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    Context matters: adapting and validating the TEDS-instruct observation instrument assessing teaching quality for its use in Norwegian primary education

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    The current investigation aims to adapt and validate the Teacher Education and Development Study-Instruct observation instrument for assessing teaching quality in new contexts: Norwegian Grade 6 mathematics and science lessons. More specifically, the article examines content validity and reliability in the new contexts using a multi-methods approach, involving the Delphi technique and generalizability theory. Findings suggest that while the core components of the instrument are relevant in the new contexts, specific adaptations are necessary to capture teaching quality in a more nuanced and meaningful way. Based on the findings, specific adaptions are made to the instrument. Finally, recommendations for developing and using the instrument in the new contexts are provided. The current investigation underscores the importance of contextual sensitivity in the assessment of teaching quality

    Device-based measurement of lifestyle-related variables from the hip

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    Physical activity epidemiology is the study of patterns, risks, and effects of physical activity within populations. It plays a crucial role in understanding how physical activity influences health outcomes, such as reducing the risk of chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. An important prerequisite is the accurate measurement of physical activity, which can be assessed in various ways. A popular method due to its cheap and unobtrusive application is accelerometry. In accelerometry, small sensors are attached to the body to measure raw acceleration from which various lifestyle-related variables such as physical activity, sedentary time and sleep are estimated. However, raw acceleration patterns are highly sensitive to where the sensor is placed on the body. In this thesis, we focus on acceleration data collected from the hip. Hip placement has previously only been used during daytime with the accelerometer being removed over night. While methods for detecting sleep from other device placements have been developed, such methods are missing for hip accelerometry. Here, we introduce the first algorithm to estimate time in bed specifically from raw hip acceleration to extend the methodology to 24 h recording. The algorithm achieves an accuracy of 94 % on the training data and 92 % on unseen data from the same population. Together with other recently developed and hip-specific algorithms we provide this algorithm in a comprehensive and publicly available software package. Our subsequent research focuses on identifying and investigating potential limitations of hip-based accelerometry in general, but also with emphasis on the 24 h methodology. We show that posthoc autocalibration leads to up to 14 % less observed moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Autocalibration utilizes quasi-static data, e.g., from during night time, to estimate and correct the device’s calibration. Finally, we explore the impact of algorithm selection on the estimation of sedentary time. To estimate sedentary time in 24 h recordings, non-wear time and sleep have to be identified and removed. We show that estimated sedentary time varies between 3 h and 13.5 h on the same dataset between different algorithm combinations, thus severely affecting the interpretation of sedentary behavior especially between studies. Collectively, these contributions enhance and extend the hip-based accelerometry methodology for 24 h recordings. The proposed time in bed algorithm enables the analysis of sedentary time and time in bed itself on a population level. This is of particular interest for studies currently using a 24 h hip-based protocol like the Tromsø Study or the German National Cohort Study. Additionally, this work facilitates retrospective analysis in studies which have initially collected data from hip, but are now using, for example, wrist accelerometry. However, it remains a challenge to overcome the huge variations observed in estimates resulting from different methods and method combinations.Fysisk aktivitet spiller en avgjørende rolle for helse. For eksempel reduserer fysisk aktivitet risikoen for kroniske sykdommer som hjerte- og karsykdommer, diabetes eller fedme. For forskningen er den nøyaktige målingen av fysisk aktivitet en viktig forutsetning. En populær metode å måle fysisk aktivitet er akselerometri på grunn av sin billige og enkelte applikasjon. I akselerometri er små sensorer festet til kroppen for å måle akselerasjon som ulike livsstilsrelaterte variabler som fysisk aktivitet, inaktivitet eller søvn kan estimeres fra. Fordi akselerasjonsmønstre er svært følsomme for hvor sensoren er plassert på kroppen, trengs det ofte ulike metoder for forskjellige plasseringer. I denne avhandlingen fokuserer vi oss på akselerasjonsdata samlet inn fra hoften. Hofteplassering har tidligere kun vært brukt på dagtid med akselerometeret fjernet over natten. Mens det er utviklet metoder for å oppdage søvn fra andre plasseringer, mangler slike metoder for hofteakselerometri. Her introduserer vi den første algoritmen for å estimere tiden i sengen fra rå hofteakselerasjon for å utvide metodikken til 24 h måling. Algoritmen