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Explanatory variables of objectively measured physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep in adults with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review
No full textHuman behavior and the natural environment : insights from environmental psychology
No full textThe urgent challenges related to climate change and biodiversity loss demand significant individual and collective action to mitigate further environmental degradation. Despite widespread scientific consensus about human-induced climate change, there remains knowledge gaps on how to foster sustainable human-environment relationships. Research in the field of environmental psychology has outlined two pathways through which this discipline can contribute to understanding the relationship between human behavior and the natural environment. One path focuses on the cognitive and affective processes that may hinder or promote pro-environmental behavior (“human-to-environment”). The second path focuses on the effects of the natural and built environment on human well-being and behavior ("environment-to-human"). In this symposium we will present recent research along both pathways to showcase how psychological science can advance our understanding of motivation or amotivation in the face of climate-related and environmental challenges and contribute to developing behavior-change interventions. Five speakers will present the methods, key findings, and implications of their research, each followed by a brief question round. Florian Lange (KU Leuven) will present a new behavioral paradigm that allows studying pro-environmental behavior as a function of its opportunity costs. In the Behavioral Allocation Task (BAT), participants can repeatedly decide whether they want to use the next 30 seconds to generate environmental benefits, to work for their own financial benefit, or to engage in a potentially more hedonic activity (i.e., watching videos). A preregistered experiment (N = 228 US residents) showed BAT choice behavior to systematically track the value of those behavioral options. Pro-environmental choices became more likely when they led to larger environmental benefits, but also when the competing behaviors decreased in value. Individual differences in BAT behavior were also found to be moderately correlated to an established measure of pro-environmental propensity. These findings support the suitability of the BAT for studying how people allocate their time between pro-environmental behavior and valued competing behaviors. More generally, they illustrate that interventions may benefit from targeting the behaviors that compete with pro-environmental behaviors. Sarah Kusch (Ghent University) will focus on the role of cognitive effort, which is a characteristic but understudied feature of many pro-environmental behaviors. While cognitive effort has traditionally been considered as a barrier for engaging in pro-environmental behavior, recent frameworks have promoted the notion that effort can also be a source of value, for example, by increasing the subjective value of an outcome of an effortful action. They reanalyzed existing data (N = 1160) from the Work for Environmental Protection Task (WEPT; Lange & Dewitte, 2023), in which participants can exert cognitive effort in exchange for donations to a pre-selected pro-environmental organization. After performing the WEPT, participants were more likely to donate additional bonus money to their assigned organization compared to an alternative organization. This observation was confirmed in a high-powered, preregistered study (N = 801), which also included a self-report index of subjective value. These findings resonate with the notion that effort is more than just a barrier and can have a positive impact on pro-environmental behavior. Alessandra Carella (University of Padova) will present her work on consumer choices in the fashion sector, one of the most polluting industries in the global market. This pre-registered study examined how product attributes such as durability, material, and trendiness influence choices between sustainable and non-sustainable sweaters, considering impulsivity, materialism, and green identity as influencing variables. The results indicated that the sustainable sweater was chosen less frequently as materialism and impulsivity increased and as green identity decreased. Conversely, the new collection sweater (trendy option) was selected more often under the same conditions. Furthermore, information about the product's durability had the most significant impact on the choice of the sustainable option, followed by information about material and trendiness. These findings highlight that informing consumers about sustainability attributes, and in particular the benefits of purchasing a more expensive but longer-lasting garment, can encourage more sustainable decisions. Moreover, the results underscore the importance of considering consumers' levels of impulsivity, materialism, and environmental identity.Yannick Joye (Vilnius University) is focusing on the putative positive impact of exposure to natural environments on psychological functioning. Two influential frameworks (i.e., Attention Restoration Theory, ART; Stress Recovery Theory, SRT) that have postulated that the demands of modern urban life can be emotionally and cognitively depleting and that nature might act as a restoring counterpart have faced criticism in recent years. Although some limitations could be resolved through theoretical refinements and further empirical work, they will argue that the challenges are more fundamental. Specifically, both ART and SRT fail to meet the criteria for robust scientific theories: their core constructs (e.g., “soft fascination”) lack predictive power due to conceptual vagueness and circularity, and their explanations for restoration are built on contentious evolutionary assumptions about human nature. Furthermore, they challenge the notion that nature’s restorative benefits are inherently “special”, warranting nature-specific theories. Instead, these effects are better understood as manifestations of broader psychological processes that should be integrated into more comprehensive models of human behavior.Alexander Hooyberg (Ghent University) investigates the impact of coastal environments on mental well-being and health. While it is well-evidenced that inland green nature has positive effects on our health, there is surprisingly little evidence on coastal environments in particular. Alexander combined diverse observational and experimental methods to explore the effects of different coastal environments on psychological and physiological indicators of mental health and individual differences in visitors’ activity-patterns and experiences. As such, he found that coastal residents report to have a better general health than their inland counterparts, that natural environments at the coast are perceived to be more psychologically restorative, that virtual exposure to beaches reduces sympathetic nervous system activity and