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Artificial Intelligence Enabled Personalised Assistive Tools to Enhance Education of Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders—A Review
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Artificial Intelligence Enabled Personalised Assistive Tools to Enhance Education of Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders—A Review
by Prabal Datta Barua 1,2ORCID,Jahmunah Vicnesh 3ORCID,Raj Gururajan 1,Shu Lih Oh 3,Elizabeth Palmer 4,5,Muhammad Mokhzaini Azizan 6,*ORCID,Nahrizul Adib Kadri 7 andU. Rajendra Acharya 3,8,9ORCID
1
School of Business, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield 4300, Australia
2
Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology, Sydney 2007, Australia
3
Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore 599489, Singapore
4
School of Woman’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2031, Australia
5
Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia
6
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
7
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
8
School of Science and Technology, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore 599494, Singapore
9
Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung City 41354, Taiwan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(3), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031192
Received: 7 December 2021 / Revised: 7 January 2022 / Accepted: 10 January 2022 / Published: 21 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Technologies for Healthcare)
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Abstract
Mental disorders (MDs) with onset in childhood or adolescence include neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) (intellectual disability and specific learning disabilities, such as dyslexia, attention deficit disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorders (ASD)), as well as a broad range of mental health disorders (MHDs), including anxiety, depressive, stress-related and psychotic disorders. There is a high co-morbidity of NDDs and MHDs. Globally, there have been dramatic increases in the diagnosis of childhood-onset mental disorders, with a 2- to 3-fold rise in prevalence for several MHDs in the US over the past 20 years. Depending on the type of MD, children often grapple with social and communication deficits and difficulties adapting to changes in their environment, which can impact their ability to learn effectively. To improve outcomes for children, it is important to provide timely and effective interventions. This review summarises the range and effectiveness of AI-assisted tools, developed using machine learning models, which have been applied to address learning challenges in students with a range of NDDs. Our review summarises the evidence that AI tools can be successfully used to improve social interaction and supportive education. Based on the limitations of existing AI tools, we provide recommendations for the development of future AI tools with a focus on providing personalised learning for individuals with NDDs
Share 2, 3, 5, 4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside protects against neuronal cell death and traumatic brain injury-induced pathophysiology
No full text[[abstract]]Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global health issue that affects at least 10 million people per year. Neuronal cell death and brain injury after TBI, including apoptosis, inflammation, and excitotoxicity, have led to detrimental effects in TBI. 2, 3, 5, 4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside (THSG), a water-soluble compound extracted from the Chinese herb Polygonum multiflorum, has been shown to exert various biological functions. However, the effects of THSG on TBI is still poorly understood. THSG reduced L-glutamate-induced DNA fragmentation and protected glial and neuronal cell death after L-glutamate stimulation. Our results also showed that TBI caused significant behavioral deficits in the performance of beam walking, mNSS, and Morris water maze tasks in a mouse model. Importantly, daily administration of THSG (60 mg/kg/day) after TBI for 21 days attenuated the injury severity score, promoted motor coordination, and improved cognitive performance post-TBI. Moreover, administration of THSG also dramatically decreased the brain lesion volume. THSG reduced TBI-induced neuronal apoptosis in the brain cortex 24 h after TBI. Furthermore, THSG increased the number of immature neurons in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. Our results demonstrate that THSG exerts neuroprotective effects on glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and glial and neuronal cell death. The present study also demonstrated that THSG effectively protects against TBI-associated motor and cognitive impairment, at least in part, by inhibiting TBI-induced apoptosis and promoting neurogenesis
Understandings of acupuncture application and mechanisms
No full text[[abstract]]Acupuncture involves the stimulation of acupoints, which are located at specific sites of the human body, by insertion of fine metal needles, followed by manipulation. Acupuncture has been proven to be an effective treatment in pain relief. Available evidence showed that acupuncture alleviates acute pain in conditions such as postoperative pain, acute back pain, labour pain, primary dysmenorrhea, tension-type headaches and migraines. In addition, acupuncture relieves chronic pain, for example, low back pain (LBP), knee osteoarthritis (KOA), headache, shoulder pain, and neck pain. For other diseases like insomnia, drug addiction and stroke, more high-quality randomized control trials (RCTs) are needed to confirm the efficacy of acupuncture, although there are particular difficulties surrounding adequate blinding and control group designs. Recent biomedical technology unveils the mechanisms of acupuncture. Studies have found that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels are involved in the stimulation of acupuncture at the acupoint area. In the central nervous system (CNS), neurotransmissions including opioids, serotonin, norepinephrine, orexin and endocannabinoid are modulated by acupuncture to induce analgesia. Moreover, acupuncture reduces cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels on the peripheral level by acting on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, mediating peripheral opioid release. Acupuncture helps to treat insomnia by inhibiting sympathetic activity and down-regulating the HPA axis. Additionally, acupuncture reduces the effects of positive and negative reinforcements by modulating dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Recently, i-needles have been developed to allow for the analysis of metagenomics, meta-transcriptomics, and host-microbiome relationships following acupuncture, while skin implantable microsensors or needle-shaped microsensors are feasible for monitoring real-time microenvironmental changes in acupoints and even target organs. These studies may further accelerate the understanding of acupuncture's action mechanism
Exercise Training Improves Mitochondrial Bioenergetics of Natural Killer Cells
No full text[[abstract]]Introduction: Mitochondrial bioenergetics is critical for immune function in natural killer (NK) cell. Physical exercise modulates NK cell functionality, depending on the intensity and type of exercise. This study elucidates how interval and continuous exercise regimens affect the phenotypes and mitochondrial bioenergetics of NK cells.
