further understanding of the role of vibrational modes of relevance to the growing field of molecular polaritonics
Particle algorithms for animal movement modelling in receiver arrays
No full text1. Particle filters and smoothers are sequential Monte Carlo algorithms used to fit non-linear, non-Gaussian state-space models. These algorithms are well placed to fit process-oriented models to animal-tracking data, especially in receiver arrays, but to date they have received limited attention in the ecological literature. 2. We introduce a Bayesian filtering–smoothing algorithm that reconstructs individual movements and patterns of space use from animal-tracking data, with a focus on passive acoustic telemetry systems. Within a sound probabilistic framework, the methodology integrates the movement process and the observation processes of disparate datasets, while correctly representing uncertainty. In a simulation-based analysis, we compare the performance of our algorithm to the prevailing heuristic methods used to study movements and space use in passive acoustic telemetry systems and analyse algorithm sensitivity. 3. We find the particle smoothing methodology outperforms heuristic methods across the board. Particle-based maps represent simulated movements more accurately, even in dense receiver arrays, and are better suited to analyses of home ranges, residency and habitat preferences. 4. This study sets a new state-of-the-art for movement modelling in receiver arrays. Particle algorithms provide a robust, flexible and intuitive modelling framework with potential applications in many ecological settings