breathing rate more than green and urban exposure, and that individuals’ activity at the coast vary according to four dimensions (frequency, preference for nature vs. urban, social company, preference to socialize vs. explore). The insights inform landscape planners, tourism managers, and the health care sector about how the coast influences health and well-being, and how to leverage these benefits to ensure sustainable human-environment interactions.The urgent challenges related to climate change and biodiversity loss demand significant individual and collective action to mitigate further environmental degradation. Despite widespread scientific consensus about human-induced climate change, there remains knowledge gaps on how to foster sustainable human-environment relationships. Research in the field of environmental psychology has outlined two pathways through which this discipline can contribute to understanding the relationship between human behavior and the natural environment. One path focuses on the cognitive and affective processes that may hinder or promote pro-environmental behavior (“human-to-environment”). The second path focuses on the effects of the natural and built environment on human well-being and behavior ("environment-to-human"). In this symposium we will present recent research along both pathways to showcase how psychological science can advance our understanding of motivation or amotivation in the face of climate-related and environmental challenges and contribute to developing behavior-change interventions. Five speakers will present the methods, key findings, and implications of their research, each followed by a brief question round. Florian Lange (KU Leuven) will present a new behavioral paradigm that allows studying pro-environmental behavior as a function of its opportunity costs. In the Behavioral Allocation Task (BAT), participants can repeatedly decide whether they want to use the next 30 seconds to generate environmental benefits, to work for their own financial benefit, or to engage in a potentially more hedonic activity (i.e., watching videos). A preregistered experiment (N = 228 US residents) showed BAT choice behavior to systematically track the value of those behavioral options. Pro-environmental choices became more likely when they led to larger environmental benefits, but also when the competing behaviors decreased in value. Individual differences in BAT behavior were also found to be moderately correlated to an established measure of pro-environmental propensity. These findings support the suitability of the BAT for studying how people allocate their time between pro-environmental behavior and valued competing behaviors. More generally, they illustrate that interventions may benefit from targeting the behaviors that compete with pro-environmental behaviors. Sarah Kusch (Ghent University) will focus on the role of cognitive effort, which is a characteristic but understudied feature of many pro-environmental behaviors. While cognitive effort has traditionally been considered as a barrier for engaging in pro-environmental behavior, recent frameworks have promoted the notion that effort can also be a source of value, for example, by increasing the subjective value of an outcome of an effortful action. They reanalyzed existing data (N = 1160) from the Work for Environmental Protection Task (WEPT; Lange & Dewitte, 2023), in which participants can exert cognitive effort in exchange for donations to a pre-selected pro-environmental organization. After performing the WEPT, participants were more likely to donate additional bonus money to their assigned organization compared to an alternative organization. This observation was confirmed in a high-powered, preregistered study (N = 801), which also included a self-report index of subjective value. These findings resonate with the notion that effort is more than just a barrier and can have a positive impact on pro-environmental behavior. Alessandra Carella (University of Padova) will present her work on consumer choices in the fashion sector, one of the most polluting industries in the global market. This pre-registered study examined how product attributes such as durability, material, and trendiness influence choices between sustainable and non-sustainable sweaters, considering impulsivity, materialism, and green identity as influencing variables. The results indicated that the sustainable sweater was chosen less frequently as materialism and impulsivity increased and as green identity decreased. Conversely, the new collection sweater (trendy option) was selected more often under the same conditions. Furthermore, information about the product's durability had the most significant impact on the choice of the sustainable option, followed by information about material and trendiness. These findings highlight that informing consumers about sustainability attributes, and in particular the benefits of purchasing a more expensive but longer-lasting garment, can encourage more sustainable decisions. Moreover, the results underscore the importance of considering consumers' levels of impulsivity, materialism, and environmental identity.Yannick Joye (Vilnius University) is focusing on the putative positive impact of exposure to natural environments on psychological functioning. Two influential frameworks (i.e., Attention Restoration Theory, ART; Stress Recovery Theory, SRT) that have postulated that the demands of modern urban life can be emotionally and cognitively depleting and that nature might act as a restoring counterpart have faced criticism in recent years. Although some limitations could be resolved through theoretical refinements and further empirical work, they will argue that the challenges are more fundamental. Specifically, both ART and SRT fail to meet the criteria for robust scientific theories: their core constructs (e.g., “soft fascination”) lack predictive power due to conceptual vagueness and circularity, and their explanations for restoration are built on contentious evolutionary assumptions about human nature. Furthermore, they challenge the notion that nature’s restorative benefits are inherently “special”, warranting nature-specific theories. Instead, these effects are better understood as manifestations of broader psychological processes that should be integrated into more comprehensive models of human behavior.Alexander Hooyberg (Ghent University) investigates the impact of coastal environments on mental well-being and health. While it is well-evidenced that inland green nature has positive effects on our health, there is surprisingly little evidence on coastal environments in particular. Alexander combined diverse observational and experimental methods to explore the effects of different coastal environments on psychological and physiological indicators of mental health and individual differences in visitors’ activity-patterns and experiences. As such, he found that coastal residents report to have a better general health than their inland counterparts, that natural environments at the coast are perceived to be more psychologically restorative, that virtual exposure to beaches reduces sympathetic nervous system activity and breathing rate more than green and urban exposure, and that individuals’ activity at the coast vary according to four dimensions (frequency, preference for nature vs. urban, social company, preference to socialize vs. explore). The insights inform landscape planners, tourism managers, and the health care sector about how the coast influences health and well-being, and how to leverage these benefits to ensure sustainable human-environment interactions.C