Methods: Sixty healthy sedentary males were randomly assigned to engage in either high-intensity interval training (HIIT, 3-min intervals at 80% and 40% maximal O2, n = 20; age, 22.2 yr; body mass index [BMI], 24.3 kg·m-2) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT, sustained 60% maximal O2, n = 20; age, 22.3 yr; BMI, 23.3 kg·m-2) for 30 min·d-1, 5 d·wk-1 for 6 wk or were assigned to a control group that did not receive exercise intervention (n = 20; age, 22.6 yr; BMI, 24.0 kg·m-2). Natural killer cell phenotypes, granule proteins, and mitochondrial oxidative stress/oxidative phosphorylation after graded exercise test (GXT) were measured before and after the various interventions.
Results: Before the intervention, the GXT increased the mobilization of CD57+NK cells into the blood and elevated mitochondrial matrix oxidant burden (MOB) in NK cells, Following the 6 wk of interventions, both HIIT and MICT (i) diminished mobilization of CD57+NK cells into the blood and depressed mitochondrial MOB level in NK cells immediately after GXT, (ii) increased mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular perforin and granzyme B levels in NK cells, and (iii) enhanced the maximal and reserve O2 consumption rates and heightened bioenergetic health index in NK cells. In addition, HIIT increased maximal work rate than those of MICT.
Conclusions: Either HIIT or MICT increases the expressions of cytotoxic granule proteins and depresses mitochondrial MOB elevated by GXT, along with improving mitochondrial bioenergetic functionality in NK cells. Moreover, HIIT is superior to MICT in improving aerobic capacity
社會服務網絡的 「跨邊界者」以中階管理者為例
No full text[[abstract]]在福利多元化的發展下，需要跨不同的組織來回應複雜的社會問題並提供服務，為了整合這些服務需要跨界活動，而組織中的中階管理者通常會被賦予跨界者的角色，需要調整其管理方式以適應當前環境。本文因應管理模式的轉變，採用研究紀要（Research Notes）書寫，探討社會服務組織中階管理者在面對管理質變與崛起，應有的新思維與核心價值反思。本文引用英國Williams（2019）提到社會服務組織中階管理者，對外需要擔負起網絡管理「跨邊界者」（boundary spanner）的角色，對於組織內部，中階管理者需與各部門協調與合作，都是需要積極的參與，才能使水平、垂直的網絡體系，發揮最佳的效果。筆者亦透過反思，在面對管理主義與專業價值的變遷之下，「跨邊界者」在當中的思辯角色
客觀結構式臨床測驗應用於醫務社會工作課程之成果評估研究
No full text[[abstract]]Empowerment is an important method for social work practice. The researcher intends to explore the practice and effectiveness of empowerment for single-parent family. The research aims as followed: 1. Understanding，if after-school care enhances children's self-efficacy. 2. Understanding, if after-school care enables single parents to control their own living conditions better. 3. Understand, if after-school care helps all members of single-parent families to face difficulties. The findings of this study: 1. After receiving care services, children of single-parent become more caring and sensible, and the parent-child relationship is more harmonious. Children in the ?After-school care program? learned interpersonal skills, and their self-care ability and academic achievement are improved. 2. Parents can concentrate on work in the workplace, so they realize that they have t abilities to love their children. The family life and the physical and mental conditions of the whole family have been improved, their expectations for a better future is raising. 3. When the family members have confidence to complete the tasks at hand, they are able to face the challenges of life and also able to control over their own future. Parents will have more confidence and ability to achieve the goal of raising their children
A new insight for real?time wastewater quality prediction using hybridized kernel?based extreme learning machines with advanced optimization algorithms
No full text[[abstract]]Accurate prediction of inlet chemical oxygen demand (COD) is vital for better planning and management of wastewater treatment plants. The COD values at the inlet follow a complex nonstationary pattern, making its prediction challenging. This study compared the performance of several novel machine learning models developed through hybridizing kernel-based extreme learning machines (KELMs) with intelligent optimization algorithms for the reliable prediction of real-time COD values. The combined time-series learning method and consumer behaviours, estimated from water-use data (hour/day), were used as the supplementary inputs of the hybrid KELM models. Comparison of model performances for different input combinations revealed the best performance using up to 2-day lag values of COD with the other wastewater properties. The results also showed the best performance of the KELM-salp swarm algorithm (SSA) model among all the hybrid models with a minimum root mean square error of 0.058 and mean absolute error of 0.044
