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Spillover Beliefs between Health and Pro-Environmental Behaviours
No full textHealth and environment are closely related. These interrelationships are conceptualised within the framing of planetary health. Targeting health and pro-environmental behaviours (PEB) together is of growing interest. To enhance the effectiveness of joint interventions on multiple health and PEB, this study aimed to (1) explore whether behaviours are believed to facilitate (positive spillover) or conflict (negative spillover) with each other and assess (2) predictors of these spillover beliefs. A cross-sectional survey was administered to 311 adult participants (Mage = 29.2, SD = 9.8; 50% female) from Western Europe. A scale was developed to measure spillover beliefs. Self-reported values, health and green identity, as well as self-efficacy, pride, and guilt related to specific health and PEB were assessed as predictors. Results showed that 23.2% and 4.8% of participants respectively agreed with positive (M = 3.0, SD = 0.8) and negative (M = 2.2, SD =0.7) spillover beliefs. Personal values, health and green identity, as well as self-efficacy and guilt for PEB, significantly predicted both types of spillover beliefs. Pride for PEB increased the likelihood of positive spillover beliefs; self-efficacy, pride and guilt for health did not. These findings on spillover beliefs support further investigation of spillover within the planetary health context
Identifying Uncertainty-Specific Health Information Seeking Practices in Orthopaedic Implant Patient Journeys: Findings of a Qualitative Interview Study
No full textUncertainty is an inherent part of illness that is assumed to vary over time. However, little is known about which kind of uncertainties occur during a chronic illness and how patients manage them at different times. To explore the dimensions of patients’ uncertainty perceptions and management strategies, such as health information seeking behaviour, over the course of the disease, we draw on uncertainty management theory and patient journey mapping. We conducted qualitative semi-structured interviews with 19 patients who had received a knee or hip replacement. We found distinct patterns of uncertainty perceptions related to physical, psychological, social/personal, and treatment-related issues in six different phases of the patient journey. Uncertainty perceptions were multi-layered and interconnected. We also found that uncertainty management strategies, such as information seeking, were highly targeted to the uncertainty at hand. Furthermore, our results revealed a high degree of context-specific uncertainty management strategies over the course of a patient journey
Polarization and Shared Attention among Influential Amplifiers of 2018 U.S. Primary Candidates
No full textThe spread of information on Twitter/X hinges on a relatively small set of influential accounts that shape the narrative during political events. In this paper, we identify and describe the ecosystem of influencers in the ego networks of candidates from the 2018 U.S. primaries across a large set of governor, house, and senate races. The ecosystem includes both amplifying influencers, who share tweets by candidates, as well as accounts regularly promoted by these amplifiers, whom we label ecosystem influencers. We classify these accounts with respect to their partisanship and political role. We find asymmetry across the two major parties, with Democrats receiving more formal party support than Republicans, whose amplifiers skew more towards ‘activist’ accounts that feature relatively high levels of bot or bot-like behavior. We also find that nearly all amplifying influencers share tweets from candidates representing a single political party. However, there is substantial overlap in the ecosystem influencers that these amplifiers promote, which are often journalists and news organizations, with over 30% of them retweeted by amplifiers on both sides of the political spectrum. We thus find that shared attention exists across these partisan amplifiers – far more than their promotion of candidate messages suggests – and that media accounts serve a central bridging function
Best practices for source-based research on misinformation and news trustworthiness using NewsGuard
No full textResearchers need reliable and valid tools to identify cases of untrustworthy information when studying the spread of misinformation on digital platforms. A common approach is to assess the trustworthiness of sources rather than individual pieces of content. One of the most widely used and comprehensive databases for source trustworthiness ratings is provided by NewsGuard. Since creating the database in 2019, NewsGuard has continually added new sources and reassessed existing ones. While NewsGuard initially focused only on the US, the database has expanded to include sources from other countries. In addition to trustworthiness ratings, the NewsGuard database contains various contextual assessments of the sources, which are less often used in contemporary research on misinformation. In this work, we provide an analysis of the content of the NewsGuard database, focusing on the temporal stability and completeness of its ratings across countries, as well as the usefulness of information on political orientation and topics for misinformation studies. We find that trustworthiness ratings and source coverage have remained relatively stable since 2022, particularly for the US, France, Italy, Germany, and Canada, with US-based sources consistently scoring lower than those from other countries. Additional information on the political orientation and topics covered by sources is comprehensive and provides valuable assets for characterizing sources beyond trustworthiness. By evaluating the database over time and across countries, we identify potential pitfalls that compromise the validity of using NewsGuard as a tool for quantifying untrustworthy information, particularly if dichotomous "trustworthy"/"untrustworthy" labels are used. Lastly, we provide recommendations for digital media research on how to avoid these pitfalls and discuss appropriate use cases for the NewsGuard database and source-level approaches in general
ElectionRumors2022: A Dataset of Election Rumors on Twitter During the 2022 U.S. Midterms