Mental and physical health among Danish transgender persons compared with cisgender persons
No full textImportance: Mental and somatic health is often impaired among transgender persons. Studies regarding coexisting mental and somatic health outcomes among transgender persons are limited. Objective: To assess health diagnoses and medicine use among transgender persons compared with cisgender controls. Design, setting, and participants: This register-based national cohort study included data from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2021. Transgender persons were included on the first date of receipt of a transgender identity contact code. Controls included 10 age-matched cisgender men (n = 5) and women (n = 5) for each transgender person. Statistical analyses were conducted from September to December 2024. Main outcomes and measures: The main outcomes were International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision diagnosis codes and medicine use in a 5-year period up to the first date of transgender contact code for most commonly occurring mental and physical illnesses. The main outcomes were determined after data collection. Results: The cohort included 3812 transgender persons (1993 transmasculine persons [52.3%] with a median age of 19 years [IQR, 15-24 years] and 1819 transfeminine persons [47.7%] with a median age of 23 years [IQR, 19-33 years]) and 38 120 cisgender controls. The odds for a mental health diagnosis was up to 12 times higher among transgender persons compared with cisgender controls. Among transmasculine and transfeminine persons, neurotic, stress-related disorders (transmasculine: adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 4.70 [95% CI, 4.02-5.50]; transfeminine: AOR, 5.27 [95% CI, 4.28-6.49]); developmental disorders, including autism (transmasculine: AOR, 11.67 [95% CI, 8.85-15.39]; transfeminine: AOR, 9.39 [95% CI, 7.05-12.50]); mood (affective) disorders (transmasculine: AOR, 5.41 [95% CI, 4.32-6.77]; transfeminine: AOR, 5.61 [95% CI, 4.16-7.57]); and behavioral disorders (transmasculine: AOR, 4.50 [95% CI, 3.61-5.62]; transfeminine: AOR, 4.15 [95% CI, 3.19-5.39]) were the most frequent mental health diagnoses compared with cisgender controls of the opposite sex at birth. Transmasculine persons had higher odds for somatic diagnosis codes of diabetes (AOR, 2.00 [95% CI, 1.12-3.56]), asthma (including chronic obstructive lung disease; AOR, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.06-1.85]), injury and poisoning (AOR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.15-1.41]), and pain (AOR, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.12-1.49]) compared with control cisgender women. Among transfeminine persons, somatic diagnosis codes of infection (AOR, 1.68 [95% CI, 1.33-2.13]), anemia (AOR, 3.08 [95% CI, 1.36-6.97]), diabetes (AOR, 1.95 [95% CI, 1.25-3.05]), sleep apnea (AOR, 3.41 [95% CI, 1.84-6.31]), and pain (AOR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.08-1.58]) were more frequent compared with control cisgender men. Transgender persons had higher use of psychopharmacologic medicine, antacids, and laxatives compared with cisgender controls (transmasculine persons vs control cisgender women, antipsychotics: AOR, 6.20 [95% CI, 5.07-7.59]; hypnotics-sedatives: AOR, 4.45 [95% CI, 3.78-5.23]; antacids: AOR, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.07-1.45]; and laxatives: AOR, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.17-1.99]; transfeminine persons vs control cisgender men, antipsychotics: AOR, 4.74 [95% CI, 3.92-5.74]; hypnotics-sedatives: AOR, 3.01 [95% CI, 2.53-3.57]; and antacids: AOR, 1.32 [95% CI, 1.12-1.56]). Mental health diagnoses and use of psychopharmacologic drugs were coexisting with somatic diagnoses and use of drugs for somatic diseases.Conclusions and relevance: This cohort study of Danish transgender persons and cisgender controls found significantly higher risks for mental and somatic health diagnoses among transgender persons. Coexistence of mental health outcomes and somatic health outcomes among transgender persons could be associated with stress encountered due to belonging to a gender identity or sexual orientation minority group; mental and physical morbidity should be considered an integrated part of transgender care.Importance: Mental and somatic health is often impaired among transgender persons. Studies regarding coexisting mental and somatic health outcomes among transgender persons are limited. Objective: To assess health diagnoses and medicine use among transgender persons compared with cisgender controls. Design, setting, and participants: This register-based national cohort study included data from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2021. Transgender persons were included on the first date of receipt of a transgender identity contact code. Controls included 10 age-matched cisgender men (n = 5) and women (n = 5) for each transgender person. Statistical analyses were conducted from September to December 2024. Main outcomes and measures: The main outcomes were International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision diagnosis codes and medicine use in a 5-year period up to the first date of transgender contact code for most commonly occurring mental and physical illnesses. The main outcomes were determined after data collection. Results: The cohort included 3812 transgender persons (1993 transmasculine persons [52.3%] with a median age of 19 years [IQR, 15-24 years] and 1819 transfeminine persons [47.7%] with a median age of 23 years [IQR, 19-33 years]) and 38 120 cisgender controls. The odds for a mental health diagnosis was up to 12 times higher among transgender persons compared with cisgender controls. Among transmasculine and transfeminine persons, neurotic, stress-related disorders (transmasculine: adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 4.70 [95% CI, 4.02-5.50]; transfeminine: AOR, 5.27 [95% CI, 4.28-6.49]); developmental disorders, including autism (transmasculine: AOR, 11.67 [95% CI, 8.85-15.39]; transfeminine: AOR, 9.39 [95% CI, 7.05-12.50]); mood (affective) disorders (transmasculine: AOR, 5.41 [95% CI, 4.32-6.77]; transfeminine: AOR, 5.61 [95% CI, 4.16-7.57]); and behavioral disorders (transmasculine: AOR, 4.50 [95% CI, 3.61-5.62]; transfeminine: AOR, 4.15 [95% CI, 3.19-5.39]) were the most frequent mental health diagnoses compared with cisgender controls of the opposite sex at birth. Transmasculine persons had higher odds for somatic