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Botlitica: A generative AI-based tool to assist journalists in navigating political propaganda campaigns
Get PDFThe hype on generative AI has raised concerns about the spread of disinformation but also opened up new opportunities for hybrid journalism. The proliferation of political propaganda campaigns spread across digital media during election periods constitutes a challenge for journalists who struggle to exercise information gatekeeping. AI-based tools can in principle help, but journalists are resistant to using them since they are sceptical about their compliance with news values and their scarce user-friendliness. To cope with such issues, we present Botlitica, a GPT3-based chatbot able to answer users’ questions according to the information shared on different social media by a given political party which is, thus, embodied by the AI agent in the conversation. The back-end and front-design of the chatbot are devised to privilege transparency. We report the results of a preliminary evaluation of Botlitica which show that the tool fastens journalists’ capabilities to navigate propaganda campaigns inducing them to exercise critical thinking
Shame, Shame-Defense, and Shaming: Ambivalences, Challenges, and Possibilities in Dealing with Shame in Civic Education
No full textDie Rolle von Emotionen in politischen Bildungsprozessen beschäftigt die Fachdebatte politischer Bildung in Theorie und Praxis – insbesondere auch in der Auseinandersetzung mit gesellschaftlicher Transformation und Emanzipation. Ausgehend von einer (ausführlichen) emotionstheoretischen Systematisierung von Scham, Schamabwehr und Beschämung in symbolischen Gewaltverhältnissen formuliert der vorliegende Beitrag drei Vorschläge zum Umgang mit Scham in politischen Bildungsprozessen. Sowohl die Systematisierung von Scham als auch die Überlegungen zu einem möglichen Umgang mit ihr bauen auf einer konzeptuell-theoretischen Studie zum „Umgang mit Scham in der kritischen politischen Bildung“ auf. Der Beitrag formuliert drei Thesen für einen Umgang mit Scham in politischer Bildung: Die Möglichkeit einer fachwissenschaftlichen und pädagogischen Auseinandersetzung überScham (1), die Reflexion der Ermöglichung von expansiven Lernprozessen anhand von und mit Scham (2) und die Notwendigkeit einerkritischen (Selbst-)Reflexion der bewussten und unbewussten (Re-)Produktion von symbolischen Gewaltverhältnissen durch Scham (3). Der Beitrag endet mit Überlegungen zu weiterführenden Fragen hinsichtlich der Reflexion von Scham und politischer Bildung in Theorie und Praxis.Emotions are a hot topic in theoretical and practical debates on civic education – especially in the context of societal transformation and emancipation. Drawing on a (detailed) emotion-theoretical systematization of shame, shame-defense, and shaming in symbolic power relations, the present article formulates three proposals on dealing with shame in settings of civic education. Both the systematization of shame and the considerations regarding a possible handling of shame are based on a conceptual-theoretical study on “Dealing with Shame in Critical Civic Education.”The article formulates three hypotheses for dealing with shame in civic education: The possibility of a disciplinary and pedagogical debate about shame (1), the reflection on modes of expansive and defensive learning with and on the basis of shame (2), and the necessity of a critical (self-)reflection on the conscious and unconscious (re-)production of symbolic power relations through shame (3). The article concludes with considerations on further questions regarding the reflection of shame and civic education in theory and practice
Elements of a theory of political socialization: Systematics, scope, gaps, abysses
No full textDer Artikel widmet sich Reichweite, Elementen und Umfang der Forschung zu politischer Sozialisation. Argumentiert wird, dass jene derzeit eine gewisse Beschränkung auf Staatsbürgerschaft und die dafür notwendigen Elemente, im engeren Sinne Wissen und Kompetenzen und deren Erwerb, aufweisen. Demgegenüber wird hier der Weg beschritten, auch (im demokratischen Sinne) scheiternde Prozesse politischer Sozialisation, die zu einer Hinwendung zu totalitärer Ideologie und Gewalt führen können, in den Blick zu nehmen. Plädiert wird dafür, den Zusammenhang zwischen vor-politischen Sozialisationsaspekten, individueller Entwicklung, Kognition und Emotion verstärkt gesellschaftstheoretisch einzubetten und damit in seiner Wechselwirkung begreifbar sowie empirisch umfassender operationalisierbar zu machen.The article focuses on the scope, elements, and extent of research on political socialization. It argues that current research is somewhat limited to the concept of citizenship and its necessary elements, specifically knowledge and competencies, and their acquisition. In contrast, this article takes the approach of also examining (in a democratic sense) failed processes of political socialization that can lead to a turn towards totalitarian ideology and violence. It advocates for embedding the connection between pre-politicalaspects of socialization, individual development, cognition, and emotion more strongly in sociological theory, making it understandable in its interplay and empirically more comprehensively operationalizable
When Online and Offline Environments Meet: Auditory and Visual Environmental Factors, Privacy Concerns, and Self-Disclosure in Video Consultations
No full textTheory of situational privacy and self-disclosure posits that perceived levels of privacy are determined by perceptions of the environment, and that certain levels of privacy are necessary for self-disclosure. In video consultations, auditory and visual aspects of the doctor’s environment can cause patients to experience more or less privacy. To provide empirical evidence for these theoretical assumptions, we conducted a 2 (auditory environmental factor: doctor wearing headphones vs. not) by 2 (visual environmental factor: doctor showing the entire office vs. not) between-subjects scenario-based experiment (N = 163). Participants imagined themselves in a video consultation with a doctor and reported their information and territory privacy concerns and willingness to disclose to the doctor. Results showed that the ability to see the doctor’s entire office led to lower information privacy concerns, which – in turn – were associated with increased willingness to disclose medical information to a doctor. Wearing headphones by the doctor did not affect privacy concerns and self-disclosure. Manipulations of both the auditory and visual environment were not significantly associated with territory privacy concerns. These results provide direction for further research on environmental factors and their impact on patients’ privacy concerns and self-disclosure during medical video communications
