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Subsidiarity
Get PDF'Subsidiarity' is vague and contested, yet popular in scholarship about international law due to its role in the European Union (EU). Which conceptions of subsidiarity are more justifiable, and how might they contribute to international law? A principle of subsidiarity concerns how to establish, allocate, or use authority within a social or legal order, stating a rebuttable presumption for the local. Various historical patterns, practices, principles, and justifications offer different recommendations. Seven normative theories vary in how immunity protecting or person promoting they are. The latter appear more justifiable and withstand criticism often raised against subsidiarity. Some conceptions of person promoting subsidiarity serve as a structuring principle for international law and fullfills several criteria of a general principle of law. It can harmonize domestic and international law but is not sufficient to reduce fragmentation among sectors with different objectives
Long-range correlations with finite-size effects from a superposition of uncorrelated pulses with power-law distributed durations
Get PDFLong-range correlations manifested as power spectral density scaling 1/fβ for frequency f and a range of exponents β are investigated for a superposition of uncorrelated pulses with distributed durations τ. Closed-form expressions for the frequency power spectral density are derived for a one-sided exponential pulse function and several variants of bounded and unbounded power-law distributions of pulse durations Pτ (τ) ∼ 1/τα with abrupt and smooth cutoffs. The asymptotic scaling relation β = 3−α is demonstrated for 1 Pτ (τ). Logarithmic corrections to the frequency scaling are exposed at the boundaries of the long-range dependence regime, β =0 and β =2. Analytically demonstrated finite-size effects associated with distribution truncations are shown to reduce the frequency ranges of scale invariance by several decades. The regimes of validity of the β = 3−α relation are clarified
Parameter estimation for the weibull general log-linear model in accelerated life testing
Get PDFUncertainty is commonly present in accelerated life test (ALT) data. The combination of a general log-linear model with a statistical distribution model—using the Weibull distribution in this paper—allows for addressing both multiple operational factors and uncertainty within a single model. This paper interprets the Weibull General Log-Linear (WGLL) model from the ALT perspective. Two parameter estimation methods—maximum likelihood estimation and least squares method—are proposed to address the parameter estimation problem. A simulation study demonstrates that both methods are effective, while the least squares method generally provides better results. The approaches proposed in this paper can be used to develop more general ALT models
Ecological effects of salmon farming in open net pens on Norwegian coastal cod stocks - Status of knowledge
No full textSource at https://www.hi.no/hi.Oppdrett av laksefisk i åpne merder i sjø fører til at fôr, og andre stoffer, havner i vannmassene. Dette kan forventes å påvirke det tilstøtende økosystemet og artene som lever der. Formålet med denne rapporten er å oppsummere tilgjengelig kunnskap om de økologiske effektene av lakseoppdrett på ville kysttorskebestander. Siden 2021 har kysttorsk vært forvaltet i tre forvaltningsområder: sør for 62°N, 62°N – 67°N og nord for 67°N. På nåværende tidspunkt opplever alle disse en nedgang i bestandsstørrelse, og situasjonen er særlig kritisk for den sørligste bestanden. Som følge av dette er det et stort behov for kunnskap om hvordan all menneskelig aktivitet i kystsonen, påvirker kysttorsken. I denne rapporten gis det en kunnskapsstatus om hvordan lakseoppdrett i åpne merder kan 1) påvirke kysttorskens gytevandring og valg av gyteplasser, 2) føre til feilernæring ved at kysttorsk tiltrekkes laksemerder og beiter på spillfôr og oppdrettsassosierte byttedyr, 3) endre forekomst av fremmedstoffer i torsken og 4) føre til endring i sykdomsforekomst og smitte. Kunnskapsstatusen er utarbeidet av eksperter fra relevante forsknings- og forvaltningsområder og vil fungere som grunnlag for en påfølgende risikovurdering av temaet.Open net pen farming of salmonids leads to spillover of waste feed and other materials to the surrounding water
masses, which will impact the surrounding ecosystem. The objective of this report is to summarize existing
knowledge of the ecological impacts of salmon farming on wild Norwegian coastal cod. Since 2021, Norwegian
coastal cod has been managed as three stock units: south of 62°N, 62°N – 67°N and north of 67°N. Currently, all
three stocks are in decline, with the southernmost component in a particularly dire state. Hence, there is a great
need for a detailed understanding of how human activities in coastal areas impact coastal cod. In this report we
provide a status of knowledge regarding how open net pen farming of salmon can 1) affect coastal cod spawning
migration and spawning sites, 2) lead to malnutrition due to cod feeding on waste feed and prey associated with fish
farming, 3) alter the occurrence of potentially harmful substance in cod, and 4) change disease dynamics in wild cod
populations. The report is written by experts from relevant research areas and will act as the foundation for an
upcoming risk assessment
Hormonal Contraceptive Use and Self-Reported Menstrual Cycle-Related Symptom Frequency and Severity in Norwegian Team Handball Players of Different Competition Levels
Get PDFPurpose: To compare the frequency and severity of self-perceived negative symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle or hormonal-contraceptive (HC) cycle between (1) HC users and non–HC users and (2) different competition levels. An additional aim was to describe the rate and type of HC use and prevalence of potential menstrual-cycle disturbances in female team handball players.