diagnosis codes of diabetes (AOR, 2.00 [95% CI, 1.12-3.56]), asthma (including chronic obstructive lung disease; AOR, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.06-1.85]), injury and poisoning (AOR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.15-1.41]), and pain (AOR, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.12-1.49]) compared with control cisgender women. Among transfeminine persons, somatic diagnosis codes of infection (AOR, 1.68 [95% CI, 1.33-2.13]), anemia (AOR, 3.08 [95% CI, 1.36-6.97]), diabetes (AOR, 1.95 [95% CI, 1.25-3.05]), sleep apnea (AOR, 3.41 [95% CI, 1.84-6.31]), and pain (AOR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.08-1.58]) were more frequent compared with control cisgender men. Transgender persons had higher use of psychopharmacologic medicine, antacids, and laxatives compared with cisgender controls (transmasculine persons vs control cisgender women, antipsychotics: AOR, 6.20 [95% CI, 5.07-7.59]; hypnotics-sedatives: AOR, 4.45 [95% CI, 3.78-5.23]; antacids: AOR, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.07-1.45]; and laxatives: AOR, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.17-1.99]; transfeminine persons vs control cisgender men, antipsychotics: AOR, 4.74 [95% CI, 3.92-5.74]; hypnotics-sedatives: AOR, 3.01 [95% CI, 2.53-3.57]; and antacids: AOR, 1.32 [95% CI, 1.12-1.56]). Mental health diagnoses and use of psychopharmacologic drugs were coexisting with somatic diagnoses and use of drugs for somatic diseases.Conclusions and relevance: This cohort study of Danish transgender persons and cisgender controls found significantly higher risks for mental and somatic health diagnoses among transgender persons. Coexistence of mental health outcomes and somatic health outcomes among transgender persons could be associated with stress encountered due to belonging to a gender identity or sexual orientation minority group; mental and physical morbidity should be considered an integrated part of transgender care.A
Leaf habit, maximum height and wood density of tropical woody flora in Africa : phylogenetic constraints, covariation and responses to seasonal drought
No full textHow woody floras have evolved to cope with seasonal drought is still poorly known, especially in tropical Africa, which experiences a drier and more seasonal climate compared to other tropical regions. Here, we characterized the phylogenetic and climatic distribution of three key traits associated with desiccation avoidance or tolerance, focusing on self-supporting woody species of tropical African forests and savannas. We assembled a large database with newly compiled data on species leaf habit (evergreen vs deciduous, 1255 species) and maximum height (1281 species), along with new data on oven-dry wood density (1363 species), climatic niche and phylogenetic relatedness. Bayesian phylogenetic mixed models were used to assess the phylogenetic signal in niches and trait attributes, to explore individual trait responses to climate and to investigate trait covariations, both in general and for each characterization of the climatic niche. To date, this study represents the first quantitative assessment of the phylogenetic signal in the species leaf habit for the woody flora of tropical Africa, though drought deciduousness is widespread in seasonal forests and savannas. We identified a strong phylogenetic signal, notably for species biome affinity and leaf habit, but also major evolutionary changes. Relying solely on climate was found to be ineffective for predicting species wood density and insufficient for accurately predicting species leaf habit or maximum height. Among forests, the effect of climate on leaf habit became evident when considering covariations with maximum height or wood density. Small understory species are more likely to be evergreen with dense wood, while canopy species are more likely to be deciduous with light wood. This general pattern varies with climate as both evergreen and deciduous species coexist in the canopy of the wettest sites. Synthesis. This study provides first insights into how phylogenetic constraints and climate have shaped species traits related to drought strategies for the woody flora of tropical Africa. It pioneers the modelling of leaf habit in relation to maximum tree height and wood density, considering numerous species and their phylogenetic relationships.How woody floras have evolved to cope with seasonal drought is still poorly known, especially in tropical Africa, which experiences a drier and more seasonal climate compared to other tropical regions. Here, we characterized the phylogenetic and climatic distribution of three key traits associated with desiccation avoidance or tolerance, focusing on self-supporting woody species of tropical African forests and savannas. We assembled a large database with newly compiled data on species leaf habit (evergreen vs deciduous, 1255 species) and maximum height (1281 species), along with new data on oven-dry wood density (1363 species), climatic niche and phylogenetic relatedness. Bayesian phylogenetic mixed models were used to assess the phylogenetic signal in niches and trait attributes, to explore individual trait responses to climate and to investigate trait covariations, both in general and for each characterization of the climatic niche. To date, this study represents the first quantitative assessment of the phylogenetic signal in the species leaf habit for the woody flora of tropical Africa, though drought deciduousness is widespread in seasonal forests and savannas. We identified a strong phylogenetic signal, notably for species biome affinity and leaf habit, but also major evolutionary changes. Relying solely on climate was found to be ineffective for predicting species wood density and insufficient for accurately predicting species leaf habit or maximum height. Among forests, the effect of climate on leaf habit became evident when considering covariations with maximum height or wood density. Small understory species are more likely to be evergreen with dense wood, while canopy species are more likely to be deciduous with light wood. This general pattern varies with climate as both evergreen and deciduous species coexist in the canopy of the wettest sites. Synthesis. This study provides first insights into how phylogenetic constraints and climate have shaped species traits related to drought strategies for the woody flora of tropical Africa. It pioneers the modelling of leaf habit in relation to maximum tree height and wood density, considering numerous species and their phylogenetic relationships.A
The arms trade and international criminal law : reframing accountability for complicit weapon suppliers /
No full textSubscribe to learning : exploring the role of kidfluencers as consumer socialization agents
No full textC
Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia induced by voluntary hypoventilation at low lung volume : a meta-analysis
