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»Tröster der Mühsal seid ihr alle!« (Ijob 16,2): Das Scheitern menschlichen Trostes im Ijobbuch
No full textBetween formal and informal standards.: ‘Double standards’ in French, German and (Brazilian) Portuguese compared
No full textThis article presents results from an explorative comparative study on ‘double standard’ constellations in French, German and (Brazilian) Portuguese. The concept of \u27double\u27 or even ‘multiple standards’ is based on the observation that many current standard languages are not homogeneous. Rather, the divergence of written and spoken standards, the emergence of informal standards and pluricentric/pluriareal situations have often resulted in the coexistence of different standard varieties/standard language registers. The aim of our study is to identify and discuss ‘double standard’ situations in three major languages against the background of the respective standardisation histories and current developments. Despite their different standardisation ages, ‘double standard’ constellations have emerged in all three languages, firstly, between written and spoken standard varieties, and, secondly, between different spoken registers – albeit with very different manifestations, ranging from a continuum between formal and informal registers (French) and the emergence of a ‘Neo-standard’ (with regional features) parallel to a conservative spoken standard (German) to the increasing integration of informal registers into a post-colonial standard variety (Portuguese in Brazil). In all three cases, the developments in the spoken standard can be seen as a process of demotisation. Although informal registers have become increasingly prevalent, the popular idea of a ‘best language’ remains unchallenged.This article presents results from an explorative comparative study on ‘double standard’ constellations in French, German and (Brazilian) Portuguese. The concept of \u27double\u27 or even ‘multiple standards’ is based on the observation that many current standard languages are not homogeneous. Rather, the divergence of written and spoken standards, the emergence of informal standards and pluricentric/pluriareal situations have often resulted in the coexistence of different standard varieties/standard language registers. The aim of our study is to identify and discuss ‘double standard’ situations in three major languages against the background of the respective standardisation histories and current developments. Despite their different standardisation ages, ‘double standard’ constellations have emerged in all three languages, firstly, between written and spoken standard varieties, and, secondly, between different spoken registers – albeit with very different manifestations, ranging from a continuum between formal and informal registers (French) and the emergence of a ‘Neo-standard’ (with regional features) parallel to a conservative spoken standard (German) to the increasing integration of informal registers into a post-colonial standard variety (Portuguese in Brazil). In all three cases, the developments in the spoken standard can be seen as a process of demotisation. Although informal registers have become increasingly prevalent, the popular idea of a ‘best language’ remains unchallenged.This article presents results from an explorative comparative study on ‘double standard’ constellations in French, German and (Brazilian) Portuguese. The concept of \u27double\u27 or even ‘multiple standards’ is based on the observation that many current standard languages are not homogeneous. Rather, the divergence of written and spoken standards, the emergence of informal standards and pluricentric/pluriareal situations have often resulted in the coexistence of different standard varieties/standard language registers. The aim of our study is to identify and discuss ‘double standard’ situations in three major languages against the background of the respective standardisation histories and current developments. Despite their different standardisation ages, ‘double standard’ constellations have emerged in all three languages, firstly, between written and spoken standard varieties, and, secondly, between different spoken registers – albeit with very different manifestations, ranging from a continuum between formal and informal registers (French) and the emergence of a ‘Neo-standard’ (with regional features) parallel to a conservative spoken standard (German) to the increasing integration of informal registers into a post-colonial standard variety (Portuguese in Brazil). In all three cases, the developments in the spoken standard can be seen as a process of demotisation. Although informal registers have become increasingly prevalent, the popular idea of a ‘best language’ remains unchallenged.This article presents results from an explorative comparative study on ‘double standard’ constellations in French, German and (Brazilian) Portuguese. The concept of \u27double\u27 or even ‘multiple standards’ is based on the observation that many current standard languages are not homogeneous. Rather, the divergence of written and spoken standards, the emergence of informal standards and pluricentric/pluriareal situations have often resulted in the coexistence of different standard varieties/standard language registers. The aim of our study is to identify and discuss ‘double standard’ situations in three major languages against the background of the respective standardisation histories and current developments. Despite their different standardisation ages, ‘double standard’ constellations have emerged in all three languages, firstly, between written and spoken standard varieties, and, secondly, between different spoken registers – albeit with very different manifestations, ranging from a continuum between formal and informal registers (French) and the emergence of a ‘Neo-standard’ (with regional features) parallel to a conservative spoken standard (German) to the increasing integration of informal registers into a post-colonial standard variety (Portuguese in Brazil). In all three cases, the developments in the spoken standard can be seen as a process of demotisation. Although informal registers have become increasingly prevalent, the popular idea of a ‘best language’ remains unchallenged.This article presents results from an explorative comparative study on ‘double standard’ constellations in French, German and (Brazilian) Portuguese. The concept of \u27double\u27 or even ‘multiple standards’ is based on the observation that many current standard languages are not homogeneous. Rather, the divergence of written and spoken standards, the emergence of informal standards and pluricentric/pluriareal situations have often resulted in the coexistence of different standard varieties/standard language registers. The aim of our study is to identify and discuss ‘double standard’ situations in three major languages against the background of the respective