oppnår en nøyaktighet på 94 % på treningsdataene og 92 % på usett data fra samme populasjon. Sammen med andre nylig utviklede og hoftespesifikke algoritmer leverer vi denne algoritmen i en omfattende og offentlig tilgjengelig programvarepakke. Vår påfølgende forskning fokuserer på å identifisere og undersøke potensielle begrensninger ved hoftebasert akselerometri generelt, men også med fokus på 24 h metodikken. Vi viser at posthoc autokalibrering fører til opptil 14 % mindre observert moderat til kraftig fysisk aktivitet. Autokalibrering bruker kvasi-statiske data, for eksempel fra natten, for å estimere og korrigere kalibreringen. Til slutt utforsker vi hvordan algoritmevalg påvirker estimeringen av fysisk inaktivitet. For å beregne inaktiv tid i 24 h opptak, må tiden hvor akselerometer var avtatt og søvn identifiseres. Vi viser at estimert fysisk inaktivitet varierer mellom 3 h og 13.5 h mellom ulike algoritmekombinasjoner på samme datasett, og dermed alvorlig påvirke interpretasjonen av fysisk inaktivitet spesielt mellom studier. Oppsummert forbedrer og utvider disse bidragene den hoftebaserte akselerometrimetodikken for 24 h applikasjon. Den foreslåtte tid i seng algoritmen gjør det mulig å analysere fysisk inaktivitet og tid i sengen selv på populasjonsnivå. Dette er spesielt interessant for studier som allerede bruker en 24 h hoftebasert protokoll som Tromsøundersøkelsen eller tyske nasjonale kohortstudien. I tillegg letter dette arbeidet retrospektiv analyse i studier som i utgangspunktet har samlet inn data fra hoften, men som nå bruker for eksempel håndleddsakselerometri. Det forblir likevel en utfordring å forene de enorme forskjellene som finnes mellom de ulike metodene og metodekombinasjonene.Physische Aktivität spielt eine entscheidende Rolle für die menschliche Gesundheit. Beispielsweise senkt sie nachweislich das Risiko verschiedener chronischer Krankheiten wie Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen, Diabetes oder Fettleibigkeit. Eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die Erforschung dieser Effekte ist die korrekte Messung körperlicher Aktivität. Eine, auf Grund ihrer kostengünstigen und unaufdringlichen Anwendung, beliebte Methode ist die Akzelerometrie. Bei der Akzelerometrie werden kleine Sensoren, sogenannte Akzelerometer, am Körper angebracht, um die jeweilige Beschleunigung zu messen. Aus diesen Beschleunigungsdaten lassen sich dann verschiedene lebensstilbezogene Variablen wie körperliche Aktivität, Inaktivität, oder Schlaf schätzen. Die jeweiligen Beschleunigungsmuster reagieren jedoch sehr empfindlich darauf, wo am Körper der Sensor platziert ist. Dementsprechend werden für verschiedene Sensorplatzierungen häufig eigene Methoden benötigt. In dieser Arbeit konzentrieren wir uns auf Beschleunigungsdaten, welche an der Hüfte gemessen werden. Die Platzierung an der Hüfte wurde bisher vor allem tagsüber angewandt und der Akzelerometer über Nacht entfernt. Während Methoden zur Schlaferkennung für andere Sensorplatzierungen entwickelt wurden, fehlen solche Methoden für die Hüftakzelerometrie. In dieser Arbeit stellen wir daher den ersten Algorithmus vor, der die Zeit im Bett speziell anhand der Beschleunigung der Hüfte misst. Dadurch wird die vorhandene Methodik auf 24 h Aufzeichnungen erweitert. Der Algorithmus erreicht eine Genauigkeit von 94 % auf unseren Trainingsdaten und 92 % auf bei zuvor nicht gesehenen Daten aus derselben Population. Zusammen mit anderen kürzlich entwickelten und hüftspezifischen Algorithmen stellen wir diesen Algorithmus in einem umfassenden und frei verfügbaren Softwarepaket zur Verfügung. Unsere anschließende Forschung konzentriert sich auf die Identifizierung und Untersuchung potenzieller Einschränkungen der hüftbasierten Beschleunigungsmessung im Allgemeinen und der 24 h Methodik im Speziellen. Wir zeigen, dass eine nachträgliche Autokalibrierung der Sensordaten zu bis zu 14 % weniger mäßigen bis intensiven körperlichen Aktivität führt. Diese Autokalibrierung nutzt dabei quasi-statische Daten, z. B. aus der Nacht, um die Fehler in der Kalibrierung des Sensors zu schätzen und zu korrigieren. Abschließend untersuchen wir die Auswirkungen der Algorithmenauswahl auf die Schätzung der inaktiven Zeit. Um die inaktive Zeit in 24 h Aufzeichnungen zu schätzen, müssen zunächst die Zeiten in welchen der Akzelerometer nicht getragen wurde sowie Schlaf identifiziert werden. Wir zeigen, dass die geschätzte inaktive Zeit im selben Datensatz je nach gewählten Algorithmen zwischen 3 h und 13.5 h variiert, was die Interpretation der physischen Inaktivität insbesondere zwischen Studien stark erschwert. Zusammengefasst verbessern und erweitern diese Beiträge die hüftbasierte Akzelerometrie für 24 h Aufzeichnungen. Der vorgeschlagene Algorithmus für die Zeit im Bett ermöglicht die Analyse der physischen Inaktivität und der Zeit im Bett auf Bevölkerungsebene. Dies ist besonders für Studien wie die Tromsø Studie oder die deutsche NAKO Studie von Interesse, welche bereits ein hüftbasiertes 24 h Protokoll verwenden. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht diese Arbeit auch die retrospektive Analyse in Studien, die zunächst Daten von der Hüfte gesammelt haben, jetzt aber beispielsweise den Akzelerometer am Handgelenk platzieren. Es bleibt allerdings eine Herausforderung, die enormen Unterschiede welche zwischen den verschiedenen Methoden und Methodenkombinationen existieren, miteinander in Einklang zu bringen