No full textBackgroundRepeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) induced through voluntary hypoventilation at low lung volume (RSH-VHL) may represent a low-cost alternative to systemic hypoxia. This meta-analysis aimed to systematically assess the effects of RSH-VHL training interventions on sea-level physical performance compared to similar repeated-sprint training with normal breathing (RSN).MethodsThe PubMed/MEDLINE, SportDiscus (R), ProQuest, and Web of Science online databases were examined from inception to February 2025 for original studies investigating the changes in physical performance following RSH-VHL and RSN. Only trained participants were included. Standardized mean difference (SMD) was determined for repeated-sprint ability related variables [i.e., best and mean performance (RSAbest and RSAmean), sprint decrement score (Sdec)] and maximal blood lactate concentration ([La]max). PEDro scale and Begg & Mazumbar test were used to assessed risk of bias.ResultsFrom the 776 studies identified through systematic search, 10 studies including a total of 199 individuals (157 males and 42 females) were eligible for meta-analysis. While no effect was observed for RSAbest (SMD = 0.038; 95%CI - 0.252-0.328; P = 0.798) and RSAmean (SMD = 0.276; 95%CI - 0.018-0.570; P = 0.066), moderate significant effects were observed for Sdec (SMD = 0.603; 95%CI 0.180-1.025; P = 0.005) and [La]max (SMD = 0.611; 95%CI 0.223-0.999; P = 0.002) favoring RSH-VHL vs. RSN.ConclusionRepeated-sprint training in hypoxia induced by voluntary hypoventilation at low lung volume provides putative gains in fatigue resistance during repeated sprints. Higher maximal blood lactate concentration suggests greater glycolytic contribution during RSH-VHL compared to RSN. Mechanisms underlying these effects are currently unclear and have yet to be identified.BackgroundRepeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) induced through voluntary hypoventilation at low lung volume (RSH-VHL) may represent a low-cost alternative to systemic hypoxia. This meta-analysis aimed to systematically assess the effects of RSH-VHL training interventions on sea-level physical performance compared to similar repeated-sprint training with normal breathing (RSN).MethodsThe PubMed/MEDLINE, SportDiscus (R), ProQuest, and Web of Science online databases were examined from inception to February 2025 for original studies investigating the changes in physical performance following RSH-VHL and RSN. Only trained participants were included. Standardized mean difference (SMD) was determined for repeated-sprint ability related variables [i.e., best and mean performance (RSAbest and RSAmean), sprint decrement score (Sdec)] and maximal blood lactate concentration ([La]max). PEDro scale and Begg & Mazumbar test were used to assessed risk of bias.ResultsFrom the 776 studies identified through systematic search, 10 studies including a total of 199 individuals (157 males and 42 females) were eligible for meta-analysis. While no effect was observed for RSAbest (SMD = 0.038; 95%CI - 0.252-0.328; P = 0.798) and RSAmean (SMD = 0.276; 95%CI - 0.018-0.570; P = 0.066), moderate significant effects were observed for Sdec (SMD = 0.603; 95%CI 0.180-1.025; P = 0.005) and [La]max (SMD = 0.611; 95%CI 0.223-0.999; P = 0.002) favoring RSH-VHL vs. RSN.ConclusionRepeated-sprint training in hypoxia induced by voluntary hypoventilation at low lung volume provides putative gains in fatigue resistance during repeated sprints. Higher maximal blood lactate concentration suggests greater glycolytic contribution during RSH-VHL compared to RSN. Mechanisms underlying these effects are currently unclear and have yet to be identified.A
Registers of dissent : mobilizing memory for racial justice in Belgium’s ‘decolonial moment’ (2010 – 2021)
No full textBetween 2010 and 2021, the public discourse on anti-racism in Belgium shifted notably - froma focus on multiculturalism and diversity to an emphasis on colonial memory and decolonisation. This dissertation conceptualises these years as a ‘decolonial moment’: a conjunctural period during which grassroots anti-racist and decolonial struggles gained increasing visibility in the mainstream, ‘decolonisation’ entered the policy domain, and engagement with colonial memory came to be publicly seen as a crucial aspect of the struggle for racial emancipation. Written from the fundamental insight that memory is not inherentlytransformative or emancipatory, this dissertation asks how, why, and in which contexts,Afrodescendant anti-racist mobilizations between 2010 and 2021 have linked ‘memory’ to thepursuit of racial justice.Theoretically, this dissertation engages in an act of ‘epistemic disobedience’ with regard toseveral key assumptions and conceptual frameworks within the field of memory studies. Ratherthan applying a pre-defined, top-down notion of ‘memory activism’ to Afrodescendantmemory mobilisations in Belgium, the study takes the opposite approach: it analyses threeconcrete activist memory campaigns in Brussels to explore what these initiatives teach memoryscholars about the conceptualisation of memory activism – an increasingly central topic in thefield.The study focuses on activist articulations of decolonial memorial justice across three memorycampaigns: first, the struggle for the decolonisation of public space, including the campaign forLumumba Square in Ixelles and Brussels; second, the mobilization of memory for theemancipation of Belgo-Congolese youth in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode; and third, a grassrootsparticipatory truth commission initiated in response to the Belgian parliamentary CongoCommission in 2020. While memory played a central role in each of these campaigns, it tookon distinct forms in each case.To account for these differences without reducing them to political divisions or essentialisedactivist identities, the study analyses them as three ideal-typical registers of dissent. The first is acognitive-academic register, which frames decolonial memorial justice as the recognition of historical truth and a broader project of civic education. The second is an existential-therapeuticregister, in which decolonial memory work is oriented toward healing, identity repair, andcommunity empowerment in the face of postcolonial conditions of institutional neglect andstructural exclusion. The third is an identity-representative register, which mobilises memoryto assert epistemic legitimacy based on lived experiences and strategically essentialised culturaland racial identities.The key conclusion is that these registers are not expressions of fundamentally differentpolitical aims, but rather flexible tools for making shared claims to racial justice intelligible andlegitimate in varying contexts. The study thus shows that these registers of dissent are inherentlystrategic, relational, and context-dependent. Ultimately, it argues that the struggle for decolonialmemorial justice is deeply intertwined with a broader struggle for legitimacy – as citizens, asparticipants in public space, and as producers of knowledge.Given the particular challenges of this research – due both to limited existing scholarship andthe author’s positionality as a