standardisation histories and current developments. Despite their different standardisation ages, ‘double standard’ constellations have emerged in all three languages, firstly, between written and spoken standard varieties, and, secondly, between different spoken registers – albeit with very different manifestations, ranging from a continuum between formal and informal registers (French) and the emergence of a ‘Neo-standard’ (with regional features) parallel to a conservative spoken standard (German) to the increasing integration of informal registers into a post-colonial standard variety (Portuguese in Brazil). In all three cases, the developments in the spoken standard can be seen as a process of demotisation. Although informal registers have become increasingly prevalent, the popular idea of a ‘best language’ remains unchallenged.This article presents results from an explorative comparative study on ‘double standard’ constellations in French, German and (Brazilian) Portuguese. The concept of \u27double\u27 or even ‘multiple standards’ is based on the observation that many current standard languages are not homogeneous. Rather, the divergence of written and spoken standards, the emergence of informal standards and pluricentric/pluriareal situations have often resulted in the coexistence of different standard varieties/standard language registers. The aim of our study is to identify and discuss ‘double standard’ situations in three major languages against the background of the respective standardisation histories and current developments. Despite their different standardisation ages, ‘double standard’ constellations have emerged in all three languages, firstly, between written and spoken standard varieties, and, secondly, between different spoken registers – albeit with very different manifestations, ranging from a continuum between formal and informal registers (French) and the emergence of a ‘Neo-standard’ (with regional features) parallel to a conservative spoken standard (German) to the increasing integration of informal registers into a post-colonial standard variety (Portuguese in Brazil). In all three cases, the developments in the spoken standard can be seen as a process of demotisation. Although informal registers have become increasingly prevalent, the popular idea of a ‘best language’ remains unchallenged.This article presents results from an explorative comparative study on ‘double standard’ constellations in French, German and (Brazilian) Portuguese. The concept of \u27double\u27 or even ‘multiple standards’ is based on the observation that many current standard languages are not homogeneous. Rather, the divergence of written and spoken standards, the emergence of informal standards and pluricentric/pluriareal situations have often resulted in the coexistence of different standard varieties/standard language registers. The aim of our study is to identify and discuss ‘double standard’ situations in three major languages against the background of the respective standardisation histories and current developments. Despite their different standardisation ages, ‘double standard’ constellations have emerged in all three languages, firstly, between written and spoken standard varieties, and, secondly, between different spoken registers – albeit with very different manifestations, ranging from a continuum between formal and informal registers (French) and the emergence of a ‘Neo-standard’ (with regional features) parallel to a conservative spoken standard (German) to the increasing integration of informal registers into a post-colonial standard variety (Portuguese in Brazil). In all three cases, the developments in the spoken standard can be seen as a process of demotisation. Although informal registers have become increasingly prevalent, the popular idea of a ‘best language’ remains unchallenged
Rethinking Standard Languages: On the Dynamics of Informal Standardization and Regionalization
No full textJohann Conrad Ulmers theologisches Vermächtnis: Seine fünf Predigten von den Heiligen Sakramenten, 1598
No full textJohann Conrad Ulmer (1519–1600), a native of Schaffhausen, received his theological education in Basel, Strasbourg and Wittenberg. From 1543 to 1566 he worked as a preacher and reformer in Lohr am Main (Franconia), from 1566 to 1600 in Schaffhausen, first at the abbey church of All Saints, then in the church of St. John, and also as dean of the Schaffhausen parish. He was a highly respected and successful preacher, catechist, pastor, theological writer and church politician. His influence was so great that he is considered the second reformer and architect of the Reformed Church in Schaffhausen.He himself described his Five Sermons on the Holy Sacraments (1598) as his theological legacy. In them, he dealt with the sacraments in general, the Lord’s Supper in particular, the benefits, use and fruits of the Lord’s Supper, the misguided developments in the theology of the Lord’s Supper in the course of church history and their refutation by the Reformed theology of his time. He himself relied on the Bible, the Confessio Helvetica Posterior and other Reformed confessional writings. He polemicized sharply against the Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches, as laid down in the Council of Trent and the Formula Concordiae. Ulmer was strongly influenced by the confessional age that began in Schaffhausen around 1550.Johann Conrad Ulmer (1519–1600), a native of Schaffhausen, received his theological education in Basel, Strasbourg and Wittenberg. From 1543 to 1566 he worked as a preacher and reformer in Lohr am Main (Franconia), from 1566 to 1600 in Schaffhausen, first at the abbey church of All Saints, then in the church of St. John, and also as dean of the Schaffhausen parish. He was a highly respected and successful preacher, catechist, pastor, theological writer and church politician. His influence was so great that he is considered the second reformer and architect of the Reformed Church in Schaffhausen.He himself described his Five Sermons on the Holy Sacraments (1598) as his theological legacy. In them, he dealt with the sacraments in general, the Lord’s Supper in particular, the benefits, use and fruits of the Lord’s Supper, the misguided developments in the theology of the Lord’s Supper in the course of church history and their refutation by the Reformed theology of his time. He himself relied on the Bible, the Confessio Helvetica Posterior and other Reformed confessional writings. He polemicized sharply against the Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches, as laid down in the Council of Trent and the Formula Concordiae. Ulmer was strongly influenced by the confessional age that began in Schaffhausen around 1550
Paul Sanders, Zwingli & Bullinger: Quand la Réforme entre en Cène, 2023
No full textNo abstract available.No abstract available
Finanzielle Folgen des Schwarzfahrens: Mittels Strafprozess auf das Abstellgleis oder im Schnellzug zum Ziel?
