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Land and Legal Texts in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire : harmonization, property rights and sovereignty /
No full textEvaluating proximal ulnar morphology in relation to the humeral flexion-extension axis
No full textBackgroundThe study aimed to evaluate the 3D relationship between the plane of the posterior surface of the olecranon, a newly defined plane through the ridge of the greater sigmoid notch (GSN), and the ulno-humeral flexion–extension axis (FE axis), respectively.MethodsTwenty-four healthy left elbows were computed tomography scanned and 3D-segmented. First, a Cartesian ulnar coordinate system (UCS) was determined. Next, several anatomical landmarks were identified. The UCS and landmarks were assessed for repeatability and reproducibility. The orientation of the posterior surface and the plane through the GSN was evaluated relative to the anatomical FE axis.ResultsBoth the UCS and the landmarks were considered repeatable and reproducible. In the axial plane, the mean angle between the posterior surface and the FE axis was 3° (standard deviation: ±5°, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [−6°; 12°]) external rotation. The mean axial angle between the GSN and the FE axis was 88° (standard deviation: ±3°, 95% CI: [83°; 94°]) external rotation.ConclusionThis study concludes that the angulation between the posterior plane surface and the FE axis is highly variable (95% CI range: 18°). The plane through the ridge of the GSN of a healthy proximal ulna could provide a more reliable anatomical landmark to estimate the position of the elbow FE axis compared to the posterior surface (95% CI range: 11°).BackgroundThe study aimed to evaluate the 3D relationship between the plane of the posterior surface of the olecranon, a newly defined plane through the ridge of the greater sigmoid notch (GSN), and the ulno-humeral flexion–extension axis (FE axis), respectively.MethodsTwenty-four healthy left elbows were computed tomography scanned and 3D-segmented. First, a Cartesian ulnar coordinate system (UCS) was determined. Next, several anatomical landmarks were identified. The UCS and landmarks were assessed for repeatability and reproducibility. The orientation of the posterior surface and the plane through the GSN was evaluated relative to the anatomical FE axis.ResultsBoth the UCS and the landmarks were considered repeatable and reproducible. In the axial plane, the mean angle between the posterior surface and the FE axis was 3° (standard deviation: ±5°, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [−6°; 12°]) external rotation. The mean axial angle between the GSN and the FE axis was 88° (standard deviation: ±3°, 95% CI: [83°; 94°]) external rotation.ConclusionThis study concludes that the angulation between the posterior plane surface and the FE axis is highly variable (95% CI range: 18°). The plane through the ridge of the GSN of a healthy proximal ulna could provide a more reliable anatomical landmark to estimate the position of the elbow FE axis compared to the posterior surface (95% CI range: 11°).A
Lack of biochemical signalling in GelMA leads to polarity reversion in intestinal organoids independent from mechanoreciprocity
No full textXenogeneic tumour origin and batch-to-batch variability of Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm sarcoma tumour cell-derived hydrogels (Matrigel, Cultrex) limit the biomedical application of organoids in tissue engineering. The gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels represent a defined, tunable, and GMP-friendly alternative, but they are rarely studied as alternative to Matrigel. Here, we studied effects of mechanical properties of GelMA and addition of laminin-111 on encapsulation and growth of small intestinal organoids. GelMA-embedded organoids displayed polarity reversion, resulting in apical-out and apical-basal phenotypes, independent from the matrix stiffness. Addition of laminin-111 softened hydrogels and also resulted in a partial restoration of the basal-out phenotype. Interestingly, despite the incomplete polarity restoration, GelMA-organoids still showed minor growth. GelMA stiffness and concentration influenced the transition from 3D to 2D organoid cultures. Collectively, our study confirms that tuning of GelMA mechanical properties alone cannot recapitulate the basal membrane matrix. However, controlled polarity reversion offers a tool for engineering organoids and enabling apical membrane access.Xenogeneic tumour origin and batch-to-batch variability of Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm sarcoma tumour cell-derived hydrogels (Matrigel, Cultrex) limit the biomedical application of organoids in tissue engineering. The gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels represent a defined, tunable, and GMP-friendly alternative, but they are rarely studied as alternative to Matrigel. Here, we studied effects of mechanical properties of GelMA and addition of laminin-111 on encapsulation and growth of small intestinal organoids. GelMA-embedded organoids displayed polarity reversion, resulting in apical-out and apical-basal phenotypes, independent from the matrix stiffness. Addition of laminin-111 softened hydrogels and also resulted in a partial restoration of the basal-out phenotype. Interestingly, despite the incomplete polarity restoration, GelMA-organoids still showed minor growth. GelMA stiffness and concentration influenced the transition from 3D to 2D organoid cultures. Collectively, our study confirms that tuning of GelMA mechanical properties alone cannot recapitulate the basal membrane matrix. However, controlled polarity reversion offers a tool for engineering organoids and enabling apical membrane access.A
State silence across international law : meaning, context, and developments /
No full text"This book concerns the legal meaning and effects of State silence in international law-making. Owing to profound developments in the factual background and major developments in the framework of international law in the twentieth and twenty-first century, the 'contexts' in which State silence may be interpreted today have become complex, and they remain not well understood. Bringing together 21 authors and 16 chapters, this book endeavours to understand them better. It enquires whether, and if so, how the shift in international law from bilateralism towards community interests, and towards multilateralism, intergovernmental institutions, and expert bodies affects the interpretation of State silence. It also probes whether and how the developments in modern means of communication, the increase in the number of States and their diverse characteristics influence the interpretation of State silence"--"This book concerns the legal meaning and effects of State silence in international law-making. Owing to profound developments in the factual background and major developments in the framework of international law in the twentieth and twenty-first century, the 'contexts' in which State silence may be interpreted today have become complex, and they remain not well understood. Bringing together 21 authors and 16 chapters, this book endeavours to understand them better. It enquires whether, and if so, how the shift in international law from bilateralism towards community interests, and towards multilateralism, intergovernmental institutions, and expert bodies affects the interpretation of State silence. It also probes whether and how the developments in modern means of communication, the increase in the number of States and their diverse characteristics influence the interpretation of State silence"-