white woman affiliated with a Belgian academic institution – thestudy adopts a methodologically interdisciplinary approach. Its empirical analyses draw on acombination of historical research and ethnographic methods, including participantobservation, interviews, and the analysis of policy documents.Overall, the scientific contribution of this dissertation is threefold. First, it bridges post- anddecolonial scholarship on Afrodescendant presence in Belgium with the field of memorystudies, contributing to the effort to ‘provincialize’ the latter’s normative understanding ofmemory’s transformative potential. Second, by highlighting the plurality of activist articulationsof decolonial memorial justice, it challenges the often reified and homogenised image ofAfrodescendant mobilizations in Belgium, resisting any monolithic notion of ‘the decolonialmovement’ or ‘the African diaspora’. Third, by introducing the framework of registers of dissent,it offers a more nuanced, layered, and dynamic understanding of memory activism, showingthat such activism is inseparable from the institutional and discursive conditions that shapewhich memory claims are deemed legitimate.Tussen 2010 en 2021 verschoof het publieke discours over antiracisme in België opvallend: vaneen focus op multiculturalisme en diversiteit naar een nadruk op koloniale herinnering endekolonisatie. Deze dissertatie conceptualiseert deze jaren als een ‘dekoloniaal moment’: eenconjuncturele periode waarin grassroots antiracistische en dekoloniale strijd toenemendezichtbaarheid verwierf in het publieke debat, ‘dekolonisatie’ zijn intrede deed in hetbeleidsdomein, en omgang met koloniale herinnering publiekelijk werd gezien als een essentieelonderdeel van de strijd voor raciale emancipatie. Uitgaande van het fundamentele inzicht datherinnering niet uit zichzelf transformerend of emanciperend is, stelt deze dissertatie de vraaghoe, waarom, en in welke context, Afrodescendente antiracistische mobilisaties tussen 2010 en2021 ‘herinnering’ hebben verbonden aan het streven naar raciale rechtvaardigheid.Theoretisch is deze dissertatie een daad van ‘epistemische ongehoorzaamheid’ ten aanzien vanenkele belangrijke aannames en conceptuele kaders binnen het veld van memory studies. Inplaats van een vooraf gedefinieerde, top-down notie van ‘herinneringsactivisme’ toe te passenop Afrodescendente herinneringsmobilisaties in België, hanteert deze studie een omgekeerdebenadering: ze analyseert drie concrete activistische herinneringscampagnes in Brussel om teonderzoeken wat deze initiatieven memory scholars kunnen leren over de conceptualiseringvan ‘herinneringsactivisme’– een relatief nieuw onderzoeksobject binnen het vakgebied.De studie focust op activistische articulaties van dekoloniale herinneringsrechtvaardigheid indrie campagnes: ten eerste, de strijd voor de dekolonisatie van de publieke ruimte, waaronderde campagne voor het Lumumbaplein in Elsene en Brussel; ten tweede, de mobilisatie vanherinnering voor de emancipatie van Belgisch-Congolese jongeren in Sint-Joost-ten-Node; enten derde, een participatieve grassroots waarheidscommissie die werd opgezet als reactie op deparlementaire Congo-Commissie in 2020. Hoewel herinnering in elk van deze campagnes eencentrale rol speelde, kreeg die telkens een verschillende invulling.Om deze verschillen te begrijpen zonder ze te reduceren tot politieke meningsverschillen oftot geëssentialiseerde activistische identiteiten, analyseert de studie deze vormen vanherinneringsmobilisatie als drie ideaaltypische registers van verzet. Het eerste is een cognitief-academische register, waarin dekoloniale herinneringsrechtvaardigheid wordt voorgesteld alsde erkenning van historische waarheid en als een breder project van burgerschapseducatie. Hettweede is een existentieel-therapeutisch register, waarin herinneringswerk gericht is op heling,identiteitsherstel en gemeenschapsversterking in de context van postkoloniale institutionelemiskenning en structurele uitsluiting. Het derde is een identiteits-representatieve register,waarin herinnering wordt gemobiliseerd om epistemische legitimiteit te eisen op basis vangeleefde ervaringen en strategisch ge-essentialiseerde culturele en raciale identiteiten.De belangrijkste conclusie van dit onderzoek is dat deze registers geen uitdrukkingen zijn vanfundamenteel verschillende politieke doelen, maar eerder flexibele instrumenten vormen omgedeelde eisen voor raciale rechtvaardigheid begrijpelijk en legitiem te maken in uiteenlopendecontexten. De dissertatie toont zo aan dat deze registers van verzet inherent strategisch,relationeel en contextafhankelijk zijn. Uiteindelijk stel ik dat de strijd voor dekolonialeherinneringsrechtvaardigheid diep verweven is met een bredere strijd om legitimiteit – alsburgers, als deelnemers aan het publieke debat en als kennisproducenten.Gezien de specifieke uitdagingen van dit onderzoek – zowel vanwege het beperkte bestaandeonderzoek als vanwege de positionaliteit van mezelf als witte vrouw verbonden aan eenBelgische academische instelling – is de dissertatie gebaseerd op een methodologischinterdisciplinaire aanpak. De empirische analyse steunt op een combinatie van historischonderzoek en etnografische methoden, waaronder participatieve observatie, interviews en deanalyse van beleidsdocumenten.De wetenschappelijke bijdrage van deze dissertatie is, samengevat, drievoudig. Ten eerste slaatze een brug tussen post- en dekoloniale literatuur over Afrodescendente aanwezigheid in Belgiëen het veld van memory studies, en draagt zo bij aan het ‘provincialiseren’ van normatieveopvattingen binnen dat veld over het transformatieve potentieel van ‘herinnering’. Ten tweededaagt ze door het benadrukken van de pluraliteit aan activistische articulaties vanherinneringsrechtvaardigheid het vaak ge(re)ïficeerde en gehomogeniseerde beeld vanAfrodescendent herinneringsactivisme in België uit, en verzet het zich tegen elke monolithischenotie van ‘de dekoloniale beweging’ of ‘de Afrikaanse diaspora’. Ten derde biedt de introductievan het concept van registers van verzet een meer genuanceerd, gelaagd en dynamisch begripvan herinneringsactivisme, en toont ze aan dat dit activisme niet losstaat van de institutioneleen discursieve contexten die bepalen welke herinneringsclaims als legitiem worden beschouwd.Entre 2010 et 2021, le discours public sur l’antiracisme en Belgique a connu un changementnotable : d’un accent mis sur le multiculturalisme et la diversité, il est passé à une focalisationsur la mémoire coloniale et la décolonisation. Cette thèse conceptualise ces années comme un« moment décolonial » : une période conjoncturelle durant laquelle les luttes antiracistes etdécoloniales issues de la base ont gagné en visibilité dans l’espace public, la « décolonisation »a fait son entrée dans le champ politique, et l’engagement envers la mémoire coloniale a étépubliquement reconnu comme un aspect essentiel de la lutte pour l’émancipation raciale.S’appuyant sur l’idée fondamentale que la mémoire n’est pas intrinsèquement transformativeou émancipatrice, cette thèse pose la question de savoir comment, pourquoi, en