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Rethinking Emergency Preparedness for Small and Advanced Modular Reactors: the PIANOFORTE GIROSCOPE and CATAPULT projects
No full textGenerating cerebellar organoids from pluripotent stem cells
No full textCerebellar organoids present promising tools for the modelling of human cerebellar development and diseases. As this young field grows, robust standards and transparent reporting practices are needed to ensure the reproducibility and utility of the generated cerebellar organoid models. Here, we summarize current approaches to generate cerebellar organoids and their applications. We suggest common quality control standards and biological readouts that should be considered in this emerging area
Collaborative and Cooperative Hospital “In-House” Medical Device Development and Implementation in the AI Age: The European Responsible AI Development (EURAID) Framework Compatible With European Values
No full textThe last years have seen an acceleration in the development and uptake of artificial intelligence (AI) systems by “early adopter” hospitals, caught between the pressures to “perform” and “transform” in a struggling health care system. This transformation has raised concerns among health care providers as their voices and location-specific workflows have often been overlooked, resulting in technologies that fail to integrate meaningfully into routine care and worsen rather than improve care processes. How can positive AI implementation be carried out in health care, aligned with European values? Based on a perspective that spans all stakeholders, we have created EURAID (European Responsible AI Development), a practical, human-centric framework for AI development and implementation based on agreed goals and values. We illustrate this approach through the co-development of a narrow-purpose “in-house” AI system, designed to help bridge the AI implementation gap in real-world clinical settings. This example is then expanded to address the broader challenges associated with complex, multiagent AI systems. By portraying all key stakeholders across the AI development life cycle and highlighting their roles and contributions within the process, real use cases, and methods for achieving iterative consensus, we offer a unique practical approach for safe and fast progress in hospital digital transformation in the AI age
Das Zusammenspiel von Oberflächenrauheit und -abfluss und dessen Potenzial zur dezentralen Minderung von Sturzfluten durch Hecken
No full textDieser Artikel untersucht das Zusammenspiel von Oberflächenrauheit und Oberflächenabfluss und analysiert das Potenzial von Hecken als Maßnahme zur dezentralen Hochwasserminderung mit Hilfe eines vereinfachten physikalisch-basierten Modells. Untersuchungsgebiet ist das 3,5 km² große Weiherbach-Einzugsgebiet, das sich in einer Lösslandschaft in Südwestdeutschland befindet. Zunächst wird die Rückkopplung der Oberflächenrauheit auf die Abflussbildung auf der Plotskala untersucht, a) an Daten von Freiland-Beregnungsversuchen und b) mit numerischen Experimenten. Abschließend erfolgt eine Analyse der Wirkung von Heckenstreifen auf Einzugsgebietsebene, exemplarisch an der im Untersuchungsgebiet im Juni 1994 beobachteten Sturzflut, in Anlehnung an das Keyline-Design.
Auf einer Fließstrecke von 12 m zeigen die numerischen Experimente eine Reduktion in der Oberflächenabflusswelle von bis zu 9 % auf sehr rauen Oberflächen. Die Simulationen auf Einzugsgebietsebene verdeutlichen, dass 7 Heckenstreifen das Volumen der Oberflächenabflusswelle um 62 % und den Scheitel um 55 % im Vergleich zur Referenzvariante reduzieren können. Die Studie zeigt zum einen, dass bei Rauheits- und/oder Infiltrationswechsel entlang des Hangs eine gekoppelte Betrachtung von Oberflächenrouting und Infiltration zwingend erforderlich ist, zum anderen weist sie nach, dass sich durch den Einsatz solcher Modelle das Potenzial von Hecken zur Hochwasserminderung quantifizieren lässt und sie somit bei der Planung leichter zu berücksichtigen sind
Dynamics of outgroup attitudes in peer networks: Testing the effects of socialization, contact, and selection
No full textIntergroup attitudes can be positively influenced by peers, but it remains unclear whether this occurs
primarily through ingroup socialization or outgroup contact. Prior studies concurrently exploring both
pathways have yielded mixed results. This paper introduces two key factors, ingroup identification and
interpersonal dislike, as potentially moderating or counteracting the effects of these processes. We
incorporate these factors into a comprehensive statistical model that accounts for various mechanisms
associated with outgroup attitude change, including peer influence, ingroup and outgroup contact,
ethnic and attitudinal homophily in friendship selection, and general relationship formation dynamics.
