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Measuring the unmeasured : an institutional entrepreneur strategy in an emerging industry
No full textThe organizational literature on emerging industries has emphasized the need for institutional entrepreneurs - actors who give the new activity legitimacy and determine its patterns of behaviour. However, little empirical research has been carried out on the strategies that institutional entrepreneurs employ in order to achieve legitimacy for their activity. In this article, we suggest that an institutional entrepreneur can use the development of measurement tools as a strategy to develop its own legitimacy and power. By looking at a French entrepreneurial company’s development of tools to measure corporate social performance, we analyse how measurement tools influence the legitimacy of an industry and the systemic power within it. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings for research into measurement tools in the areas of management or business and society.ouinonouirechercheInternationa
Diffusion d’information sociétale et stratégie de légitimation : une étude longitudinale appliquée au cas Péchiney
No full textouinonouirechercheNationa
Aléas de carrières des seniors et impact sur les retraites
No full textLa diversité des parcours de vie n’est pas sans incidence sur les départs à la retraite et sur le niveau de vie des retraités. Cette diversité est ainsi devenue un thème central dans la réflexion sur les systèmes de retraite. Les parcours professionnels et familiaux sont-ils plus accidentés pour les femmes que les hommes ? Les aléas de carrière sont-ils plus nombreux pour certaines tranches d’âge, pour certaines générations ? Comment faut-il compenser les interruptions d’activité ? Quel est l’impact de ces différents aléas sur le montant des pensions de retraite ? L’étude propose dans un premier temps, à partir de l’enquête Patrimoine (2003-2004) de l’Insee, une analyse des aléas sur l’ensemble de la carrière des individus des générations 1938 à 1948 et met ainsi en évidence de nouvelles tendances quant à l’évolution des trajectoires professionnelles notamment selon le genre et la génération. Dans un second temps, une évaluation par cas-type de l’incidence des aléas de carrière sur les droits à pension est effectuée.Career Interruptions of Seniors and Impact on the Pension Benefits- Abstract - The diversity of working life has an impact on retirement age and the pension benefits. Employment breaks like unemployment or parental leave will reduce earnings and pension benefits in the future. This paper provides empirical evidence on the trajectories between men and women for generations 1938-1944 and anlyses how the timing of employment breaks affects pension benefits in France. By using a data set from French survey (Patrimoine 2003-2004), the paper examines, firstly, the employment histories of generations 1938-1948. Secondly, it focuses on the impact of these interruptions on the pension rights by considering the methodology of type’s cases.ouinonouirechercheNationa
L'épargne des ménages au Maroc : une évaluation macroéconomique et microéconomique
No full textouinonouirechercheNationa
Representing Utility Functions via Weighted Goals
No full textWe analyze the expressivity, succinctness, and complexity of a family of languages based on weighted propositional formulas for the representation of utility functions. The central idea underlying this form of preference modeling is to associate numerical weights with goals specified in terms of propositional formulas, and to compute the utility value of an alternative as the sum of the weights of the goals it satisfies. We define a large number of representation languages based on this idea, each characterized by a set of restrictions on the syntax of formulas and the range of weights. Our aims are threefold. First, for each language we try to identify the class of utility functions it can express. Second, when different languages can express the same class of utility functions, one may allow for a more succinct representation than another. Therefore, we analyze the relative succinctness of languages. Third, for each language we study the computational complexity of the problem of finding the most preferred alternative given a utility function expressed in that languageouinonouirechercheInternationa
Completeness in standard and differential approximation classes: Poly-(D)APX- and (D)PTAS-completeness
No full textSeveral problems are known to be APX-, DAPX-, PTAS-, or Poly-APX-PB-complete under suitably defined approximation-preserving reductions. But, to our knowledge, no natural problem is known to be PTAS-complete and no problem at all is known to be Poly-APX-complete. On the other hand, DPTAS- and Poly-DAPX-completeness have not been studied until now. We first prove in this paper the existence of natural Poly-APX- and Poly-DAPX-complete problems under the well known PTAS-reduction and under the DPTAS-reduction (defined in “G. Ausiello, C. Bazgan, M. Demange, and V. Th. Paschos, Completeness in differential approximation classes, MFCS’03”), respectively. Next, we deal with PTAS- and DPTAS-completeness. We introduce approximation preserving reductions, called FT and DFT, respectively, and prove that, under these new reductions, natural problems are PTAS-complete, or DPTAS-complete. Then, we deal with the existence of intermediate problems under our reductions and we partially answer this question showing that the existence of NPO-intermediate problems under Turing-reductions is a sufficient condition for the existence of intermediate problems under both FT- and DFT-reductions. Finally, we show that MIN COLORING is DAPX-complete under DPTAS-reductions. This is the first DAPX-complete problem that is not simultaneously APX-complete.ouinonouirechercheInternationa
Institutional entrepreneurs as translators : a comparative study in an emerging activity
No full textouinonouirechercheInternationa
Preference Handling in Combinatorial Domains: From AI to Social Choice
No full textIn both individual and collective decision making, the space of alternatives from which the agent (or the group of agents) has to choose often has a combinatorial (or multi-attribute) structure. We give an introduction to preference handling in combinatorial domains in the context of collective decision making, and show that the considerable body of work on preference representation and elicitation that AI researchers have been working on for several years is particularly relevant. After giving an overview of languages for compact representation of preferences, we discuss problems in voting in combinatorial domains, and then focus on multiagent resource allocation and fair division. These issues belong to a larger field, known as computational social choice, that brings together ideas from AI and social choice theory, to investigate mechanisms for collective decision making from a computational point of view. We conclude by briefly describing some of the other research topics studied in computational social choice.ouinonouirechercheInternationa
Institutional entrepreneurs as translators : a comparative study in an emerging activity
No full textThis paper analyzes the reasons why some institutional entrepreneurship strategies failed to translate an institution while other succeeded, by paying a specific attention to the interaction between material and discursive dimensions in the translation process. A theoretical framework integrating both dimensions of translation is first proposed in order to study strategies of competing entrepreneurs. Then a comparative study of three entrepreneurs translating practices of corporate social evaluation in the French context is used to investigate the processes through which competing translators achieved their objective more or less successfully.ouinonouirechercheInternationa
A Short Introduction to Computational Social Choice
No full textComputational social choice is an interdisciplinary field ofstudy at the interface of social choice theory and computer science, promoting an exchange of ideas in both directions. On the one hand, it is concerned with the application of techniques developed in computerscience, such as complexity analysis or algorithm design, to the studyof social choice mechanisms, such as voting procedures or fair divisionalgorithms. On the other hand, computational social choice is concernedwith importing concepts from social choice theory into computing. Forinstance, the study of preference aggregation mechanisms is also veryrelevant to multiagent systems. In this short paper we give a generalintroduction to computational social choice, by proposing a taxonomyof the issues addressed by this discipline, together with some illustrativeexamples and an (incomplete) bibliography.ouinonouirechercheInternationa