    Planktic calcifiers: from living assemblages to proxies in the Arctic Ocean

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    Poster presentation. Conference web site at https://site.uit.no/palaeoarc2025/.Planktic foraminifers, pteropods, and coccolithophores are marine calcifiers, organisms living in the water column and found throughout all oceans, with shells made of calcium carbonate. Because of their shell, they play an important role in the carbon cycle exporting calcium carbonate from the upper ocean to the sea floor when they die and sink. If no dissolution occurs on the water column or within the sediment, their shells are found intact in the fossil record. Those are extensively used as proxies to reconstruct paleoenvironments and as biostratigraphic tools. Compared to other regions, little is known about the living faunas and annual variability and how they are reflected in Arctic Ocean sediments. Here we aim to combine data from living to fossil assemblages and from different regions in the Arctic, including the Barents Sea and Arctic Basin, and the Fram Strait. In the northern Barents Sea, we observed that pteropods drive the calcium carbonate production in the upper 100 meters of the water column. However, due to the more fragile aragonitic shell (compared to the calcitic shells of foraminifers and coccolithophores), they are rarely found in the sediments and barely used as proxies in the global ocean. In sediments from the northern Barents Sea north of the polar front, we found very low, almost zero, abundances of fossil planktic foraminifers in the upper 20 cm in the sediment despite an abundant living population in the overlaying water column through different seasons and years. Hence, studying the present assemblages is key to understanding processes, such as calcium carbonate dissolution, relevant for a more accurate interpretation of the fossil faunas. The presence and abundance of plates from coccolithophores are as the foraminifers also used in biostratigraphy in long sediment cores. In the Arctic, the first appearance datum of the species Gephyrocapsa (or Emiliania) huxleyi (c. 268 ka) and the last appearance datum of Pseudoemiliania lacunosa (c. 458 ka) have been previously used for biostratigraphy to better constrain the age models of sediment cores. In our current study, we aim to use the presence and absence of these species as age indicators for MIS 5 and MIS 11 in a 12-meter long sediment core from the Fram Strait

    Retten til medvirkning og informert samtykke - en utfordring i klinisk praksis?

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    Tittel: Retten til medvirkning og informert samtykke – en utfordring i klinisk praksis? Hensikt: Hensikt med studien er å belyse hvordan kvinner erfarer at deres rett til brukermedvirkning og informert samtykke blir ivaretatt under fødsel. Problemstilling: Hvordan erfarer kvinner at deres rett til brukermedvirkning og informert samtykke blir ivaretatt under fødsel? Metode: Kvalitativt forskningsdesign med semistrukturerte individuelle intervjuer av 10 kvinner som har født i Norge i løpet av de siste tre årene. I analysen er Malteruds systematiske tekstkondensering (STC) anvendt som metode. Resultat: Analysen resulterer i fire resultatkategorier: «forberedelsens verdi», «viktigheten av å få informasjon», «å bli hørt under fødsel» og «trygghet og tillit til jordmor». Kvinnene erfarte at forberedelsene de gjorde i forkant kunne være nyttig under fødsel, men det avdekkes også at det ikke alltid er av like stor betydning. Videre er grundig og forståelig informasjon både før og underveis i fødselen nødvendig for å kunne gi informert samtykke. Kvinnene fremhever at å bli hørt er avgjørende for å føle seg inkludert og dermed kunne ta egne valg. En relasjon til jordmor basert på trygghet og tillit understrekes som essensielt for å kunne medvirke og gi informert samtykke. Konklusjon: Kvinnenes erfaringer med ivaretakelse av deres rett til brukermedvirkning og informert samtykke under fødsel er varierende. Forberedelse, informasjon, inkludering og relasjonen til jordmor understreker kvinnene som sentrale faktorer for at retten til brukermedvirkning og informert samtykke blir ivaretatt under fødsel. Studien fremhever at jordmødre bør utøve kvinnesentrert omsorg, samt øke sin kunnskap om kvinners rettigheter under fødsel. Nøkkelord: Brukermedvirkning, informert samtykke, fødsel, kvinner, erfaringer, kvinnesentrert omsorg, MiMo, systematisk tekstkondensering