From genetic resources to bioprocess development : tools and technologies to help you create a robust microbial fermentation process
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Coping with education supply shocks : how COVID-19 affected parents’ time spent on children’s education
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic generated an unprecedented educational supply shock due to prolonged schools' closures. Using time-use data representative of the U.S. population, we examine how parents' involvement in educational activities with school-age children changed to cope with the shock. We find that parents do not participated more frequently in educational activities with their children during the pandemic but the time they spent in educational activities, especially with younger children, was significantly increased. We also find that wealthier parents spent less time in educational activities with children, likely due to higher opportunity costs. These findings have important implications for educational and distributional policies.The COVID-19 pandemic generated an unprecedented educational supply shock due to prolonged schools' closures. Using time-use data representative of the U.S. population, we examine how parents' involvement in educational activities with school-age children changed to cope with the shock. We find that parents do not participated more frequently in educational activities with their children during the pandemic but the time they spent in educational activities, especially with younger children, was significantly increased. We also find that wealthier parents spent less time in educational activities with children, likely due to higher opportunity costs. These findings have important implications for educational and distributional policies.A
Assessing the stability and photocatalytic eficiency of a biodegradable PLA‐TiO2 membrane for air purification
No full textThe potential of a biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA)-TiO2 membrane for air purification is investigated, utilizing the environmentally friendly solvent Cyrene. Through the integration of TiO2 nanoparticles within a PLA matrix, the membrane is used to degrade ethanol as a model volatile organic compound (VOC) under UV light. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX), and UV–vis spectrophotometry confirm the porous structure of the membrane, the even distribution of TiO2, and its effective band gap of 3.06 eV, respectively. Ethanol adsorption is best described by the Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting monolayer coverage on a homogeneous surface. Photocatalytic tests demonstrate that the membrane decomposes ethanol (6800 ppm) within 14 min under UV light, generating acetaldehyde, acetic acid, formaldehyde, and formic acid as intermediates, and ultimately producing CO2 and water. Reusability tests indicate a decrease in decomposition time over successive cycles due to increased TiO2 exposure from the gradual degradation of PLA. However, this degradation poses challenges for continuous use, compromising the membrane's long-term durability.The potential of a biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA)-TiO2 membrane for air purification is investigated, utilizing the environmentally friendly solvent Cyrene. Through the integration of TiO2 nanoparticles within a PLA matrix, the membrane is used to degrade ethanol as a model volatile organic compound (VOC) under UV light. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX), and UV–vis spectrophotometry confirm the porous structure of the membrane, the even distribution of TiO2, and its effective band gap of 3.06 eV, respectively. Ethanol adsorption is best described by the Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting monolayer coverage on a homogeneous surface. Photocatalytic tests demonstrate that the membrane decomposes ethanol (6800 ppm) within 14 min under UV light, generating acetaldehyde, acetic acid, formaldehyde, and formic acid as intermediates, and ultimately producing CO2 and water. Reusability tests indicate a decrease in decomposition time over successive cycles due to increased TiO2 exposure from the gradual degradation of PLA. However, this degradation poses challenges for continuous use, compromising the membrane's long-term durability.A
Maternal and paternal parenting and maltreatment in relation to callous-unemotional traits in detained male adolescents
No full textThis study investigated the relationship between parenting practices, childhood maltreatment (CM), callous-unemotional (CU) traits, and conduct disorder (CD) symptoms among 275 detained adolescent boys (Mage = 16.96). CU traits, and paternal and maternal parenting were assessed via self-report questionnaires. A diagnostic interview was used to assess CD symptoms. Regression analyses revealed that harsh parenting and physical maltreatment were positively associated with CU traits after controlling for CD symptoms, whereas warm parenting was significantly negatively related to CU traits. After controlling for the overlap between parenting and CM, only parenting was significantly positively related to CU traits. Findings, finally, showed that CU traits did not moderate the link between parenting (or CM) and CD symptoms. The study underscores that it is important to consider experiences with parenting practices and CM in detained adolescents with heightened CU traits.This study investigated the relationship between parenting practices, childhood maltreatment (CM), callous-unemotional (CU) traits, and conduct disorder (CD) symptoms among 275 detained adolescent boys (Mage = 16.96). CU traits, and paternal and maternal parenting were assessed via self-report questionnaires. A diagnostic interview was used to assess CD symptoms. Regression analyses revealed that harsh parenting and physical maltreatment were positively associated with CU traits after controlling for CD symptoms, whereas warm parenting was significantly negatively related to CU traits. After controlling for the overlap between parenting and CM, only parenting was significantly positively related to CU traits. Findings, finally, showed that CU traits did not moderate the link between parenting (or CM) and CD symptoms. The study underscores that it is important to consider experiences with parenting practices and CM in detained adolescents with heightened CU traits.A
