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Experimental Analysis of Incomplete Preferences
No full textSome multicriteria decision models allow decision-makers to express that two alternatives are incomparable: i.e. no strict preference nor indifference holds. Various motives can lead decision- makers to express incomparability: uncertainty on evaluations of the alternatives, unsufficient ex- perience in the decision field, refusal to endorse a commiting decision. . . This research investigates incompleteness of preferences resulting from multicriteria conflict. In a conflictual comparison, each alternative is superior to the other on at least one attribute (i.e. no dominance holds). In this work, we investigate empirically the effect of conflict between alternatives and proximity of the isopreference curves to which they belong on the tendency to express incomparability. We test the hypothesis that comparisons involving alternatives located on the same isopreference curve, and with a high conflict are more likely to elicit incomparability statements. We also test the confused symmetry hypothesis following which when assessed by elicitation technique allowing indifference as the only symmetrical answer, decision-makers will use it to express indifference or incomparability, indiscriminately. We carried out a behavioral experiment on 47 undergraduate students at Ecole Centrale Paris, who were likely to be looking for an accomodation for their upcoming training course. Their main task was to make pairwise comparisons on apartments which differed on rent and accessibility. We found that a greater conflict does lead to a greater number of incomparability statements, but also that proximity of isopreference curves does not increase incomparability. Our data strongly confirms the confused symmetry hypothesis, and we propose a heuristics model following which decision- makers first choose to express a strict or symmetrical preference, then determine which symmetrical preference fits their “views” or their thoughts better (if indifference and incomparability are both allowed). Moreover, we found that for comparisons involving alternatives located on the same isopreference curve, incomparability decreases with their overall value.ouinonouirechercheInternationa
The Influence of Individual, Contextual, and Social Factors on Perceived Behavioral Control of Information Technology: A Field Theory Approach
No full textOrganizations are increasingly concerned about ensuring that workers have sufficient sense of control over the information technology (IT) that they use. However, we know little about the antecedents of the end user’s perceived behavioral control (PBC) with respect to IT. Drawing on Kurt Lewin’s field theory, the present study responds to this concern by formulating and testing a model whereby individual, contextual, and social forces influence PBC directly and indirectly via computer anxiety. In order to test the model, a survey was conducted in France with IT end users enrolled in professional training programs. The results show that increasing autonomy, offering appropriate managerial support, reducing work overload, and perceived innovativeness with IT can together reduce computer anxiety and increase PBC. These findings emphasize the forces that managers can manipulate in order to foster users’ feelings of control with respect to IT in the workplace. Following this, the paper makes three main contributions to research. First, it increases our knowledge of the nomological net surrounding PBC by shedding light on the joint influences of internal, external, and social forces on this variable. Second, it reveals the role of computer anxiety, emphasizing that it is an important conduit through which these forces influence workers’ PBC. Third, the paper shows how Lewin’s field theory can help to create richer and less fragmented models in order to capture more fully the determinants of IT adoption and adaptation. The practical implications regarding the actions that managers can take in order to increase workers’ PBC are discussed.ouinonouirechercheInternationa
Stochastic homogenization of viscous Hamilton-Jacobi equations and applications
No full textWe present stochastic homogenization results for viscous Hamilton-Jacobi equations using a new argument which is based only on the subadditive structure of maximal subsolutions (solutions of the "metric problem"). This permits us to give qualitative homogenization results under very general hypotheses: in particular, we treat non-uniformly coercive Hamiltonians which satisfy instead a weaker averaging condition. As an application, we derive a general quenched large deviations principle for diffusions in random environments and with absorbing random potentials.nonnonouirechercheInternationa
Mean field games systems of first order
No full textWe consider a system of mean field games with local coupling in the deterministic limit. Under general structure conditions on the Hamiltonian and coupling, we prove existence and uniqueness of the weak solution, characterizing this solution as the minimizer of some optimal control of Hamilton-Jacobi and continuity equations. We also prove that this solution converges in the long time average to the solution of the associated ergodic problem.nonnonouirechercheInternationa
Economic Growth from a Structural Unobserved Component Modeling: The Case of Senegal
No full textUsing the structural unobserved component (UC) modeling, this study analyzes the Senegalese economic growth path after 5 decades of independence by focusing on the potential output, the GDP cycle and the type of shocks on the GDP. Empirical evidence suggests that an inventory cycle mainly drives the GDP short-term component with a time-varying extent of fluctuations. The main sources of shocks result from external determining factors with an impact on the long run. However, their persistent effects have been mitigated particularly since the devaluation of 1994. International institutions have partially motivated the relative successful GDP growth path of Senegal. Nevertheless, some structural internal improvements are needed to balance the financial and productive flaws in order to consolidate both the "resilience" to shocks and the macroeconomic stabilization.nonouirechercheInternationa
On Convergence Rates of Empirical Bayes Procedures
No full textEmpirical Bayes procedures are commonly used based on the supposedasymptotic equivalence with fully Bayesian procedures, which, however, has not sofar received full theoretical support in terms of uncertainty quantification. In thisnote, we provide some results on contraction rates of empirical Bayes posteriordistributions which are illustrated in nonparametric curve estimation using Dirichletprocess mixture models.Le procedure bayesiane empiriche sono comunemente utilizzate sulla
base di una presunta equivalenza asintotica con quelle propriamente bayesiane,
la quale, tuttavia, non ha finora ricevuto piena giustificazione teorica in termini di
quantificazione dell’incertezza. In questa nota si forniscono alcuni risultati sulla
velocità di convergenza della distribuzione finale bayesiana empirica che sono il-
lustrati nel caso della stima non parametrica di curve mediante modelli miscuglio
di processi di Dirichlet.nonouirechercheInternationa
Border Carbon Ajustment in Europe and Trade Retaliation: What would be the Cost for European Union?