Bio-based algal (Chlorella vulgaris) refinery on de-oiled algae biomass cake: A study on biopolymer and biodiesel production
No full text[[abstract]]In this study, a novel bio-refinery concept was designed for efficient utilization of de-oiled algae cake as bio-resource for biopolymer (Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHB)) production and thereby making the biorefinery process more economical and sustainable by completely utilizing the algal biomass without the production of waste algal residues. Algal oil was extracted from Chlorella vulgaris biomass via Bligh and Dyer method for biodiesel production through parabolic solar trough collector. Maximum lipid yield was 27.5 wt% at a temperature of 45 °C with de-oiled cake (DC) yield of 0.37 g. Maximum algal oil conversion efficiency was 89% and 94% for 0.3 wt% of clam shell waste and commercial calcium oxide catalyst at 90 min. After a reaction time of 120 h, the glucose, soluble sugars, xylose, and arabinose in the DC was reduced by 53%, 21%, 63%, and 69% respectively. The maximum PHB yield was 0.41 g PHB/g DC. This study provides additional support for the algal refineries on sustainability and circular usage of algae biomass for production of multiple products
Dark fermentative biohydrogen production from vinicultural biomass without exogenous inoculum in a semi-batch reactor: A kinetic study
No full text[[abstract]]This work employed a unique kind of vinicultural biomass (grape residues) to generate fermentative hydrogen. This form of biomass serves two purposes (contains substrate and inoculum). Four mathematical model methods were established; these models were used to represent the fluctuation of hydrogen generation and other fermentation products (organic acids, alcohols), the consumption of substrates included in biomass, and bacterial growth. One of these models was verified using experimental data and used to represent all of the metabolic pathways of bacteria contained in the medium and the interaction between products and substrates.
The optimal biomass load, 60 g COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)/L with a concentration of 0.22 mol of hexose and 0.0444 mol of tartrate offers the best hydrogen yield
Maximization of Water Productivity and Yield of Two Iceberg Lettuce Cultivars in Hydroponic Farming System Using Magnetically Treated Saline Water
No full text[[abstract]]Egypt has limited agricultural land, associated with the scarcity of irrigation water andrapid population growth. Hydroponic farming, seawater desalination and magnetic treatment areamong the practical solutions for sustaining rapid population growth. In this regard, the mainobjective of the present research study was to design and construct a hierarchical engineering unitas a hydroponic farming system (soilless) to produce an iceberg lettuce crop using magneticallytreated saline water. The treatments included four types of irrigation water: common irrigation water(IW1) with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.96 dS/m as a control treatment, magnetically treatedcommon irrigation water (IW2) with an EC of 0.96 dS/m, saline water (IW3) with an EC of 4.56 dS/mand magnetically treated saline water (IW4) with an EC of 4.56 dS/m; three depletion ratios (DR)of ?eld capacity (DR0= 50%, DR1= 60% and DR2= 70%) and three slopes of hydroponic pipes(S1= 0.0%, S2= 0.025% and S3= 0.075%). The results revealed that seawater contributed 7.15% toproduce iceberg lettuce in the hydroponic system. The geometric parameter, the slope of the pipes,in?uenced the obtained luminous intensity by an average increase of 21% and 71% for S2and S3,respectively, compared with the zero slope (horizontal pipes). Magnetization of irrigation waterincreased the total soluble solids (TSS) and enhanced the fresh weight and water productivity ofboth iceberg lettuce varieties used. The maximum percentages of TSS were 5.20% and 5.10% forlemur and iceberg 077, respectively, for the combination IW4DR2S2. The highest values of freshweight and water productivity of 3.10 kg/m and 39.15 kg/m3were recorded with the combinationsIW3DR2S3and IW4DR1S3, respectively, for lemur and iceberg lettuce. The percentages of theseincreases were 109.46% and 97.78%, respectively, when compared with the combination IW1DR0S1.The highest values of iceberg lettuce 077 fresh weight and water productivity were 2.93 kg/m and36.15 kg/m3, respectively, which were recorded with the combination IW4DR1S3. The percentagesof these increases were 112.32% and 120.56%, respectively, when compared with IW1DR0S1(thecontrol treatment