    Transfer learning between Sentinel-1 acquisition modes enhances the few-shot segmentation of natural oil slicks in the Arctic

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    Natural seepage is a significant contributor to marine hydrocarbon inputs. Remote and intermittent seeps are difficult to monitor in the field, yet surface oil slicks can be observed by spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) because they reduce backscatter, creating potential for automatic mapping. In mapping tasks like segmentation, deep learning models excel, albeit needing large amounts of labeled images. To deal with the scarcity of labeled images, transfer learning is an approach which makes use of knowledge from related domains. In the case of oil slicks, differences between Sentinel-1 acquisition modes, such as the interferometric wide (IW) in the North Sea and extra wide (EW) in the Arctic, complicate direct model transfer. Here, we present a use case where transfer learning enhances the few-shot segmentation of natural oil slicks. We used labeled slicks in IW images in the North Sea to pretrain a series of DeepLabv3 and segment anything models (SAMs). These models were then fine-tuned on EW-labeled slicks from two documented Arctic seeps on which we have only limited observations. Our results show clear evidence that transfer learning improves segmentation, notably in challenging and noisy images. Few studies, if any, have addressed transfer learning between SAR acquisition modes. This work contributes to improved monitoring of poorly understood or yet undiscovered hydrocarbon seeps

    Original art paintings are chosen over their “color-rotated” versions because of changed color contrast

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    Rotating colors (digitally within CIELAB color space) of an artistic painting is thought to keep constant all aspects of the painting except the hues. When observers are asked to select the preferred image among color-rotated images the “original” version of the artwork is typically selected, while the hue transformed images are rejected. We hypothesized that color contrast may be reduced after such digital rotations, which was supported by feature analyses. We also found that when the original painting or rotations were viewed individually, they did not differ in both hedonic ratings and pupil responses, though observers selected the original paintings in a forced-choice test. Hence, we generated versions of the paintings where color contrast was either enhanced or reduced and forced-choice experiments (online or in the lab) confirmed that the higher color contrast image within a pair was preferred (regardless of whether the image was an original painting or not). Eye tracking revealed that images with relatively higher contrast captured attention. We conclude that previous reports of a preference for the original artworks may have reflected reductions in color contrast of the color-rotated alternatives. These findings point to color contrast as a potential esthetic primitive feature but at the same time cast some doubts on relying exclusively on the results of forced choice tests for revealing genuine esthetic preferences

    Music by Palestrina for three baritone guitars

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    The Afghan National Army’s (ANA) Nation-Building Potential: Expectations, Experiences, and Disappointments