dans quelscontextes les mobilisations antiracistes afrodescendantes, entre 2010 et 2021, ont lié ‘lamémoire’ à la quête de justice raciale.Sur le plan théorique, cette recherche s’inscrit dans un geste de « désobéissance épistémique »à l’égard de certaines hypothèses et cadres conceptuels dominants dans le champ des memorystudies. Plutôt que d’appliquer une notion prédéfinie de « militantisme mémoriel » auxmobilisations afrodescendantes en Belgique, cette étude adopte une approche inverse : elleanalyse trois luttes mémorielles concrètes menées par des activistes à Bruxelles, afin d’examinerce que ces initiatives peuvent apprendre aux chercheurs en mémoire sur la conceptualisationde ce type d’activisme – un objet de recherche encore relativement nouveau dans le champ.L’étude se concentre sur les articulations militantes de la justice mémorielle décoloniale àtravers trois luttes : premièrement, la lutte pour la décolonisation de l’espace public, dont lacampagne pour la Place Lumumba à Ixelles et Bruxelles ; deuxièmement, la mobilisation de lamémoire pour l’émancipation des jeunes belgo-congolais à Saint-Josse-ten-Noode ;troisièmement, une commission vérité participative issue de la société civile, initiée en réponseà la Commission Congo du Parlement belge en 2020. Si la mémoire a joué un rôle central danschacune de ces luttes, elle s’est matérialisée de manière distincte dans chaque cas.Pour rendre compte de ces différences sans les réduire à des divisions politiques ou à desidentités militantes essentialisées, la thèse les analyse à travers trois registres idéaux-typiques dedissidence. Le premier est un registre cognitif-académique, qui conçoit la justice mémorielledécoloniale comme une reconnaissance de la vérité historique et un projet plus larged’éducation citoyenne. Le deuxième est un registre existentiel-thérapeutique, dans lequel letravail de mémoire vise la guérison, la reconstruction identitaire et l’autonomisationcommunautaire face à des conditions postcoloniales de négligence institutionnelle etd’exclusion structurelle. Le troisième est un registre identitaire-représentatif, qui mobilise lamémoire pour affirmer une légitimité épistémique fondée sur les expériences vécues et desidentités raciales et culturelles stratégiquement essentialisées.La conclusion principale est que ces registres ne traduisent pas des objectifs politiquesfondamentalement divergents, mais qu’ils constituent des outils flexibles permettant de rendredes revendications communes de justice raciale compréhensibles et légitimes dans descontextes variés. L’étude montre ainsi que ces registres de dissidence sont intrinsèquementstratégiques, relationnels et dépendants du contexte. En définitive, la these montre que la luttepour une justice mémorielle décoloniale est profondément liée à une lutte plus large pour lalégitimité – en tant que citoyens, participants à l’espace public et producteurs de savoir.En raison des défis particuliers posés par cette recherche – dus à la fois au manque de littératureexistante et à la position de l’autrice en tant que femme blanche affiliée à une institutionacadémique belge – l’étude adopte une approche méthodologique interdisciplinaire. Sonanalyse empirique repose sur une combinaison de recherche historique et de méthodesethnographiques, incluant l’observation participante, des entretiens et l’analyse de documentspolitiques.La contribution scientifique de cette thèse est triple. Premièrement, elle établit un pont entreles littératures post- et décoloniales sur la présence afrodescendante en Belgique et le champdes memory studies, contribuant ainsi à « provincialiser » les compréhensions normatives de lamémoire dans ce domaine. Deuxièmement, en mettant en lumière la pluralité des articulationsmilitantes de la justice mémorielle décoloniale, elle remet en question l’image souventhomogénéisée des mobilisations afrodescendantes en Belgique et rejette toute visionmonolithique du « mouvement décolonial » ou de la « diaspora africaine ». Troisièmement, àtravers le cadre des registres de dissidence, elle propose une compréhension plus nuancée, plurielleet dynamique du ‘militantisme mémoriel’, montrant que celui-ci ne peut être penséindépendamment des conditions institutionnelles et discursives qui déterminent quellesrevendications mémorielles sont jugées légitime.Public defense: 2025-06-18Between 2010 and 2021, the public discourse on anti-racism in Belgium shifted notably - froma focus on multiculturalism and diversity to an emphasis on colonial memory and decolonisation. This dissertation conceptualises these years as a ‘decolonial moment’: a conjunctural period during which grassroots anti-racist and decolonial struggles gained increasing visibility in the mainstream, ‘decolonisation’ entered the policy domain, and engagement with colonial memory came to be publicly seen as a crucial aspect of the struggle for racial emancipation. Written from the fundamental insight that memory is not inherentlytransformative or emancipatory, this dissertation asks how, why, and in which contexts,Afrodescendant anti-racist mobilizations between 2010 and 2021 have linked ‘memory’ to thepursuit of racial justice.Theoretically, this dissertation engages in an act of ‘epistemic disobedience’ with regard toseveral key assumptions and conceptual frameworks within the field of memory studies. Ratherthan applying a pre-defined, top-down notion of ‘memory activism’ to Afrodescendantmemory mobilisations in Belgium, the study takes the opposite approach: it analyses threeconcrete activist memory campaigns in Brussels to explore what these initiatives teach memoryscholars about the conceptualisation of memory activism – an increasingly central topic in thefield.The study focuses on activist articulations of decolonial memorial justice across three memorycampaigns: first, the struggle for the decolonisation of public space, including the campaign forLumumba Square in Ixelles and Brussels; second, the mobilization of memory for theemancipation of Belgo-Congolese youth in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode; and third, a grassrootsparticipatory truth commission initiated in response to the Belgian parliamentary CongoCommission in 2020. While memory played a central role in each of these campaigns, it tookon distinct forms in each case.To account for these differences without reducing them to political divisions or essentialisedactivist identities, the study analyses them as three ideal-typical registers of dissent. The first is acognitive-academic register, which frames decolonial memorial justice as the recognition of historical truth and a broader project of civic education. The second is an existential-therapeuticregister, in which decolonial memory work is oriented toward healing, identity repair, andcommunity empowerment in the face of postcolonial conditions of institutional neglect andstructural exclusion. The third is an identity-representative register, which mobilises memoryto assert epistemic legitimacy based on lived experiences and strategically essentialised culturaland racial identities.The key