No full textUnderstanding the spread of online rumors is a pressing societal challenge and an active area of research across domains. In the context of the 2022 U.S. midterm elections, one influential social media platform for sharing information — including rumors that may be false, misleading, or unsubstantiated — was Twitter (now renamed X). To increase understanding of the dynamics of online rumors about elections, we present and analyze a dataset of 1.81 million Twitter posts corresponding to 135 distinct rumors which spread online during the midterm election season (September 5 to December 1, 2022). We describe how this data was collected, compiled, and supplemented, and provide a series of exploratory analyses along with comparisons to a previously published dataset on 2020 election rumors. We also conduct a mixed-methods analysis of five distinct rumors about the election in Arizona, a particularly prominent focus of 2022 election rumoring. Finally, we provide a set of potential future directions for how this dataset could be used to facilitate future research into online rumors, misinformation, and disinformation
Digital Inequality and Access by Low-Income Individuals to Public Benefits
No full textThis study presents novel data on digital inequality to describe differences in individuals’ online interactions with public and private sector services. Using two-month smartphone tracking data collected every five seconds from 65 low- and high-income U.S. adults (N = 13,498,584 screens), we assessed when individuals did and did not face obstacles during interactions with public benefits programs and commercial financial services (e.g., banks, credit cards). Drawing on theories of time inequality and the psychology of poverty, we report four main results that reveal the distinct challenges faced by low-income individuals when accessing public benefits online. First, the vast majority (92.9%) of low-income individuals often encountered obstacles when accessing public benefits via government websites or programs. Slow-loading websites were the most common problem, while user errors (e.g., misplaced passwords, noncompliance with recertification) were infrequent. Second, low-income individuals faced more difficulties accessing public benefits compared to commercial financial services. We found that 92.9% of low-income individuals faced issues with public benefits, compared to only 47.6% when using financial services. Low-income individuals also experienced significantly longer wait times for accessing public benefits than accessing financial services. Third, low- and high-income individuals’ interactions with financial services were generally similar. Lastly, encountering obstacles to public benefits generated notable psychological reactions in low-income individuals, such as decreased consumption of words relating to complex thinking (e.g., think, why) in content observed after the interaction. Public benefits are designed to provide support for low-income individuals, but challenges in accessing them online are another facet of digital inequality
Influence of gender on periodontitis: prevention, prevalence and etiology in a narrative review
No full textPeriodontitis leads to a destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus, which untreated may end up in tooth-loss. Key factor in the pathogenesis of periodontitis is the host immune response, genetic predisposition, and lifestyle factors (such as smoking, stress, and diabetes), all of which influence disease severity. Periodontitis is more common in men than women, this fact may point out that gender may have an influence on periodontitis. In addition, the incidence and severity seem to have a gender predilection with the incidence and severity of periodontal disease appearing to be greater in males than in females. The purpose of this narrative review was to summarize the existing literature on influence of gender in periodontology. The review included German and English articles and aimed to identify any gender differences in periodontitis. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines gender as the socially constructed characteristics, norms, behaviors and roles associated with being a woman, man, girl or boy, and the relationships between them. The topic of “gender” is not a new topic in dentistry. However, existing studies are relatively limited and further research is needed to improve our understanding of this topic. In fact, understanding gender and gender differences in oral health may be valuable for improving the effectiveness of preventive and therapeutic interventions. By recognizing and addressing these differences, healthcare professionals can tailor their approaches to better address the specific needs and challenges of individuals of different genders. This can help improve overall oral health outcomes.Periodontitis leads to a destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus, which untreated may end up in tooth-loss. Key factor in the pathogenesis of periodontitis is the host immune response, genetic predisposition, and lifestyle factors (such as smoking, stress, and diabetes), all of which influence disease severity. Periodontitis is more common in men than women, this fact may point out that gender may have an influence on periodontitis. In addition, the incidence and severity seem to have a gender predilection with the incidence and severity of periodontal disease appearing to be greater in males than in females. The purpose of this narrative review was to summarize the existing literature on influence of gender in periodontology. The review included German and English articles and aimed to identify any gender differences in periodontitis. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines gender as the socially constructed characteristics, norms, behaviors and roles associated with being a woman, man, girl or boy, and the relationships between them. The topic of “gender” is not a new topic in dentistry. However, existing studies are relatively limited and further research is needed to improve our understanding of this topic. In fact, understanding gender and gender differences in oral health may be valuable for improving the effectiveness of preventive and therapeutic interventions. By recognizing and addressing these differences, healthcare professionals can tailor their approaches to better address the specific needs and challenges of individuals of different genders. This can help improve overall oral health outcomes