No full textWer ohne gültigen Fahrschein öffentliche Verkehrsbetriebe benutzt, hat den eigentlichen Fahrpreis und den sog. Zuschlag zu bezahlen. Wer dies wiederholt tut, muss auch noch eine Staffelungsgebühr entrichten. Daneben ist auch eine strafrechtliche Ahndung möglich. Die Verkehrsbetriebe haben die Möglichkeit, die mit dem Schwarzfahren zusammenhängenden Forderungen im Strafverfahren geltend zu machen. Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit der Frage, ob es sich bei diesen regelmässig geltend gemachten Forderungen um adhäsionsfähige Zivilforderungen im Sinne der Strafprozessordnung handelt. Diese Frage hat in der Praxis Relevanz, zumal seit dem 1. Januar 2024 auch im Strafbefehlsverfahren bei gegebenen Voraussetzungen über Zivilforderungen entschieden werden kann respektive muss.
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Les personnes utilisant les transports publics sans titre de transport valable sont tenues de payer le prix du billet, accompagné d\u27un supplément. En cas de récidive, elles s\u27exposent à une amende progressive. Une sanction pénale peut également être prononcée. Les entreprises de transport ont la possibilité de faire valoir les créances liées à la fraude dans le cadre de la procédure pénale. Cet article examine si ces créances, régulièrement invoquées, peuvent être considérées comme des créances civiles susceptibles d\u27adhésion au sens du code de procédure pénale. Cette question revêt une importance pratique, d\u27autant plus que, depuis le 1er janvier 2024, le ministère public peut, voire doit, statuer sur les prétentions civiles par ordonnance pénale lorsque les conditions légales sont remplies
What is Animal Dignity in Law?
No full textThe article seeks to understand dignity in the context of primarily European animal law. Its main claim is that the notion of dignity is used in animal law discourse to express claims of more-than-welfarism. Whereas welfarism is premised on the humane treatment of animals and the prevention of unnecessary suffering, animal dignity is premised on respect for animals. However, adopting dignity-premised legal regulation does not necessarily entail the abandonment of welfarism. Rather, jurisdictions that have adopted dignity-based animal law have left welfarist regulations mostly intact. Hence, in its current stage of development, dignity-based animal law does not replace but rather augments the welfarist regime by “plugging its gaps”. Dignity-based animal law is then identified as consisting of four aspects: non-instrumentalization, egalitarianism, flourishing, and essence-respect. Finally, the article discusses the relationship of dignity to intrinsic value, arguing that the legal recognition of animals’ dignity is neither necessary nor sufficient for a recognition of their intrinsic value as individuals.This essay attempts to understand dignity in the context of primarily European animal law.
My overall claim can be put as follows. The notion of dignity is used in animal law discourse to express claims of more-than-welfarism. Whereas welfarism is premised on the humane treatment of animals and the prevention of unnecessary suffering, animal dignity is premised on respect for animals. However, adopting dignity-premised legal regulation does not necessarily entail the abandonment of welfarism. Rather, jurisdictions that have adopted dignity-based animal law have left welfarist regulations mostly intact. Hence, in its current stage of development, dignity-based animal law does not replace but rather augments the welfarist regime by “plugging its gaps”
Tierspezifische Grundrechte für die Tiere als Teil des Rechtsstaats
No full textIm Jahr 2002 verlieh der Deutsche Bundestag und Bundesrat dem ethischen Tierschutz mit einer Zweidrittelmehrheit Verfassungsrang. Diese Entwicklung ist massgeblich auf den zwölf Jahre dauernden Einsatz einer hoch engagierten Bürgerbewegung zum Schutz der leidensfähigen und tagtäglich insbesondere unter artwidrigen Haltungsbedingungen leidenden Tiere zurückzuführen. Der vorliegende Kurzbeitrag fragt danach, was aus dieser Neufassung des Artikel 20a Grundgesetz (GG) geworden ist und ob er die darin gesetzten Hoffnungen, den Tieren die Befreiung von rücksichtsloser Ausbeutung zu ermöglichen, erfüllen konnte. Sich aus einer kritischen Perspektive damit zu befassen, ist umso wichtiger, weil die Tiere, der Staat und die Menschen angesichts einer Vielzahl an neuen Bedrohungen mehr denn je darauf angewiesen sind