No full textUnilateral climate policy, such as carbon pricing, represents an additional cost to the economy, especially to energy-intensive industrial sectors, as well as those exposed to international competition. A border carbon adjustment (BCA) is often presented as an attractive policy option for countries that wish to go ahead without waiting for a global climate agreement. We used the computable general equilibrium model MIRAGE to simulate the impact of the introduction of a BCA on imports of energy-intensive products in EU and EFTA countries and to evaluate the exports their main trade partners would lose. Given that a BCA is a trade measure, it might cause disputes at the World Trade Organization (WTO). If the BCA is considered illegal, the losses suffered by some partners may justify trade retaliations. At that point, it would be likely that prohibitive retaliatory tariffs target sensitive products in the EU, which are often related to the European agricultural sector. These trade measures would limit the drop in production in the energy-intensive and trade-exposed (EITE) sectors, but at the expense of the other sectors. Nevertheless, neither the BCA nor retaliation would have sizeable impacts on real income or GDP in the EU or on the retaliators, while leading to a small decrease in global emissions.nonnonouirechercheInternationa
Règles de dominance pour la recherche de solutions Choquet-optimales en optimisation combinatoire multi-objectifs
No full textnonnonrechercheNationa
Multiagent Fair Optimization with Lorenz Dominance
No full textThis paper deals with fair optimization problems where several agents are involved. In this setting, a solution is evaluated by a vector whose components are the utility of the agents for this solution, and one looks for solutions that fairly satisfy all the agents. Lorenz dominance has been proposed in economics to refine the Pareto dominance by taking into account satisfaction inequality among the agents. The computation of Lorenz efficient solutions in multiagent optimization is however challenging (it has been shown intractable and NP-hard on certain problems). Nevertheless, to our knowledge, very few works address this problem. We propose thus in this work new methods to generate Lorenz efficient solutions. More precisely, we consider the adaptation of the well-known two-phase method proposed in biobjective optimization to the bi-agent optimization case, where one wants to directly compute the Lorenz efficient solutions. We study the efficiency of our method by applying it on the bi-agent knapsack problem.nonouirechercheInternationa
Informal interorganizational relations and dynamic capabilities : an analysis of microfoundations
No full textAlors que les relations formelles entre organisations comme les alliances ont été largement étudiées, les relations inter-organisationnelles informelles demandent à être mieux comprises. Comment l'organisation gère-t-elle ses relations inter-organisationnelles informelles ? Quels sont les effets de ces relations sur l'entreprise ? Comment peut-on essayer d'organiser d'une façon consciente des actions d'influence de l'environnement au travers de ces relations ? Pour aborder ces questions, nous avons choisi d'utiliser le cadre de la théorie des capacités dynamiques, qui accorde une place importante aux relations entre l'entreprise et son environnement. Les capacités dynamiques de l'entreprise peuvent être définies comme la capacité à détecter et façonner des opportunités et des menaces, à saisir des opportunités, et à reconfigurer les ressources de la firme. Répondant à l'appel des chercheurs sur les capacités dynamiques, cette thèse analyse les micro-fondations de ces capacités. Notre étude s'appuie sur une analyse des individus "passeurs de frontières" qui participent aux relations inter-organisationnelles informelles au nom de leur entreprise. Nos travaux pointent les contributions des passeurs de frontières aux capacités dynamiques de l'entreprise et conceptualisent la capacité à gérer des relations inter-organisationnelles informelles comme capacité dynamiqueWhereas formal relations such as alliances have been well-studied, informal inter-organizational relations still need to be analyzed. This gap in the literature leads to the following research questions: How do organizations manage their informal inter-organizational relations? What are the effects of such relations? How can firms organize influencing activities based on these relations? The theory of dynamic capabilities addresses relations between the firm and its environment. The dynamic capabilities of the firm can be defined as the capacity of the firm to sense and shape opportunities and threats, to seize opportunities and to reconfigure assets. They permit the organization to adapt to and to shape its environment. This work contributes to answering the call from researchers to analyze the microfoundations of dynamic capabilities. It studies the role played by boundary spanners, individuals playing an interfacing role between the firm and its environment, in the dynamic capabilities of the firm. Further, this research leads to the conceptualization of the capacity to manage informal interorganizational relations as a dynamic capability allowing the firm to develop its absorptive capacity, legitimacy and influence on its environmen