Using stochastic actor-oriented modeling (SAOM), we analyze longitudinal data on coevolving
networks and attitudes among 380 German secondary school adolescents. Our findings show that
both outgroup contact among German adolescents and ingroup socialization significantly influence
outgroup attitude change. However, interpersonal dislike and ingroup identification do not play a
meaningful role in these processes
Polymer Infiltration Into SURMOF Channels Enables Hydrophobic and Solid‐Like Slippery Functional Thin Films
No full textDesigning functional thin films with precisely controlled surface chemistry and smoothness is essential for achieving targeted interfacial properties. Here, we introduce a polymer-chain insertion strategy to fabricate pore-threaded films by grafting uniformly long polymer chains into the vertical channels of surface-mounted metal-organic frameworks (SURMOFs). Using the highly oriented pillared-layer Cu2(bdc)2(dabco) SURMOF grown by layer-by-layer deposition as a crystalline host, infiltration of polymer chains into its nanochannels allows systematic tuning of interfacial chemistry and water wettability. Insertion of hydrophobic n-alkane chains effectively masks the polar framework surface, enhances water stability, and imparts strong hydrophobicity. Polymer incorporation leads to characteristic modifications in the X-ray diffraction pattern, and infrared spectroscopy reveals chain alignment through shifts in CH-stretching modes. Notably, films infiltrated with long tetracontane (C40H82) chains exhibit lubricant-free slippery behavior, enabling water droplets to slide off readily due to the combination of smooth surface morphology and the low surface energy of exposed hydrocarbon segments. This scalable approach provides an internally integrated method for tailoring SURMOF thin-film properties, expanding their applicability in liquid-repellent coatings, anti-fouling surfaces, and separation technologies
Stability Prediction of 2H–MoO Monolayer as a Platform for Photonic Devices: from Thermodynamics to the Excitonic Effects through First-Principles Calculations
No full textThe conception, study, and development of two-dimensional (2D) materials have expanded the frontiers of next-generation optoelectronic devices. Representative of this class, the MoO monolayer in its 2H phase was investigated here with respect to its structural, electronic, optical, and excitonic properties, through the PBE level for structural and electronic properties, being the electronic band gap correct at the HSE06 level, the optical and excitonic properties were obtained by solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation. The structural stability was also investigated at the dynamical (phonons), thermodynamic (AIMD), and mechanical (elastic constants) levels, ensuring the stability of this monolayer at all levels. This 2D transition-metal dioxide exhibits semiconducting behavior with a HSE06 direct band gap of 2.50 eV, where spin–orbit coupling is weak. We also observe spin degeneracy breaking in the valence bands close to the Fermi level in the vicinity of the K and K′ valleys and along the connecting path between them. Excitonic band-structure analysis revealed a binding energy of 0.38 eV, which gives rise to significant excitonic effects in the linear optical response. The response is isotropic across the infrared and visible ranges, extending to the onset of the ultraviolet spectrum
Implementation of gas formation into a finite-element model for the mechanical swelling simulation of lithium-ion batteries
No full textLithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are playing an increasingly vital role in electric vehicles. LIBs are assembled into modules with a preload force to ensure stability and safety. During cycling, battery swelling increases the force within the module. In addition, gas formation, resulting from the battery aging mechanisms, may impact swelling behavior and impair battery performance and safety. While researchers have developed various models to analyze swelling mechanisms, few have considered implementing gas formation into mechanical swelling models. However, the effect of gas formation should not be overlooked, as it has a significant impact on aged batteries. Herein, we implement gas formation into a simplified finite element model to better evaluate the swelling mechanism of LIBs. We found that, for the model of an aged cell with 1900 cycles, it achieves a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 10.24% for force change and 15.12% for thickness change with gas formation (as compared with experimental results), versus the 565.05% for force change and 228.30% for thickness change achieved without gas formation, thus underscoring the critical impact of gas formation on cell swelling mechanisms. These findings suggest that gas formation is a needed consideration in a swelling model to predict a change in battery thickness and swelling-related force fluctuation. The approach in our study is crucial for evaluating the impact of gas on battery mechanical behavior and can be applied to determine the optimal preload force in further investigations
Complete Classification of the Dehn Functions of Bestvina–Brady Groups
No full textWe prove that the Dehn function of every finitely presented Bestvina–Brady group grows as a linear, quadratic, cubic, or quartic polynomial. In fact, we provide explicit criteria on the defining graph to determine the degree of this polynomial. As a consequence, we identify an obstruction that prevents certain Bestvina–Brady groups from admitting a CAT(0) structure
Novel Photoinitiators for Two‐Step Absorption‐Based 3D Laser Nanoprinting: From Molecular Design to Printing Behavior
No full textUsing two-step absorption instead of two-photon absorption in 3D laser nanoprinting reduces demands on necessary laser systems but still poses a challenge for chemistry. Photoresists consisting of a photoinitiator and a viscous monomer are hardened through photopolymerization with one or two different laser sources. Until now, the influence of the photoinitiator type on printing behavior has remained unclear, limiting the rational design of new materials. In this study, we demonstrate a direct connection between molecular design and printing performance, providing new insights that guide the targeted development of novel photoinitiators. One essential parameter in designing new photoinitiators is the laser power required to initiate photopolymerization, which varies with molecular size, regioisomeric substitution, and substituent type. Screenings in this and a previous study about two-step absorption show that, thus far, the only applicable molecules for this specific 3D printing technique are 1,2-diketones, primarily benzil derivatives. These compounds are mainly synthesized using a Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction followed by an oxidation of the resulting triple bond. The photoinitiators introduced in this work can be referred to as two-step, one-color systems, allowing 3D structures to be printed using only a single 405 nm laser source