Detecting Misinformation: Identifying False News Spread by Political Leaders in the Global South
No full textWe provide and examine an approach for detecting false stories that circulate as text and without hyperlinks, which are commonly found in the Global South. Our text-based approach relies on a combination of false stories identified by fact-checkers, supervised learning methods, natural language processing, and human review. We contrast our approach with the established domain-based and with Facebook’s URL approaches by applying them in the case of Brazilian political leaders. The results show that sharing false news by politicians is a rare event: less than 1% of political leaders’ social media posts contain misinformation. However, we find little overlap across the approaches. The text-based approach leads to different conclusions about which politicians share misinformation and the type of false content shared, while demographic and political predictors of misinformation-sharing behavior are typically similar across approaches. Our approach produces fewer false positives than other approaches and only a small number of false negatives. Our results show that the text-based approach is an important complement to the dominant approaches as it is more effective at detecting false news
The multi-luting concept: a new approach to facilitate the adhesive luting of multiple indirect restorations
No full textBonded indirect restorations can be difficult to lute in an accurate position due to the lack of preparation geometry. Furthermore, while the use of a rubberdam has been proven to be the best technique for providing the most efficient conditions for adhesive luting, its use often requires the use of secondary clamps, which do not allow the operator to lute more than two prosthetic pieces at the same time. The multi-luting concept is a pragmatic approach that of- fers the possibility to deliver several, if not all restorations, to be bonded at the same time, thus ensuring their correct positioning
Papilloma excision. Scalpel or CO2 Laser? A case report
No full textA papilloma is a benign tumor arising from an epithelial surface. Mostly a papilloma appears as an asymptomatic intraoral lesion and is often associated with the human papilloma virus (HPV). In this case report two similar, verrucous papules, sessile bilateral on the back of the tongue, were surgically removed in a 65-year-old male patient. Thereby two different methods of treatment were compared. On the right side of the back of the tongue, excision by scalpel, as the gold standard treatment modality, was performed. On the left side a surgical removal by a CO2 laser was performed. In a photothermal procedure, without direct contact to the tissue, the laser beam is cutting through the mucosa. Secondary wound healing can take place. Both methods were compared in relation to their application, wound healing, quality of the biopsy and morbidity. Postoperative less discomfort and a slightly faster wound healing could be seen after scalpel removal. The histopathological examination was comparable for both methods.A papilloma is a benign tumor arising from an epithelial surface. Mostly a papilloma appears as an asymptomatic intraoral lesion and is often associated with the human papilloma virus (HPV). In this case report two similar, verrucous papules, sessile bilateral on the back of the tongue, were surgically removed in a 65-year-old male patient. Thereby two different methods of treatment were compared. On the right side of the back of the tongue, excision by scalpel, as the gold standard treatment modality, was performed. On the left side a surgical removal by a CO2 laser was performed. In a photothermal procedure, without direct contact to the tissue, the laser beam is cutting through the mucosa. Secondary wound healing can take place. Both methods were compared in relation to their application, wound healing, quality of the biopsy and morbidity. Postoperative less discomfort and a slightly faster wound healing could be seen after scalpel removal. The histopathological examination was comparable for both methods
Pyogenic granuloma: A case report
No full textA pyogenic granuloma is an acquired, benign tissue formation of the skin and/or oral mucosa. Surgical excision is the most common treatment for these lesions. In this case report a case of a 60-year-old woman with a pyogenic granuloma in region 21 is presented. An excisional biopsy was performed with a CO2 laser under local anesthesia and the specimen was examined by a pathologist. No recurrency were observed in this case.A pyogenic granuloma is an acquired, benign tissue formation of the skin and/or oral mucosa. Surgical excision is the most common treatment for these lesions. In this case report a case of a 60-year-old woman with a pyogenic granuloma in region 21 is presented. An excisional biopsy was performed with a CO2 laser under local anesthesia and the specimen was examined by a pathologist. No recurrency were observed in this case
Private Law Aspects of Liquidity Pools in Decentralized Finance (DeFi)
No full textLiquidity pools are essential for the functioning of decentralised finance. Nevertheless, the legal issues they raise have found little attention in legal scholarship. This article explains how liquidity is provided in decentralised finance, as opposed to centralised finance, and introduces the relevant stakeholders (i.e., DEX operators, liquidity providers, and traders). Then, it explores the legal relationships between such stakeholders from a contract law perspective. Further, it discusses the options of users to seek compensation in case they incur damage in connection with the use of decentralised finance platforms. Finally, it sets out the limitations of the existing legal framework and the need for legislative action.