conclusion is that these registers are not expressions of fundamentally differentpolitical aims, but rather flexible tools for making shared claims to racial justice intelligible andlegitimate in varying contexts. The study thus shows that these registers of dissent are inherentlystrategic, relational, and context-dependent. Ultimately, it argues that the struggle for decolonialmemorial justice is deeply intertwined with a broader struggle for legitimacy – as citizens, asparticipants in public space, and as producers of knowledge.Given the particular challenges of this research – due both to limited existing scholarship andthe author’s positionality as a white woman affiliated with a Belgian academic institution – thestudy adopts a methodologically interdisciplinary approach. Its empirical analyses draw on acombination of historical research and ethnographic methods, including participantobservation, interviews, and the analysis of policy documents.Overall, the scientific contribution of this dissertation is threefold. First, it bridges post- anddecolonial scholarship on Afrodescendant presence in Belgium with the field of memorystudies, contributing to the effort to ‘provincialize’ the latter’s normative understanding ofmemory’s transformative potential. Second, by highlighting the plurality of activist articulationsof decolonial memorial justice, it challenges the often reified and homogenised image ofAfrodescendant mobilizations in Belgium, resisting any monolithic notion of ‘the decolonialmovement’ or ‘the African diaspora’. Third, by introducing the framework of registers of dissent,it offers a more nuanced, layered, and dynamic understanding of memory activism, showingthat such activism is inseparable from the institutional and discursive conditions that shapewhich memory claims are deemed legitimate.Tussen 2010 en 2021 verschoof het publieke discours over antiracisme in België opvallend: vaneen focus op multiculturalisme en diversiteit naar een nadruk op koloniale herinnering endekolonisatie. Deze dissertatie conceptualiseert deze jaren als een ‘dekoloniaal moment’: eenconjuncturele periode waarin grassroots antiracistische en dekoloniale strijd toenemendezichtbaarheid verwierf in het publieke debat, ‘dekolonisatie’ zijn intrede deed in hetbeleidsdomein, en omgang met koloniale herinnering publiekelijk werd gezien als een essentieelonderdeel van de strijd voor raciale emancipatie. Uitgaande van het fundamentele inzicht datherinnering niet uit zichzelf transformerend of emanciperend is, stelt deze dissertatie de vraaghoe, waarom, en in welke context, Afrodescendente antiracistische mobilisaties tussen 2010 en2021 ‘herinnering’ hebben verbonden aan het streven naar raciale rechtvaardigheid.Theoretisch is deze dissertatie een daad van ‘epistemische ongehoorzaamheid’ ten aanzien vanenkele belangrijke aannames en conceptuele kaders binnen het veld van memory studies. Inplaats van een vooraf gedefinieerde, top-down notie van ‘herinneringsactivisme’ toe te passenop Afrodescendente herinneringsmobilisaties in België, hanteert deze studie een omgekeerdebenadering: ze analyseert drie concrete activistische herinneringscampagnes in Brussel om teonderzoeken wat deze initiatieven memory scholars kunnen leren over de conceptualiseringvan ‘herinneringsactivisme’– een relatief nieuw onderzoeksobject binnen het vakgebied.De studie focust op activistische articulaties van dekoloniale herinneringsrechtvaardigheid indrie campagnes: ten eerste, de strijd voor de dekolonisatie van de publieke ruimte, waaronderde campagne voor het Lumumbaplein in Elsene en Brussel; ten tweede, de mobilisatie vanherinnering voor de emancipatie van Belgisch-Congolese jongeren in Sint-Joost-ten-Node; enten derde, een participatieve grassroots waarheidscommissie die werd opgezet als reactie op deparlementaire Congo-Commissie in 2020. Hoewel herinnering in elk van deze campagnes eencentrale rol speelde, kreeg die telkens een verschillende invulling.Om deze verschillen te begrijpen zonder ze te reduceren tot politieke meningsverschillen oftot geëssentialiseerde activistische identiteiten, analyseert de studie deze vormen vanherinneringsmobilisatie als d
Decision support for sepsis diagnosis and treatment in calves
No full textPublic defense: 2025-06-11D
Signal inversion and defect selectivity in charge pumping electrically detected magnetic resonance of a 4H-SiC n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor
No full textCharge pumping electrically detected magnetic resonance (CP-EDMR) has previously been demonstrated as a characterization technique for performance-limiting point defects in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors (MOSFETs). This Letter demonstrates the much-promised defect selectivity of CP-EDMR in a 4H-SiC n-channel MOSFET, differentiating between two distinct paramagnetic centers based on the kinetic properties, following from variation of the experimental CP parameters. The centers are shown to differ both in their characteristic g-shifts and in hyperfine interactions with surrounding nuclei. In addition, we show that under magnetic resonance conditions these two defects show opposite effects on the CP current, which results in a sign inversion of the CP-EDMR spectrum. For one defect, which only appears under relatively low-frequency CP-excitation, the microwaves induce a decrease in CP-current, while the other defect shows an increase at all applied CP-frequencies. Starting from an empirical CP model, we demonstrate that an enhanced efficiency of carrier capture or emission leads to either an increase or a decrease in the CP current, respectively. Simulations based on this model qualitatively reproduce the observed dependencies of the CP-EDMR signal on CP bias voltage and excitation frequency.Charge pumping electrically detected magnetic resonance (CP-EDMR) has previously been demonstrated as a characterization technique for performance-limiting point defects in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors (MOSFETs). This Letter demonstrates the much-promised defect selectivity of CP-EDMR in a 4H-SiC n-channel MOSFET, differentiating between two distinct paramagnetic centers based on the kinetic properties, following from variation of the experimental CP parameters. The centers are shown to differ both in their characteristic g-shifts and in hyperfine interactions with surrounding nuclei. In addition, we show that under magnetic resonance conditions these two defects show opposite effects on the CP current, which results in a sign inversion of the CP-EDMR spectrum. For one defect, which only appears under relatively low-frequency CP-excitation, the microwaves induce a decrease in CP-current, while the other defect shows an increase at all applied CP-frequencies. Starting from an empirical CP model, we demonstrate that an enhanced efficiency of carrier capture or emission leads to either an increase or a decrease in the CP current, respectively. Simulations based on this model qualitatively reproduce the observed dependencies of the CP-EDMR signal on CP bias voltage and excitation frequency.A