Methods: A total of 136 team handball players, competing at different levels (international, 48; national, 52; local/regional, 36), completed a cross-sectional survey regarding self-reported negative cycle-related symptom frequency and severity, perceived influence on training/competition performance, menstrual function, and current and/or past HC use.
Results: Although most players regularly experienced negative cycle-related symptoms, non–HC users reported more frequent and severe cramps (P = .001 to .026), as well as a higher occurrence of fatigue and skin problems (P = .019 to .045), compared with HC users. Negative symptoms such as fatigue were more common and severe for local/regional-level players compared with players at higher (international) competition levels (P = .006–.046). Half (47%) of the players currently used HC, primarily long-acting reversible contraceptives (52%), as well as the combined oral (33%) or progestin-only pill (14%). Notably, only 2% of players altered their training in response to negative cycle-related symptoms, despite 41% perceiving that these symptoms interfered with training quality and athletic performance.
Conclusions: Negative cycle-related symptoms are common among team handball players, regardless of HC use, and are perceived by many players to adversely influence their athletic performance
Lávvu og matematikk - Samisk kultur som ressurs i inkluderende matematikkundervisning
Get PDFThis dissertation examines how traditional Sámi knowledge can be integrated into mathematics education to promote cultural symmetry. The study is based on four articles that analyse teaching practices related to Sámi culture, with a particular focus on the use of the lávvu as an educational resource. The research design is grounded in Indigenous methodology, and qualitative methods such as observation and interviews are utilised to explore how Sámi culture and traditions can be applied in education to create a more inclusive school environment.
The main findings reveal that integrating traditional Sámi knowledge strengthens students’ cultural identity while making mathematics education more meaningful and relevant. Activities such as constructing a lávvu and using Sámi terminology contribute to establishing a balance between Sámi and Western knowledge, fostering mutual respect between different cultures. The study also identifies linguistic and cultural challenges, particularly related to translating mathematical concepts into North Sámi.
This dissertation contributes to the field of ethnomathematics by demonstrating how cultural symmetry can be employed to create inclusive educational environments. The findings highlight the importance of utilising cultural resources in teaching, not only to enhance students’ understanding of mathematics but also to promote respect for cultural diversity. The study offers practical recommendations for teachers and educational authorities seeking to integrate Indigenous perspectives into the education system. The results are relevant to political and pedagogical discussions on Indigenous rights, cultural sustainability, and social justice.Denne avhandlingen undersøker hvordan samisk tradisjonell kunnskap kan integreres i matematikkundervisningen for å fremme kulturell symmetri. Studien bygger på fire artikler som analyserer undervisningspraksiser knyttet til samisk kultur, med særlig fokus på bruk av lávvu som pedagogisk ressurs. Forskningsdesignet er basert på urfolksmetodologi, og kvalitative metoder som observasjon og intervju benyttes for å utforske hvordan samisk kultur og tradisjoner kan anvendes i undervisning for å skape en mer inkluderende skolehverdag. Hovedfunnene viser at integrering av samisk tradisjonell kunnskap styrker elevenes kulturelle identitet, samtidig som det gjør matematikkundervisningen mer meningsfull og relevant. Aktiviteter som bygging av lávvu og bruk av samisk terminologi bidrar til å skape en balanse mellom samisk og vestlig kunnskap, som fremmer gjensidig respekt mellom ulike kulturer. Studien avdekker også språklige og kulturelle utfordringer, særlig relatert til oversettelse av matematiske konsepter til nordsamisk. Avhandlingen bidrar til forskningsfeltet etnomatematikk ved å vise hvordan kulturell symmetri kan anvendes for å skape inkluderende undervisningsmiljøer. Funnene understreker viktigheten av å bruke kulturelle ressurser i undervisningen, ikke bare for å styrke elevenes forståelse av matematikk, men også for å fremme respekt for kulturelt mangfold. Studien gir praktiske anbefalinger til lærere og utdanningsmyndigheter som ønsker å integrere urfolksperspektiver i utdanningssystemet. Resultatene har relevans for politiske og pedagogiske diskusjoner om urfolks rettigheter, kulturell bærekraft og sosial rettferdighet