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Liquiditätspools sind für das Funktionieren des dezentralen Finanzwesens unerlässlich. Trotzdem finden die rechtlichen Fragen, die sie aufwerfen, in der Rechtswissenschaft nur wenig Beachtung. Dieser Beitrag erläutert die Art und Weise, wie im dezentralen Finanzwesen - im Gegensatz zum zentralen Finanzwesen - Liquidität bereitgestellt wird, und stellt die relevanten Akteure (d.h. Betreiber von dezentralen Börsen DEX, Liquiditätsanbieter und Händler) vor. Anschliessend werden die rechtlichen Beziehungen zwischen diesen Akteuren aus vertragsrechtlicher Sicht untersucht. Ferner werden die Möglichkeiten der Benutzenden erörtert, Schadenersatz zu verlangen, wenn ihnen im Zusammenhang mit der Nutzung dezentraler Finanzplattformen ein Schaden entsteht. Schliesslich werden die Grenzen des bestehenden Rechtsrahmens und der Bedarf an gesetzgeberischen Massnahmen aufgezeigt.
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Si les liquidity pools sont essentielles au bon fonctionnement de la finance décentralisée, les questions juridiques qu\u27elles suscitent n\u27ont trouvé que peu d\u27attention en doctrine. La présente contribution présente la manière par laquelle la liquidité est assurée dans la finance décentralisée, par opposition à la finance traditionnelle, et présente les acteurs pertinents (opérateurs d\u27échanges décentralisés DEX, fournisseurs de liquidité et traders). Elle expose ensuite les relations juridiques entre les différents acteurs sur le plan contractuel. Puis, elle examine les possibilités pour les utilisateurs ayant subi un préjudice dans le cadre de l\u27utilisation d\u27échanges décentralisés de demander la réparation du dommage. Enfin, elle expose les limites du cadre juridique existant et la nécessité d\u27une action législative
The reduction in workload as a place of negotiation for “good” parenting: Renegotiating responsibility between school actors and parents in the context of inequality relations
No full textDer Artikel befasst sich mit der Aushandlung von Unterrichtspensen zwischen schulischen Akteur*innen und Eltern auf der Schuleingangsstufe in der Schweiz. In der Mehrzahl der Schweizer Kantone wurde in den letzten Jahren das Schuleintrittsalter vorverlegt. Im Zuge der früheren Einschulung von Schüler*innen wurden die reduzierten Unterrichtspensen im ersten obligatorischen Schuljahr in der schweizerischen Bildungslandschaft zunehmend bedeutsam. Diese Thematik wird in der vorliegenden Untersuchung aus einer subjektivierungsanalytischen Perspektive untersucht. Dabei werden zwei zentrale Aspekte aufgezeigt: Erstens wird dargestellt, inwiefern sich über neue Mitsprachemöglichkeiten von Eltern bei Unterrichtspensen Prozesse der Responsibilisierung (Jergus 2018) für Familien manifestieren. Zweitens wird anhand von zwei kontrastierenden Fallbeispielen herausgearbeitet, inwiefern sich diese Prozesse der Responsibilisierung im Kontext von Ungleichheitsverhältnissen für Familien unterschiedlich manifestieren.The article deals with the negotiation of teaching loads between school actors and parents at the school entry level in Switzerland. In the majority of Swiss cantons, the school entry age has been brought forward in recent years. As a result of pupils starting school earlier, the reduced teaching loads in the first compulsory school year have become increasingly important in the Swiss educational landscape. This topic is examined in the present study from a subjectivization-analytical perspective. Two central aspects are highlighted: Firstly, the extent to which processes of responsibilization (Jergus 2018) manifest themselves for families through new opportunities for parents to have a say in teaching workloads. Secondly, two contrasting case studies are used to work out the extent to which these processes of responsibilization manifest themselves differently for families in the context of inequality relations