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    Following the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States in 2001, the international community, with the UN and NATO in the lead, embarked on an ambitious state-building project in Afghanistan. At the center of this effort was the construction of the Afghan National Army (ANA), envisioned as an all-volunteer, ethnically inclusive, and non-factional national force, dedicated to serving and protecting all people of Afghanistan. This thesis – which is based on one year of ethnographic fieldwork among ANA personnel – offers insights into the Afghan National Army’s nation-building potential by exploring why Afghans chose to join the ANA, their experiences of becoming ANA soldiers, and why some chose to leave the Army. Adopting “experience” (cf. Turner & Bruner, 1986) and “disappointment” (cf. Greenberg & Muir, 2022) as key theoretical and methodological approaches, this thesis foregrounds the perspectives of ANA soldiers, thereby shedding light on the possibilities and constraints of a military institution in fostering feelings of unity, solidarity, and a shared identity among a diverse force, within a conflict-ridden society shaped by persistent socio-political structures. This thesis also reflects on the methodological and ethical complexities of conducting ethnographic fieldwork as a female social anthropologist with a military background, working with local interpreters, among soldiers in a military institution in the making, within a patriarchal society marked by political instability and ongoing war. In doing so, it contributes to a broader debate on the ethical and methodological dimensions of anthropological engagement with the military and its personnel.Etter terrorangrepene mot USA 11. september 2001 iverksatte det internasjonale samfunnet, med FN og NATO i spissen, et ambisiøst statsbyggingsprosjekt i Afghanistan. I sentrum for denne innsatsen sto byggingen av den afghanske nasjonale hæren – ANA. Hæren ble forespeilet som en frivillig, etnisk inkluderende og ikke-fraksjonell nasjonal styrke, dedikert til å tjene og beskytte hele den afghanske befolkningen. Denne avhandlingen – som er basert på ett års etnografisk feltarbeid blant ANA-personell – gir innsikt i den afghanske nasjonale hærens nasjonsbyggende potensiale ved å undersøke hvorfor afghanere valgte å meldte seg til ANA, deres erfaringer med å bli ANA-soldater, og hvorfor noen valgte å forlate hæren. Ved å anvende “erfaring” (cf. Turner & Bruner, 1986) og “skuffelse” (cf. Greenberg & Muir, 2022) som sentrale teoretiske og metodiske tilnærminger, fremhever denne avhandlingen ANA-soldatenes egne perspektiver, og utifra det belyses mulighetene og begrensningene en militærinstitusjon har til å fremme følelser av fellesskap, solidaritet og felles identitet blant en mangfoldig gruppe soldater, innenfor et konfliktpreget samfunn formet av vedvarende sosio-politiske strukturer. Avhandlingen reflekterer også over de metodiske og etiske kompleksitetene ved å gjennomføre etnografisk feltarbeid som kvinnelig sosialantropolog med militær bakgrunn, i samarbeid med lokale tolker, blant soldater i en militærinstitusjon under oppbygging, i et patriarkalsk samfunn preget av politisk ustabilitet og pågående krig. Gjennom dette bidrar avhandlingen til en bredere debatt om de etiske og metodiske dimensjonene ved antropologisk engasjement med militæret og dets personell

    Meritteringsordningen i høyere utdanning. Erfaringer fra det første nasjonale symposiet for meritterte undervisere

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    Den 27. november 2024 ble det første nasjonale symposium for meritterte undervisere i Norge arrangert ved NMBU. Formålet var å skape en arena for dialog og erfaringsutveksling på tvers av institusjonene, for å lære av hverandre og diskutere hvordan meritterte undervisere best kan bidra til økt undervisningskvalitet. Erfaringer fra symposiet viser et tydelig behov for nasjonal samordning for videreutvikling av meritteringsordningen, og for å styrke de merittertes rolle i kvalitetsarbeidet

    Casas vacías: Madres vacías

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    Esta tesis analiza la novela Casas vacías (2019) de Brenda Navarro desde una perspectiva socioliteraria y feminista, con el objetivo de mostrar cómo la obra desmitifica la maternidad como fuente de identidad y realización personal. A través de las voces de dos mujeres –una madre biológica y otra que secuestra a su hijo– la novela cuestiona los ideales de la “buena madre” y revela cómo las maternidades impuestas o no deseadas pueden conducir al vacío, la frustración y la alienación. El análisis se apoya en los aportes teóricos de Adrienne Rich, Simone de Beauvoir, Elisabeth Badinter y otras autoras, y considera tanto las condiciones sociales de las protagonistas como su forma de narrar. Se concluye que Casas vacías es una obra clave dentro del debate literario y social sobre la maternidad contemporánea, al visibilizar sus dimensiones conflictivas, especialmente en contextos de desigualdad estructural, violencia y precariedad afectiva.This thesis explores Brenda Navarro’s novel Casas vacías (2019) from a socioliterary and feminist perspective, aiming to demonstrate how the narrative dismantles the idealization of motherhood as a source of identity and personal fulfillment. Through the voices of two women –one, a biological mother, the other a woman who kidnaps her child– the novel challenges normative concepts of the “good mother” and exposes how imposed or unwanted motherhood can lead to emotional emptiness, frustration, and alienation. The analysis draws on feminist theory, particularly the work of Adrienne Rich, Simone de Beauvoir, and Elisabeth Badinter, and examines both the protagonists’ social conditions and their narrative voices. The study concludes that Casas vacías plays a crucial role in current literary and social debates on motherhood by exposing its complexities, especially within contexts marked by structural inequality, violence, and emotional precarity

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