‘Both right nearby and far away: Rural Sámi entrepreneurs’ engagement with spatial contexts’
Get PDFSource at https://www.inderscience.com/jhome.php?jcode=ijmed.This study contributes to the debate on the role of spatial contexts in rural entrepreneurship. Drawing on rural and indigenous entrepreneurship theory, we explore how four Sámi entrepreneurs from Sweden and Norway engage with their spatial contexts. We employ a multiple-case study design, an interpretive philosophy of science, and elements from indigenous research methodologies. Our findings demonstrate that the entrepreneurs engage both within and across their spatial contexts, encompassing environments both nearby and far away. We also identify drivers and practices associated with this entrepreneurial engagement. Based on the findings, we develop The Sámi Entrepreneurial Engagement Framework. The framework serves as an illustration of how a Sámi perspective adds new insight into the field of rural entrepreneurship and offers a comprehensive lens for understanding entrepreneurial engagement with spatial contexts in culturally rich and environmentally sensitive settings
Laser-Induced Plasma Effects on Bond Breaking in High-Density Polyethylene Pyrolysis
Get PDFThe conventional use of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for elemental analysis in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) limits the exploration of bond behavior in Physics and Chemistry. A suitable combination of process parameters, exceeding the bond dissociation threshold, enables LIBS to break HDPE bonds, facilitating laser-induced pyrolysis. However, understanding bond behavior post-breakage, yield formation pathways, and the role of plasma and ionization across laser harmonics is crucial. An experiment is conducted using three laser harmonics (1064, 532, and 266 nm) at 20 Hz with pulse energies ranging from 3 to 100 mJ. An intense Hα peak at 656.3 nm suggests bond breaking due to extensive C-H breaking and hydrogen production. Interestingly, lower photon energies of 1.17 and 2.3 eV for 1064 and 532 nm broke the bonds, attributed to plasma effects. Numerical models are used to calculate plasma temperatures and electron density, classifying plasma types. Plasma parameters such as cooling time, ionization rate, energy density, and expansion velocity are analyzed. Results show that all laser harmonics contributed to bond breaking: 1064 nm induced field-induced plasma, 532 nm favored intermediate multiphoton plasma, and 266 nm is dominated by photon-induced plasma. These findings help optimize laser-induced HDPE pyrolysis
Investigating the impact of climate change on PCB-153 exposure in Arctic seabirds with the nested exposure model
No full textAt the same time Arctic ecosystems experiences rapid climate change, at a rate four times faster than the global average, they remain burdened by long-range transported pollution, notably with legacy polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The present study investigates the potential impact of climate change on seabird exposure to PCB-153 using the established Nested Exposure Model (NEM), here expanded with three seabird species, i.e. common eider (Somateria mollissima), black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) and glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus), as well as the filter feeder blue mussel (Mytulis edulis). The model's performance was evaluated using empirical time trends of the seabird species in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, and using tissue concentrations from filter feeders along the northern Norwegian coast. NEM successfully replicated empirical PCB-153 concentrations, confirming its ability to simulate PCB-153 bioaccumulation in the studied seabird species within an order of magnitude. Based on global PCB-153 emission estimates, simulations run until the year 2100 predicted seabird blood concentrations 99% lower than in year 2000. Model scenarios with climate change-induced altered dietary composition and lipid dynamics showed to have minimal impact on future PCB-153 exposure, compared to temporal changes in primary emissions of PCB-153. The present study suggests the potential of mechanistic modelling in assessing POP exposure in Arctic seabirds within a multiple stressor context